Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Medium Carbon Cr-Ni-Mo-Nb Steel during Hot Deformation

Hot compression deformation behaviors of medium carbon Cr-Ni-Mo-Nb steel were investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 1223 to 1423 Kand strain rates of 0.1,1and 5s^-1.Dynamic recovery（DRV）and dynamic recrystallization（DRX）were observed during the hot compression deformation.For all of the samples,DRX occurred at deformation temperatures above 1323 Kat different strain rates,while below 1223 K,no DRX was observed.The activation energy of the tested steel was determined as 386.06kJ/mol.The ratio of critical stress to peak stress and the ratio of critical strain to peak strain were 0.835 and 0.37,respectively.Kinetic equations interpreting the DRX behavior of the tested steel were proposed,and the corresponding parameters including the volume fraction and the average grain size were determined.Moreover,the microstructures induced under different deformation conditions were analyzed.     

Data-Driven Approach Using Supervised Learning for Predicting Endpoint Temperature of Molten Steel in the Electric Arc Furnace

This study presents the development of a decision support system that focuses on predicting the endpoint temperature of molten steel to manage the process of an electric arc furnace more systematically. The decision support system leverages a data-driven approach that consists of the following modules: 1) a data preprocessing module that specifically includes raw data filtering, feature engineering, and outlier detection; 2) a feature selection module based on domain knowledge; 3) regression modeling module that employs a supervised learning algorithm to forecast an endpoint temperature; and 4) sensitivity analysis module to identify the correlation between input and output metric. The applicability of the system is demonstrated through a validation study using real-world operational data from Hyundai Steel located in Pohang, South Korea. The validation results show that the endpoint temperatures predicted by the system are evenly scattered to a perfect-fit line within 5% errors of the actual temperatures. The results also indicate that CaO, power, and melting score have the most significant impact on the endpoint temperature, in which temperature decreases as CaO increases and increases as the power and melting score increase.     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of Medium Carbon LZ50 Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Hot deformation and dynamic recrystallization behaviors of a medium carbon steel LZ50 were systematically investigated in the temperature range from...     

Constitutive Model of Warm Deformation Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel

The compressive behaviors of medium carbon steel specimens were investigated over a wide range of tem-peratures and strain rates using a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine.The results show that the flow stress in-creased with strain at first,and then gradually decreased after reaching a peak value.The flow stress softening rate at a high strain rate was larger than that at a low strain rate.The effects of deformation heating and friction on flow stress were analyzed.A new friction correction method,wherein the effect of strain on frictional coefficient was con-sidered,was established here.The stresses revised by the new method deviated from the measured stresses with in-creasing strain.Meanwhile,the apparent frictional coefficient variation law with strain was obtained.The frictional coefficient increased as the strain increased and then slightly decreased after maintaining a constant value.The stress was corrected by considering deformation heating.The accuracy of the temperature correction method was verified using a special experiment.The results of the verification experiment show that the temperature correction method exhibited a good accuracy in calculating the variation of stress caused by deformation heating.A constitutive model considering strain was proposed here to describe the deformation behaviors.Compared with experimental data,the modified constitutive model exhibited a good accuracy as to constitutive correlation.     

SPHC钢热变形行为的研究

 通过在Gleeble 3500热/力模拟实验机上的热压缩实验,研究不同热变形条件下SPHC钢的高温变形抗力,考察变形温度、应变速率及变形程度与变形抗力之间的关系,分析了SPHC钢的动态再结晶机理,最后建立了SPHC钢的变形抗力数学模型,通过回归分析可看出此模型有较高的拟合精度。     

一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢的热变形行为

用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下对一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢进行了热压缩变形试验,测得了其流变曲线,并观察了变形后的组织.试验结果表明,流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大.试验用钢在真应变为0.8,温度为1 223～1 323 K,应变速率为0.2～10 s-1的条件下,发生完全动态再结晶.测得试验用钢的热变形激活能为289.9 kJ/mol,并得出了其热变形方程,以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系和动态再结晶状态图.     

Hot Deformation Behavior of As-cast AISI M2 High-speed Steel Containing Mischmetal

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast AISI M2high-speed steel containing mischmetal(RE)has been investigated on a Gleeble-3500simulator in the temperature range of 1 000-1 150℃and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 at true strain of 1.0.The mechanical behavior has been characterized using stress-strain curve analysis,kinetic analysis,processing maps,etc.Metallographic investigation was performed to evaluate the mechanism of flow instability.The results show that the deformation activation energy decreases with increasing deformation temperature; the efficiency of power dissipation increases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature;flow instability is observed at low-to-medium temperature and higher strain rate region when the strain is smaller,but extends to lower strain rate and high temperature regions with the increment of strain,in which it is manifested as flow localization near the grain boundary.Hot deformation equations and processing maps are obtained.The optimal processing window is suggested and the deformation mechanism is dynamic recrystallization(DRX).     

Hot Deformation Behavior of GCr15 Steel

 Hot deformation behavior of GCr15 (ASTM 52100) steel was investigated using single-hit compression tests on Gleeble-1500 simulator at the temperature range of 850-1100 ℃ and strain rate range of 0. 1-10 s-1. The flow stress constitutive equation of GCr15 steel during hot deformation was determined by stress-strain curves analysis on the basis of the hyperbolic sine equation. And the models of dynamic recrystallization fraction and dynamic recrystallization grain size of GCr15 steel were established by the measured curves and microstructure observation in different experimental conditions. The mean activation energy and the time exponent of dynamic recrystallization kinetics equation in the range of experimental conditions were determined to be 356. 2 kJ/mol and 2. 12, respectively. Meanwhile, the flow stress model was also established by the method of allocating flow stress curve with three main stress values, the saturation stress, the steady state stress and the stress when strain is 0. 1. The flow stress curves predicted by the developed models under different deformation conditions are in good agreements with the measured ones.     

Modeling of Hot Deformation Behavior of 55SiMnMo Medium-Carbon Steel

The hot deformation behavior of 55SiMnMo steel was studied by hot isothermal compression tests at 950 — 1 100 °C and strain rates of 0.01 — 10s^?1 using a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulation machine. Experimental results show that the peak stress increases with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. When the strain rate

= 0.01s^?1, or when

= 0.1s^?1 and the deformation temperature T ≥ 1000 °C, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of 55SiMnMo steel occurs. The hot flow stress constitutive equation, peak strain equation, as well as critical stress and strain for DRX initiation are obtained based on the experimental data. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental results verifies the reliability of the flow stress equation.     

Hot Deformation Behavior of F6NM Stainless Steel

The hot deformation behavior of F6NM stainless steel was investigated by hot compression test in a Gleeble-1500D thermal-mechanical simulator. The flow strain-stress curves were obtained and the corresponding metallographic observation of this steel under different deformation conditions was also carried out. This steel exhibi- ted dynamic recrystallization （DRX） in the temperature range of 1 273- 1473 K and the strain rate range of 0.01- 0.1 s^-1. The activation energy for hot deformation was determined to be 457.91 kJ/mol, and the hot deformation equations were also established. The flow instability zone was determined and could be divided into two regions. The first one was located in the temperature range of 1 173- 1 348 K and the strain rate range of 0. 056-10 s^-1 , while the second one is in the temperature range of 1398-1448 K and the strain rate range of 1.25-10 s^-1. In the end, the optimum conditions for hot working were provided.     

SAE9310钢热变形行为的研究

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机,在温度为1123~1423 K,应变速率为0.1~10 s-1,真应变为0.8的条件下,对一种传动部件用高强度渗碳钢(SAE9310钢)进行了高温轴向压缩试验,测得了SAE9310钢的高温流变曲线,并观察其变形后的显微组织。试验结果表明,SAE9310钢的流变应力和峰值应变随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小;SAE9310钢在真应变为0.8的条件下,随着变形速率的提高,其发生完全动态再结晶的温度也逐渐升高,当热变形温度高于1323 K时,应变速率在0.1~10 s-1范围内,试验钢均会发生动态完全再结晶;测得9310钢的热变形激活能Q值为416.78 kJ/mol,并确立了其热变形方程。     

中碳钢马氏体组织温塑性变形力学行为

 利用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机对中碳钢淬火和完全退火组织的温加工流变应力在不同的变形参数条件下进行了对比研究,并根据其真σ ε曲线拟合了可反映该材料两种原始状态下压缩的稳态流变曲线和变形参数之间关系的中温压缩变形本构方程。结果表明：当为001 s-1时,室温压缩的σ ε曲线,淬火态的远高于退火态;350~550 ℃压缩,淬火态稍高于退火态;高于600 ℃压缩,淬火态的流变应力在变形初期略高于退火态,随应变的增加,淬火组织的流变曲线低于退火组织;在压缩温度为650 ℃,为1 s-1、01 s-1、001 s-1时,淬火和退火组织压缩的σ ε曲线有交点,在为0001 s-1时,淬火组织的σ ε曲线低于退火组织的σ ε曲线。     

Hot Deformation Behavior of P92 Steel Used for Ultra-Super-Critical Power Plants

 Hot compression tests of P92 steel at temperatures in the range of 1173 to 1523 K and at strain rates in the range of 0.1 to 10 s-1 were carried out on a Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator, and the corresponding flow curves were measured. The results showed that the flow stress and the peak strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. The critical Z value, below which the complete dynamic recrystallization may occur, was determined to have 4.61×1018. The hot deformation activation energy of the steel was about 437 kJ/mol. The hot deformation equation and the microstructure diagram of P92 steel were obtained. For the convenience of the practical application, the empirical equation for the peak stress can be described as σP=17.17ln+902499T-524.1.     

Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviour of Medium Carbon Steel in Austenite Region

The hot deformation behaviour of a 0.47%C (JIS‐S45C) steel in the stable austenite region was systematically investigated under various deformation conditions to collect fundamental data on its high‐temperature deformation and microstructure evolution. The medium carbon steel showed dynamic recrystallization in a wide range of temperatures (850°C～1150°C) and strain rates (10^‐3 s^‐1～100 s^‐1) in the stable austenite region. The dynamically recrystallized grain size was monotonically decreasing with increasing steady state stress. The minimum grain size obtained through dynamic recrystallization was 8.3 μm when the S45C specimen was deformed at 850°C and 1 s^‐1. The stress‐strain relationships were formularized based on a phenomenological model. The stress‐strain curves estimated by the obtained equation were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

F40MnV非调质钢的热变形行为

 采用Gleeble 1500热模拟实验机对F40MnV非调质钢在温度为1 223~1 473 K,应变速率为01~10 s-1的热变形行为进行研究。通过奥氏体再结晶动力学回归计算得到了F40MnV钢的变形激活能,峰值应力和峰值应变与Zener Hollomon参数的关系表达式。同时,得到了F40MnV钢的动态再结晶动力学方程和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的数学模型。     

二次硬化超高强度钢的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机,在温度为1123～1423K,应变速率为0.5～10s-1的条件下,对航空用高强韧性的二次硬化超高强度钢(AF1410钢)进行了高温轴向压缩试验,测得了AF1410钢的高温流变曲线,并观察了变形后的显微组织。试验结果表明,AF1410钢的流变应力和峰值应变随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小;AF1410钢在真应变为0.8,应变速率为0.5～10s-1的条件下,随着变形速率的提高,其发生完全动态再结晶的温度也逐渐升高。当变形速率为10s-1时,其变形温度高于1373K,才会发生完全动态再结晶;AF1410钢的热变形激活能Q值为430.39kJ/mol,并确立了其热变形方程。