煤炭直接液化溶剂的研究

讨论了煤炭直接液化过程中溶剂的特点、作用及质量要求,煤液化溶剂具有一般溶剂的功能,同时还具有良好的供氢和传递氢的功能特点,起到溶解、分隔煤裂解生成的自由基的作用,溶剂必须具有一定的分子结构和分子大小。初步讨论了表征煤液化循环溶剂供氢性的指标,指出普通溶剂如四氢萘和二氢萘等部分饱和的芳香化合物可直接用作煤液化溶剂,多环芳烃含量较高的煤焦油和石油系重质油,经过预加氢处理提高溶剂的供氢性后,可作为煤液化过程的起始溶剂或替代溶剂。     

循环供氢溶剂在神华煤直接液化工艺中的应用

在神华煤直接液化工艺中,为达到理想的反应深度,煤直接液化反应需要供氢性能良好的循环供氢溶剂、氢气、煤粉及催化剂等原料。其中,经过预加氢处理后的循环溶剂,具有良好的供氢性能,使得煤直接液化反应条件温和。在煤直接液化过程中,溶剂起着溶解煤粒、溶胀分散、稳定自由基、提供和传递转移活性氢、稀释液化产物等作用。当前,提高循环供氢溶剂自身的供氢和传递氢能力是煤直接液化新技术开发的重点之一。     

煤直接液化溶剂研究进展

分析了煤加氢液化的反应机理,发现溶剂在加氢液化过程中起着非常重要的作用。重点讨论了溶剂在反应过程中的热溶解作用以及供氢和传递氢作用,介绍了目前煤直接液化工业生产中溶剂的常用分类,最后指出开发新型溶剂,对缓和煤加氢液化条件和改善生产工艺具有重要意义。     

溶剂对二苯甲烷氢化裂解的影响

溶剂对二苯甲烷氢化裂解的影响人们已广泛研究了各种氢化芳香族化合物对煤液化及模型化合物反应的供氢能力。传统的观点认为，供氢溶剂通过稳定热分解生成的自由基对煤液化起着促进作用，催化剂借助于供氢溶剂促进气相氢分子向煤转移，在这一过程中供氢溶剂起着氢的运载工...     

煤液化基础研究进展

综述了煤结构、煤相关模型化合物反应及煤与生物质共液化的研究进展 .着重讨论了煤结构的研究方法、煤的物理结构及煤分子结构的发展情况 ,供氢溶剂、金属及其硫化物在煤液化中的作用 ,模型化合物的分子结构和反应性的关系及模型化合物反应的动力学 ,煤与废塑料和木屑共液化等 .指出基于煤分子结构和煤液化理论研究的突破 ,可望开发出可行的煤液化工艺 ,实现煤的高附加值转化 .     

煤高温快速液化过程中的单原子与双原子氢转移机理

氢转移对煤的加氢液化至关重要,理解氢转移机理对于改善煤液化过程具有重要意义。在微型反应釜中通过考察氢气的溶解、溶剂类型以及不同类型催化剂对煤高温快速液化的影响,揭示了煤高温快速液化过程中单原子氢和双原子氢的转移机理。结果表明,在以四氢萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,主要的活性氢来源于溶剂所提供的单原子;在以四氢萘、氮气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,不同催化剂对溶剂提供单原子氢的影响不同。在以四氢萘和萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中,双原子氢基本未参与液化反应,溶解并不是其参与液化反应的主要影响因素。以萘为溶剂、氢气气氛下的高温快速液化过程中,双原子氢参与反应需要一定的时间。在以萘或四氢萘、氢气为条件的高温快速液化过程中通过加入一定量的催化剂,可以促使双原子氢快速参与反应。     

模型化合物在煤液化研究中的应用

本文主要论述了目前世界上应用模型化合物研究煤液化过程的概况。研究内容包括：全煤结构模型化合物的研究，煤液化时桥键裂解过程的作用，氢转移及煤和溶剂之间的相互作用，以及利用模型化合物考查煤液化中缩聚反应的研究等。并指出利用模型化合物研究煤液化的局限性。     

模型化合物的煤液化研究中的应用

本文主要论述了目前世界上应用模型化合物研究煤液化过程的概况。研究内容包括：全煤结构经合物的研究，煤液化时桥键裂解过程的作用，氢转移及煤和溶剂之间的相互作用，以及利用模型化合物考查煤液化中缩聚反应的研究等。并指出利用模型化合物研究煤液化的局限性。     

供氢溶剂法液化技术的最近发展

供氢溶剂法(EDS)是美国埃克森研究和工程公司开发的煤炭液化技术,与溶剂精炼煤法(SRC)及氢——煤法并列为国际上公认的很有发展前景的直接液化法。从1966年起,供氢溶剂法已在实验室和日处理一吨煤的小型中试装置上,进行了长期、系统的研究试验,取得了满意结果,每液化一吨干煤,可得到液化石油气、石脑油、燃料油     

用各种溶剂进行煤的溶剂分解液化

研究了不同煤化程度的煤用各种溶剂在氮气氛和370～390℃下的溶剂分解液化,以阐明溶剂在这种煤液化过程中的作用,并找出能有最高液化产率的合适溶剂。发现在这些条件下,产率在很大程度上既取决于溶剂也取决于煤的本性。芘和SRC—BS沥青对于在此温度下可熔且具有高流动度的三池煤是良好的溶剂。不过,芘对于伊特曼(Itamann)煤和太平洋煤效率较低。伊特曼煤须在更高温度下才熔化,太平洋煤则不熔化。讨论了溶剂分解液化的机理,包括煤和溶剂在反应温度下的本性,以便了解不熔煤在溶剂分解液化过程中取得高产率所需要的性质。发现对不熔煤进行高产率液化,应使溶剂分解反应在溶剂和煤之间进行,这样就能在反应温度得到低粘度的液相。当SRC—BS用作溶剂时,溶剂分解反应可能是氢转移反应。     

Model for the coal hydrogenation process and its applications

A coal hydrogenation model has been formulated which incorporates both chemical and microscopic experimental data. In this generalized model, carbonization and hydrogenation are viewed as concurrent processes in the liquefaction of coal. Insufficient hydrogen availability, rapid heating rates and long reaction times at elevated temperatures can promote carbonization reactions. The model describes in detail the reaction pathways involved in the hydrogenation of both inertinite and vitrinite. When vitrinite is hydrogenated in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent, a plastic material called vitroplast is formed. The vitroplast is either converted to liquid and gaseous products when hydrogen availability is high or becomes mesophase and then semicoke when hydrogen availability is low. Even under favourable hydrogenation conditions, the major reaction pathway in the hydrogenation of inertinite is one of initial mild carbonization followed by hydrogenation. It is evident that the difference in hydrogenation behaviour between vitrinite and inertinite is due, in part, to the ability of the hydrogen donor solvent to penetrate vitrinite but not inertinite particles. The hydrogenation model is useful for explaining various phenomena that occur during hydrogenation, such as the formation of mesophase and semicoke, and the blockage of reactors and preheaters.     

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Removal Reactions in Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction

There are a number of ways coal can be converted to liquid fuel. It can be pyrolyzed to produce gas, liquid, and char. It can be first converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can then be converted to liquid fuel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It can be hy-dropyrolyzed to produce gases, naphtha range liquids, and heavy residues. Finally, it can be liquefied in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent to produce liquid and gaseous products. This review is concerned with the last method for conversion of coal to liquid fuel.     

Oxygen,Nitrogen, and Sulfur Removal Reactions in Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction

There are a number of ways coal can be converted to liquid fuel. It can be pyrolyzed to produce gas, liquid, and char. It can be first converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can then be converted to liquid fuel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It can be hy-dropyrolyzed to produce gases, naphtha range liquids, and heavy residues. Finally, it can be liquefied in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent to produce liquid and gaseous products. This review is concerned with the last method for conversion of coal to liquid fuel.     

Reaction mechanism of coal hydrogenation: 1. Two-ring solvent system

Taiheiyo coal was hydrogenated in naphthalene, tetralin and decalin under 10 MPa (initial pressure) of hydrogen or nitrogen with stabilized nickel as catalyst at 400 °C for 15 min. Preasphaltene, asphaltene and oil conversions and the conversion of the solvents were measured. The hydrogen absorbed by coal from molecular hydrogen and from the donor solvent was calculated. The main reaction route appears to be the direct hydrogenation of coal by molecular hydrogen, with the side reaction via solvent by molecular hydrogen occurring only slightly, when an active catalyst such as stabilized nickel is present.     

Coal hydrogenation: Quality of start-up solvents and partially process-derived recycle solvents

The performance of three sets of start-up solvents and one set of partially process-derived recycle solvents was studied in small autoclave coal hydrogenation tests. The start-up solvents were obtained by catalytically hydrotreating anthracene oils or creosote oils. It is shown that this preparation procedure converts polynuclear aromatics and two-ring aromatics to hydroaromatics and, ultimately, to alicyclics. Coal conversions using start-up solvents are found to reach a maximum at intermediate degrees of solvent hydrogenation which is believed to correspond to a maximal abundance of hydroaromatic solvent hydrogen donors. A solvent hydrogen donor index (SHDI), simply derived from ¹H n.m.r. spectral data, was devised and is found to successfully correlate coal conversions obtained using different start-up solvents, especially where N₂ gas rather than H₂ gas is employed in the autoclave tests. A set of partially process-derived recycle solvents were produced in multiple cycle continuous coal hydrogenation experiments. These were tested under relatively severe hydrogenation conditions in the presence of hydrogen gas, using the small autoclave unit. Substantial donation of solvent hydrogen was found to occur and coal conversions to hexane — and toluene-soluble products are found to be a smooth function of the solvent hydrogen donor index. It is concluded that the hydrogen donor capacity of a solvent is a major factor governing coal conversion, especially when the demand for solvent hydrogen is high. The SHDI parameter is useful in rationalizing the behaviour of start-up solvents. Also, at least in the first few cycles of a continuous two stage coal hydrogenation process, the SHDI parameter allows solvent quality to be monitored, and consequently optimized.     

Coal solvolysis with a series of coal-derived liquids

A systematic study of the effectiveness in coal conversion of two coal-derived solvent series, hydrogenated creosote oils and SRC recycle solvents, is characterized by spectroscopic measurement of their hydrogen distribution. Optimum ranges are found for the type and amount of hydrogen contained in the solvents. The results indicate that there are solvent properties, other than those studied in this paper, which may have an important effect on the effectiveness of a particular solvent for coal dissolution.     

Synergistic effects between light and heavy solvent components during coal liquefaction

As part of research to examine coal conversion in solvents containing high-boiling-point components, experimental studies were carried out with model compound solvents. The dissolution of bituminous and subbituminous coals was investigated in pyrene-tetralin and 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The effects of donor level, gas atmosphere, hydrogen pressure and conversion temperature were determined. At 400 °C, in the presence of hydrogen gas, pyrene-tetralin solvent mixtures show synergism in coal conversion. At donor concentrations as low at 15 wt%, the degree of conversion was almost as high as in pure tetralin. This phenomenon was not apparent in 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The relative ease of reduction of pyrene and its ability to shuttle hydrogen is considered to be a principal reason for this difference in behaviour. Conversion in pure pyrene and in pyrene-tetralin mixtures at low donor concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen pressure. At 427 °C, bituminous coal conversion was higher in a 30 wt% tetralin-70 wt% pyrene mixture than in either pure compound. It was found that in the absence of coal pyrene can be hydrogenated by H-transfer from tetralin as well as by reaction with hydrogen gas. This can provide a means to increase the rate of transfer of hydrogen to the dissolving coal through the formation of a very active donor (dihydropyrene). During coal liquefaction, several pathways appear to be available for hydrogen transfer for a given coal, the optimal route being dependent upon the solvent composition and the conditions of reaction.     

Solvolytic liquefaction of coals with a series of solvents

Solvolytic liquefaction of coals of different rank was studied with a variety of solvents at 370–390 °C under nitrogen in order to elucidate the role of solvent in coal liquefaction of this kind and to find a suitable solvent for the highest yields of liquefaction. The yield was found to depend strongly upon the nature of the coal as well as the solvent under these conditions. Pyrene and a SRC-BS pitch were excellent solvents for Miike coal, which was fusible with high fluidity at these temperatures. However, the former was less efficient for Itmann and Taiheiyō coals which were fusible at a higher temperature and non-fusible, respectively. The mechanism of solvolytic liquefaction is discussed, including nature of coal and solvent at reaction temperatures, in order to understand the properties required for high yields with non-fusible coals in solvolytic liquefaction. It is found that for liquefaction with a high yield if the coal is non-fusible, solvolytic reaction should take place between solvent and coal, so giving a liquid phase of low viscosity at the reaction temperature. The solvolytic reaction may be one of hydrogen transfer when SRC-BS is used as the solvent.     

Liquefaction of coal in a petroleum fraction under mild conditions

Experimental studies on a mild coal liquefaction process for extending the petroleum fuel supply are presented. In this process, coal is dissolved in bottoms from fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), a thermally stable, highly aromatic refinery stream, without added hydrogen and under mild conditions. After ash removal, the product mixture of coal liquid and FCC bottoms is a pumpable fluid and can be used as a boiler fuel. Further upgrading to turbine fuel may be possible.At 600–800°F, 0.1 to 5 h, and 0–1000 psig, conversion of a bituminous coal to pyridine soluble, gas and water was about 90%, while that of lignite was about 60%. Improved product quality was favored by increased reaction pressure. The operable solvent to coal ratio can be as low as 1.3. This ratio can be further reduced if provisions are made to recycle part of the solvent. However, the efficiency of the recovered solvent decreases with each recycle due to a gradual replacement of labile α hydrogen by β hydrogen.     

神府长焰煤加氢增黏反应中催化剂及氢传递机理

我国炼焦煤资源短缺且分布不均匀,而低阶煤储量丰富,价格低廉,具有低灰、低硫等特点,但其黏结性几近为零。催化加氢增黏是一种有效提高低阶煤黏结性的方法。本文通过对长焰煤进行催化加氢增黏,对原煤及增黏煤进行元素分析、红外分析、电子顺磁共振分析和反应中氢耗计算研究催化加氢增黏反应中催化剂及氢传递机理。结果表明：长焰煤黏结性显著增强,在炼焦过程中可部分替代炼焦煤使用;加氢增黏可以去除长焰煤中部分含氧官能团及烷基侧链,降低煤分子的交联程度;催化剂主要作用是活化氢气,其次可以促进煤分子解聚并且促进四氢萘到煤的氢传递。当催化剂存在时,催化加氢增黏反应氢传递路径主要是从氢气直接至煤分子,而不是通过供氢溶剂至煤分子。