Iterative (turbo) expectation?maximisationbased time and frequency synchronisation for multiple-input multiple-output?orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

An iterative expectation-maximisation time-frequency synchronisation algorithm joint with channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in frequency-selective fading channels is addressed. The receiver iterates between detection and estimation stages. For each iteration, the expectation of ODFM symbols is calculated first by using a posteriori probabilities provided by maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoder, and second, a proposed metric is maximised to obtain both frequency offset and symbol timing. The channel can be identified by means of these estimates. This algorithm can work in transmission mode, and thus, can be used to estimate the residual errors or track the change of the parameters. The performance of the proposed synchronisation approach, in terms of bit-error rate and mean-square error, is shown.     

一种适用于时不变信道的信道估计方法

研究了时不变信道下突发式正交频分复用(OFDM)通信系统的信道估计问题,针对在突发式OFDM通信系统中不同时刻发送的帧存在不同的采样起始时刻偏差和载波起始相位偏差,使各帧的信道估计结果难以被其它帧利用的情况,提出了一种基于对采样起始时刻偏差和载波起始相位偏差进行估计与纠正的信道估计方法。该方法对随机传输的物理层帧之间的采样起始时刻偏差以及载波起始相位偏差的差值进行估计和纠正,使各帧获得统一的采样起始时刻和载波起始相位,从而使不同帧的信道估计结果可以互相利用,从而提高信道估计结果的精度。仿真结果表明,这种信道估计方法可使系统的误码性能提高约1dB,并且可使系统的传输效率提高约10%。     

适用于OFDM系统的改进的信道估计算法

针对实际系统中的信道冲激响应(CIR)泄漏问题,提出了一种适用于梳状导频正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的改进的最小二乘(LS)信道估计算法.该算法基于分数抽头延时信道近似(FTCA)的参数化信道模型,此信道模型采用一个抽头间隔为分数倍采样间隔的抽头延时线结构的有限冲激响应(FIR)滤波器表示.此算法首先通过FTCA信道模型来近似实际信道,然后再估计该信道模型中的某些参数来获取实际的信道信息;该算法利用了FTCA信道模型中所有的延时抽头,从而很好地抑制了CIR泄漏.仿真与分析表明,FTCA信道模型能够有效地近似实际信道,同时降低信道自相关矩阵的维数,从而提高信道估计的性能.     

Performance comparison of low density parity check codes using square root Kalman equalisation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing techniques for broadband fixed wireless access systems

Broadband fixed wireless access (BFWA) systems enable services such as high-speed data communication, high quality voice/video conferencing and high-speed internet access in areas where a wired link is not possible. However, the BFWA channel is a slow-fading channel having deep frequency-selective fading caused by clusters of scatterers in the environment that introduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) at the receiver. Low density parity check (LDPC) codes, optimised for the single-input single-output BFWA channel, are designed using the structured balance incomplete block design method. The use of both quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) are investigated theoretically. To help overcome the ISI effects of the channel, equalisation techniques are employed separately with LDPC decoding for a system employing QPSK and 16-QAM modulation schemes. The equaliser single carrier approach is then replaced with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and the performance of these two approaches is evaluated in terms of bit-error rate. The simulation results show that equalisation with LDPC coding has a measurable performance gain over LDPC coding with OFDM.     

An efficient joint channel estimation and decoding algorithm for turbo-coded space?time orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receivers

The challenging problem in the design of digital receivers of today's and future high-speed, high data-rate wireless communication systems is to implement the optimal decoding and channel estimation processes jointly in a computationally feasible way. Without realising such a critical function perfectly at receiver, the whole system will not work properly within the desired performance limits. Unfortunately, direct implementation of such optimal algorithms is not possible mainly due to their mathematically intractable and computationally prohibitive nature. A novel algorithm that reaches the performance of the optimal maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm with a feasible computational complexity is proposed. The algorithm makes use of a powerful statistical signal processing tool called the expectation maximisation (EM) technique. It iteratively executes the MAP joint channel estimation and decoding for space'time block-coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with turbo channel coding in the presence of unknown wireless dispersive channels. The main novelty of the work comes from the facts that the proposed algorithm estimates the channel in a non-data-aided fashion and therefore except a small number of pilot symbols required for initialisation, no training sequence is necessary. Also the approach employs a convenient representation of the discrete multipath fading channel based on the Karhunen'Loeve (KL) orthogonal expansion and finds MAP estimates of the uncorrelated KL series expansion coefficients. Based on such an expansion, no matrix inversion is required in the proposed MAP estimator. Moreover, optimal rank reduction is achieved by exploiting the optimal truncation property of the KL expansion resulting in a smaller computational load on the iterative estimation approach.     

Equalisation of SIMO-OFDM systems with insufficient cyclic prefix in doubly selective channels

Time variations of a doubly selective wireless channel and insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) length of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission system cause intercarrier interference (ICI) and interblock interference (IBI) as significant limitations. This paper investigates the problem of joint ICI and IBI mitigation in single-input multiple-output OFDM (SIMO-OFDM) systems. It is assumed, unlike most existing literature, that the channel delay spread is larger than the CP, and also the channel varies on each OFDM block. First, doubly selective channel is modelled using basis expansion model (BEM) and a closed-form expression for signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is derived. Then, a time-domain equaliser is developed, which maximises the SINR for all subcarriers. Moreover, a frequency-domain equalisation approach is proposed which is based on the MSE minimisation per tone. A low-complexity implementation of the pertone equaliser is also derived. An important feature of the proposed equalisers is that no bandwidth expansion or redundancy insertion is required except for the CP. Finally, complexity comparison and simulation results over Rayleigh fading channel are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Since both equalisers are designed in the frequency domain, they provide significant interference cancellation.     

Cross-layer adaptive resource allocation for OFDM systems with hybrid smart antennas

Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) has become one of the most popular air-link technologies for future broadband wireless communications. To further improve its bandwidth efficiency and system performance, adaptive resource allocation and smart antenna techniques have been widely used in the OFDM system. However, the use of fully adaptive beamforming in an OFDM system significantly increases the complexity of the medium access control layer design and thus affects the implementation of adaptive resource allocation. A novel cross-layer adaptive resource allocation strategy with hybrid adaptive array and switched- beam smart antennas suitable for the OFDM systems has been proposed. With the help of different smart antennas schemes based on different users' quality of service requirements, the strategy effectively reduces the complexity of adaptive resource allocation in an OFDM system, while still maintaining a satisfactory system performance.     

A Strategy of Signal Detection for Performance Improvement in Clipping Based OFDM System

In this paper, the supervised Deep Neural Network (DNN) based signal detection is analyzed for combating with nonlinear distortions efficiently and improving error performances in clipping based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ssystem. One of the main disadvantages for the OFDM is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The clipping is a simple method for the PAPR reduction. However, an effect of the clipping is nonlinear distortion, and estimations for transmitting symbols are difficult despite a Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection at the receiver. The DNN based online signal detection uses the offline learning model where all weights and biases at fullyconnected layers are set to overcome nonlinear distortions by using training data sets. Thus, this paper introduces the required processes for the online signal detection and offline learning, and compares error performances with the ML detection in the clipping-based OFDM systems. In simulation results, the DNN based signal detection has better error performance than the conventional ML detection in multi-path fading wireless channel. The performance improvement is large as the complexity of system is increased such as huge Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system and high clipping rate.     

非理想信道估计条件下OFDM系统的最大似然检测算法

基于最大似然的准则,研究了理想信道估计条件下和非理想信道估条件下OFDM系统的最优检测算法。研究结果表明,当发送信号为PSK调制方式时,无论是理想信道估计还是非理想信道估计,最大似然检测算法与传统的迫零检测算法等价。但当信道估计非理想且发送信号的调制方式为16QAM或高阶QAM时,采用最大似然检测算法才能够获得更好的性能。     

Transmit sector selection with link correlation for SDM/OFDM

More spectrum-efficient techniques are required for wireless communications with a limited amount of bandwidth. Space division multiplexing (SDM) is one of the most promising techniques for achieving more efficient bandwidth utilisation, since it enables the transmission rate over multiple-input multiple-output chennels to be increased by using multiple antennas on both the transmitter and receiver sides. Recently, since the cost of RF transmitters is much higher than that of antennas, there is a growing interest in techniques that use a larger number of antennas than RF transmitters. These methods rely on selecting the optimal transmitter antennas and connecting them to the respective RF. In this case, feedback information (FBI) is required to select the optimal transmitter antenna elements. However, the transmission of FBI through a feedback channel is limited. Moreover, a multiple antenna system requires an antenna separation of five to ten wavelengths to keep the correlation coefficient below 0.7 to achieve diversity gain. In this case, the base station requires a large space to set up multiple antennas. To reduce these problems, a transmit sector antenna selection while considering the link correlation for SDM/OFDM without FBI is proposed and analysed.     

OFDM水声通信系统动态OMP信道跟踪算法

针对正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)水声通信系统中最小二乘(Least Square,LS)信道估计算法和静态压缩感知信道估计算法分别存在估计精度低、导频开销大和计算复杂度高、实时性差的缺点,利用水声信道冲激响应的时域相关性,通过建立动态稀疏观测模型,提出一种动态正交匹配追踪(Dynamic Orthogonal MatchingPursuit,D-OMP)信道跟踪算法。该算法仅在初始时刻进行一次完整的正交匹配追踪(OrthogonalMatching Pursuit, OMP)信道估计获取信道支撑集,之后通过连续跟踪前一时刻信道支撑集的变化来跟踪信道。仿真结果表明,在导频开销相同的情况下,与传统LS算法、经典OMP算法相比,所提算法具有更好的信道跟踪性能和较低的算法复杂度。     

基于频域导频时域处理的OFDM系统信道估计算法

针对正交频分复用(OFDM)系统,提出了一种适用于时变信道的信道估计算法。该方法利用频域导频,经离散傅立叶变换(DFT),获得的信道冲击响应等效于利用频域导频对应的时域序列和接收信号进行循环相关获得的信道冲击响应。因此,避免了在时域采用复杂的循环相关运算。同时,通过消除频域导频时域序列的自相关误差,能有效降低由DFT谱泄漏导致的信道估计误差。仿真和分析表明,在时变多径衰落信道下,提出的信道估计方法的性能比传统的基于DFT的算法和频域维纳滤波算法有明显提高。     

Precoded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with hidden pilots for ultrawideband wireless communications

The authors propose a new hidden pilot scheme equipped with precoding and its application to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-ultra-wideband (OFDM-UWB) systems. The proposed scheme can be thought of as an improvement over conventional hidden pilot schemes. By carefully designing precoder and hidden pilot from the view point of frequency diversity, channel estimation and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), more frequency diversity gain and reduced PAPR can be achieved. In addition, the authors can support more pilots to estimate a channel providing mitigated self-interference between data symbol and hidden pilot with almost no loss of bandwidth efficiency in OFDM-based UWB communication systems. The authors show improved performance of the proposed scheme over the multiband OFDM scheme through simulations in a realistic UWB channel environment.     

Coded-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in hybrid optical networks

Future Internet should be able to support a wide range of services containing large amount of multimedia over different network types at a high speed. The future optical networks will therefore be hybrid, composed of different single-mode fibre (SMF), multi-mode fibre (MMF) and free-space optical (FSO) links. In these networks, novel modulation and coding techniques are needed that are capable of dealing with different channel impairments, be it in SMF, MMF or FSO links. The authors propose a coded-modulation scheme suitable for use in hybrid FSO - fibre-optics networks. The proposed scheme is based on polarization-multiplexing and coded - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with large girth quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes as channel codes. The proposed scheme is able to simultaneously deal with atmospheric turbulence, chromatic dispersion and polarisation mode dispersion (PMD). With a proper design for 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based polarisation-multiplexed coded-OFDM, the aggregate data rate of 100 Gb/s can be achieved for OFDM signal bandwidth of only 12.5 GHz, which represents a scheme compatible with 100 Gb/s per wavelength channel transmission and 100 Gb/s Ethernet.     

IEEE 802.11b based ad hoc networking and its performance in mobile channels

It is widely believed that IEEE 802.11 standard is aimed mainly for fixed indoor wireless local area networks and is not suited for mobile applications, even though the IEEE 802.11b systems may work in either infrastructure mode or ad hoc mode. The impact of node mobility on ad hoc network performance has already been studied intensively, but these studies mostly do not consider temporal fluctuations of the mobile wireless channel due to the Doppler shift. An investigation of the mobility impact on the performance of IEEE 802.11b ad hoc systems with Rician/Rayleigh fading under different node velocities is presented. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the impacts of a multitude of different signal distortions on an IEEE 802.11b system performance is also presented. Specifically, the authors study the bit-error rate performances with respect to node velocities for different modulation schemes. The simulation results show that, owing to its extremely low implementation and deployment cost, the current IEEE 802.11b standard has its potential to be deployed in a mobile ad hoc environment if the line-of-sight path between transmitter and receiver exists.     

Blind adaptive and iterative interference cancellation receiver structures based on the constant modulus criterion in multipath channels

Blind adaptive and iterative interference cancellation (IC) receiver structures for direct sequence code division multiple access systems in multipath channels are proposed. A code-constrained constant modulus design criterion based on constrained optimisation techniques and adaptive algorithms for receiver and channel parameter estimation are described for successive IC (SIC) and parallel IC (PIC) detectors and a new hybrid IC (HIC) scheme in scenarios subject to multipath fading. The proposed HIC structure combines the strengths of linear, SIC and PIC receivers and is shown to outperform the conventional linear, SIC and PIC structures. A novel iterative detection approach that generates different cancellation orders and selects the most likely symbol estimate on the basis of the instantaneous minimum constant modulus criterion is also proposed and combined with the new HIC structure to further enhance performance. Simulation results for an uplink scenario assess the algorithms, the proposed blind adaptive IC detectors against existing receivers and evaluate the effects of error propagation of the new cancellation techniques.     

Interpolation-based precoding with limited feedback for MIMO-OFDM systems

The channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can significantly improve the performance of multiple-antenna systems. However, providing full knowledge of CSI at the transmitter may not be affordable in many practical cases. Thus, exploiting the partial channel knowledge to improve system performance seems to be attractive. An interpolation based limited feedback precoding scheme (ILFP) for MIMO-OFDM systems is proposed. In this scheme, both the transmitter and the receiver store the codebook of precoding matrices constructed offline using two-variable joint vector quantisation. Considering the correlation between OFDM subcarriers, they are divided into subcarrier clusters. At the receiver, precoding is carried out on the clusters, and then the precoding information is conveyed to the transmitter by limited bits of feedback. At the transmitter, the precoding matrices for each subcarrier are obtained by interpolation according to the feedback. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes.     

WLAN smart antenna with Bluetooth interference reduction

Because of the coexistence of wireless local area network (WLAN) and Bluetooth at the same ISM band, WLAN systems cannot eliminate the interference by Bluetooth in the physical layer by carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance. A novel smart antenna system for the WLAN systems to suppress the Bluetooth interference is proposed. The proposed smart antenna system employs the property of multi-carrier transmission of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system to eliminate the correlation among the multi-path components, and the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm can estimate the correct DOAs. In the simulation, we apply the proposed smart antenna to the 802.11 system using OFDM. The simulation results demonstrate a superior performance under Bluetooth interference.     

利用子空间的投影和跟踪改进OFDM信道估计

OFDM系统的LS信道估计可看作真实信道频率响应的一个有噪观察值，因此可采用子空间投影方法对噪声进行压缩。分析了利用子空间投影方法改进LSOFDM信道估计性能的实质，给出了利用子空间投影改进OFDM信道估计的一般框架，在此基础上将子空间投影推广到非LS信道估计方法。当信号子空间随时间变化时，需要采用子空间跟踪技术保持对信号子空间的良好估计，因此提出了一种基于子空间跟踪的参数化信道估计方法，仿真表明这种方法在性能上优于非参数化时的相应方法。     

MIMO-Terahertz in 6G Nano-Communications: Channel Modeling and Analysis

With the development of wireless mobile communication technology, the demand for wireless communication rate and frequency increases year by year. Existing wireless mobile communication frequency tends to be saturated, which demands for new solutions. Terahertz (THz) communication has great potential for the future mobile communications (Beyond 5G), and is also an important technique for the high data rate transmission in spatial information network. THz communication has great application prospects in military-civilian integration and coordinated development. In China, important breakthroughs have been achieved for the key techniques of THz high data rate communications, which is practically keeping up with the most advanced technological level in the world. Therefore, further intensifying efforts on the development of THz communication have the strategic importance for China in leading the development of future wireless communication techniques and the standardization process of Beyond 5G. This paper analyzes the performance of the MIMO channel in the Terahertz (THz) band and a discrete mathematical method is used to propose a novel channel model. Then, a channel capacity model is proposed by the combination of path loss and molecular absorption in the THz band based on the CSI at the receiver. Simulation results show that the integration of MIMO in the THz band gives better data rate and channel capacity as compared with a single channel.