关于明渠水流的六区流态

用下临界Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数、上临界Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数、临界Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数将明渠水流的流态划分为六区，即：缓层流、缓过渡流、缓紊流、急层流、急过渡流、急紊流，提出了六区流态划分图。并对明渠流与管流采用统一的流速公式问题，提出了看法。     

琴键堰过流水力特性数值模拟

琴键堰是一种新型的迷宫堰结构形式,其特点是相同堰宽、水头条件下泄流能力提升显著,采用RNG k-ε型湍流数学模型,VOF法处理自由水面,建立三维数学模型。通过对不同工况琴键堰体型的模拟计算,获得三维流场水流流态、流速等信息。结果表明:(1)采用Fluent软件对琴键堰进行数值模拟的适用性强,并验证了琴键堰的泄流效果显著;(2)琴键堰的三维流场流态复杂,具有三元水流的性质,堰上水头的变化影响琴键堰的泄流能力;(3)上、下游处水流呈明渠流状态,速度最小,为0.2m/s,流经堰体时形成水舌,流速增大,水舌与堰壁间空腔处有通气孔掺气,形成漩涡区,气体流速2m/s,水舌入水后有水气混掺。利用数值模拟技术,使获得的流场信息更加详尽,为进一步研究琴键堰流场特性奠定基础。     

长洲水利枢纽建坝后水流流态变化的可能性分析

长洲枢纽工程是一个低水头大流量的水力发电工程，河势及流态对枢纽建筑物的布置和调度进行都有较大的影响。本文根据枢纽整体水工模型试验成果，分析枢纽建成前后水流流态变化情况。     

MORE EXOTIC AND FEWER NATIVE PLANT SPECIES: RIVERINE VEGETATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED SEASONAL FLOW PATTERNS

Natural flow regimes are important for sustaining riverine vegetation. The regulation of river flows to provide water for agriculture often results in changes to flow timing. This study assesses the impact of altered seasonal flow patterns on riverine flora. Within temperate Australia, we surveyed the vegetation of five lowland rivers, three of which have large dams that alter their seasonal flow patterns; the other two are unregulated. From four to six sites were selected on each river, and these were classified into three levels of regulation based on the extent to which the timing of their seasonal flow patterns were altered. Sites were surveyed in winter and the following summer. Permanent quadrats were also established at a number of the surveyed sites and resurveyed every 3 months. Of the 267 plant taxa identified, 145 were exotic (non‐native). More exotic taxa and fewer native taxa were associated with increasing level of seasonal flow inversion (regulation). In particular, greater numbers of short‐lived exotic terrestrial taxa and fewer native woody taxa were associated with increasing level of regulation. Some exotic woody species (e.g. willows) were more common in the unregulated rivers and may have life‐history traits favoured by the natural seasonal flow patterns of study area. Multivariate analyses showed that level of regulation had a significant effect on the overall composition of the riverine vegetation. Our results provide support for the hypotheses that flow regulation adversely affects native species diversity and increases the vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic species; however, these effects are dependent on plant species' life‐history strategies. Our study highlights the importance of natural seasonal flow patterns for sustaining native riverine plant communities. Flow management aimed at maintaining or restoring ecological values should consider seasonal flow patterns. Winter/spring flow peaks may be particularly important for the recruitment of native riverine plants, especially trees and shrubs, and reducing the extent of exotic annuals and grasses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挟沙水流流速的垂线分布公式

流速分布规律的研究是揭示一般水流和高含沙水流动性的关键。本文在回顾以往研究成就的基础上，开展了理论及实验研究。以提出的紊流涡团模式为基础，得出了挟沙紊流速分布的公，大量实测资料的检验结果表明，该公式能较真空地描述出一般挟沙水流及高含沙紊流的流速分布变化规律，具有较大的使用价值。     

IDENTIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID FLOW REGIMES IN A HORIZONTAL FLOW USING NEURAL NETWORK

The knowledge of flow regimes is very important in the study of a two-phase flow system. A new flow regime identification method hased on a Probability Density Function (PDF) and a neural network is proposed in this paper. The instantaneous differential pressure signals of a horizontal flow were acquired with a differential pressure sensor.The characters of differential pressure signals for different flow regimes are analyzed with the PDF. Then, four charaeteristic parameters of the PDF curves are defined, the peak number (K1), the maximum peak value (K2), the peak position (K3) and the PDF variance (K4 ). The characteristic vectors which consist of the four characteristic parameters as the input vectors train the neural network to classify the flow regimes. Experimental results show that this novel method for identifying air water two-phase flow regimes has the advantages with a high accuracy and a fast response. The results clearly demonstrate that this new method could provide an accurate identification of flow regimes.     

考虑弯道环流影响的平面二维水流泥沙数学模型

弯道环流是影响断面流速和含沙量分布的重要因素。本文提出了通过求解立面二维弯道环流运动的方法,在平面二维水流泥沙数学模型中考虑弯道环流的作用。该方法适用范围广,增加计算工作量不太大。     

基于小波能量特征的气液两相流流型识别方法

应用小波分析对流型的动态压差波动信号进行分析、提取特征,然后将小波能量作为改进BP神经网络的输入,提出一种新的流型识别方法,并用实验数据验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANT ON TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME AND PRESSURE DROP IN UPWARD INCLINED PIPES

The influence of a surfactant on the two-phase flow regime and the pressure drop in upward inclined pipes is investigated for various gas/liquid flow rates.The air/water and air/100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution are used as the working fluids.The influence of the surfactant on the two-phase flow regime in upward inclined pipes is investigated using the electrical tomographic technique.For 0o,2.5o and 5o pipe inclinations,the surfactant has obvious effect on the transition from the stratified wavy flow to the annular flow,and the range of the stratified smooth flow regime is also extended to higher gas velocities.For 10o pipe inclination,no stratified flow regime is observed in the air/water flow.In the air/surfactant solution system,however,the stratified flow regime can be found in the range of and.For all inclination angles,the changes of the pressure gradient characteristics are accompanied with the flow pattern transitions.Adding surfactant in a two-phase flow would reduce the pressure gradient significantly in the slug flow and annular flow regimes.In the annular flow regime,the pressure gradient gradually becomes free of the influence of the upward inclined angle,and is only dependent on the property of the two-phase flow.     

排沙漏斗三维涡流水流结构

本文首次从数值模拟及模型试验两方面研究了排沙漏斗三维涡流的清水流场水流结构．针对排沙漏斗流场边界的复杂性,作者首先利用三维贴体坐标变换建立了曲线坐标系下的ＮＳ方程及边界条件．选用协变速度分量为独立变量,成功地解决了压力速度耦合问题．其次,利用激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＡ）对排沙漏斗三维流场进行了测试研究,计算结果与实测流场较为符合．     

河道的生态功能及水文过程的生态效应

对河流生态功能的认识是评价水利工程建设生态影响的基础，水文过程足影响河流生态系统的控制性变量。本文介绍了河流的栖息地、过滤和屏蔽、通道、源汇等方面的生态功能，水文过程与生态环境和生物多样性的关系，以及流量与频率变化、来水时间、变化的速度、来水时间长短等水文特征变量的生态效应。     

挟沙水流指数流速分布规律

本文通过分析一般挟沙水泷和高含沙水流的实测资料，研究了浑水中指数流速沿垂线分布的规律。结果表明，古沙量小于250kg／m^3时．指数m随含沙量增加而有所增加；古沙量大于500kg／m^3后，衔I殖古沙量增加而减少；古沙量介于二者之间时，m变化较小，一般为1／5～1／4。此外．文中还对有关问题进行了讨论。     

高浓度水流流速仪的研制与应用

作为一种复杂的固液两相流动，高浓度水流由于固体颗粒浓度高、颗粒级配宽及流动的可视性差等特点，致使其测流一直成为制约高浓度水流运动机理研究的瓶颈性问题。本文依据毕托管工作原理，通过液压传感方式感应测量高浓度水流动水压力和计算机数据采集处理等方法，成功地研制了新型感压式高浓度水流流速仪，并在室内天然沙与粉煤灰高含度水流试验中得到了应用。该流速仪研制成功为进一步研究高浓度水流流速分布规律、揭示其水流结构与输沙机理创造了有利条件。     

水涡轮机械中轴对称固液两相流动的研究

本文从固液两相流的基本方程出发，推导了水涡轮机械转轮轴面上泥沙运动的速度通解，并计算了不同颗粒在水轮机转轮轴面上的运动速度，对于水涡轮机械转轮叶片的抗磨蚀设计有重要意义。     

含植物明渠流动分区和特征尺度研究进展

植物是生态河流必不可少的要素之一。植物的存在,改变了水流的紊流结构。由于流动沿垂向具有较强的不均匀性,对于含植物明渠紊流统计特性的描述,至今未有公认的、统一的沿水深分布表达形式。因此,对含植物明渠流动分区和各区特征尺度的研究越来越受到重视。本文回顾了无植物明渠和含植物明渠流动分区及特征尺度研究的主要成果,重点对基于流速分布和紊流结构两种方法确定的分区和特征尺度进行了分析和总结。指出将涡结构与流动特性参数分布规律相结合进行流动分区,在各区确定合适的特征尺度,进一步探究分区界限及流动特征尺度的影响因素及具体影响,建立普适的紊流统计特性分布规律是今后含植物明渠紊流结构研究的重要内容和趋势。     

漫滩挟沙水流流速横向分布研究

在建立漫滩挟沙水流掺混区横向涡粘性系数表达式的基础上，根据水深平均的水流运动方程，得到掺混区流速横向分布公式，经验证，该公式与实测资料基本上吻合。     

排沙漏斗切向流速分布规律的研究

经过多年的理论与实践研究，螺旋流排沙的原理与效果已被广大水利工作者所认同，但对其水流结构的研究成果并不多见。本文首先对排沙漏斗水流结构中最重要的部分，即切向流速分布规律进行了理论分析，然后利用激光多普勒测速仪对其进行了测试研究，为全面研究排沙漏斗水流结构提供了重要的参考依据。     

粒子图象测速技术及其在垂直进水口漩涡流场中的应用

本文通过粒子图象测速技术的改进,提出了数字可调脉冲光照和象增强技术,实现了在低功率激光照明下获得高象的流动图象,从而提高流速测量的范围和精度。     

丁坝布置方位角对河道水流流态的影响分析

采用数值模拟的方法研究不同布置方位角下丁坝群的近体流场分布情况。结果表明绕丁坝的近场流动具有强三维非恒定特性。下挑丁坝对水流流态影响较小,正挑或上挑的丁坝有利于促使泥沙在坝裆之间快速落淤,同时有利于集中水流,壅高水位。该文对丁坝的正确布置形式以及坝址周围河底、堤防的维护具有指导意义。     

明渠挟沙水流的颗粒相平均速度及速度滑移

基于颗粒相动理学模型所确立的颗粒相基本方程和本构关系,导出了明渠挟沙水流中固液两相平均速度差的表达式,表明相间速度差与两相的垂向脉动强度、脉动切应力、水下重力、剪切升力、颗粒弛豫时间等有关,与两相沿流向脉动强度无关。运用水流速度的窦国仁公式,计算了颗粒相速度的垂线分布,分析了相间速度差的垂线分布特性,结果与试验资料吻合很好。表明相间速度差呈现出水面小、水底大的分布形式;细小颗粒的速度差近似为零,粗重颗粒的速度差明显、在固壁附近存在明显的极大值。