Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physical properties of polyacrylonitrile

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing in dimethylacetamide, followed by film casting, and their physical properties were investigated. The heating scan of differential scanning calorimetry displayed only a single crystallization peak (T_c) without a melting peak, regardless of the presence of ZnO. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles decreased T_c by 13°C, and increased the heat of crystallization by 18%. Further, it greatly improved the thermal stability of PAN, even at the ZnO content as low as 0.1 wt %. The nanocomposites showed the UV transmittance peak at 365 nm, whose intensity was increased as ZnO content was increased. The presence of ZnO did not produce new peak nor shift the peaks with respect to PAN in wide angle X‐ray diffraction pattern. Introduction of a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles did not have notable effect on the tensile properties. However, 5 wt % loading of the nanoparticles increased the tensile modulus of PAN by 14.5% and decreased elongation at break dramatically. PAN nanocomposites with 5 wt % ZnO did not show any plateau region in stress–strain curve. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1854–1858, 2006     

环保型促进剂二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸锌对天然胶乳硫化胶膜性能的影响

选择二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸锌(ZBDC)、二异丙基黄原聚硫、二硫化四苄基秋兰姆作为天然胶乳(NRL)的硫化促进剂,采用正交试验确定了NBL的硫化配方及最佳工艺,对比了促进剂ZBDC及传统促进剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌(ZDC)对NRL硫化胶膜性能的影响,考察了贮存时间对NRL硫化程度及硫化NRL黏度、机械稳定性的影响。结果表明,硫化NRL的最佳配方及工艺:促进剂ZBDC、硫黄、氧化锌用量分别为0.75,1.25,0.50份,硫化温度为70℃,硫化时间为2.5 h;随着促进剂ZBDC用量的增加,NRL硫化胶膜的交联密度逐渐增大,而300%定伸应力、500%定伸应力、700%定伸应力、拉伸强度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当促进剂ZBDC与ZDC并用时,硫化胶膜的300%定伸应力、500%定伸应力、700%定伸应力和交联密度都达到了最大值,但拉伸强度和撕裂强度比采用最优方案制得硫化胶膜小;随着促进剂ZBDC用量的增加,NRL硫化胶膜的耐老化性能先提高后又下降;无论ZDC与ZBDC并用还是单独使用,硫化胶膜的耐老化性能都较优;随着贮存时间的延长,无论是使用环保型促进剂ZBDC还是使用促进剂ZDC,NRL的硫化程度均增加,硫化NRL的黏度均逐渐增大,而机械稳定性先稍有提高后下降。     

聚合条件对丁苯胶乳粒径的影响

通过乳液聚合方法合成了适用于聚氯乙烯(PVC)改性甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(MBS)的种子胶乳,利用一步法工艺获得一定粒径的丁苯胶乳,研究了乳化剂加入量、加入方式,聚合温度,聚合反应时间对粒径的影响,合成了粒径在200～300nm的丁苯胶乳。     

Effects of microstructure evolution on transport properties of thermoelectric nickel-doped zinc oxide

We investigate the effects of microstructure evolution on transport properties of nickel-doped ZnO for thermoelectric waste heat recovery at high temperatures. A 3 at.% supersaturated Ni-alloyed ZnO solid solution was prepared by sintering at 1400 °C followed by controlled nucleation and growth of sub-micrometer size NiO-precipitates by aging at 750, 800, and 900 °C for different durations. Minimum thermal conductivity as low as 8.0 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 700 °C is obtained for samples aged at 750 °C for 16 h due to precipitates with high number density of 1.3·10²⁰ m⁻³, which initiate phonon scattering. In turn, as-quenched samples exhibit the highest electrical conductivity, ca. 17.9 S cm⁻¹ at 700 °C. Further nucleation and growth of precipitates taking place for longer annealing durations reduce electrical conductivity and increase Seebeck coefficients, which is associated with dilution of the ZnO-matrix from Ni-atoms. This study provides us with guidelines for optimization of thermoelectric Ni-doped ZnO.     

Effect of the vulcanization time and storage on the stability and physical properties of sulfur‐prevulcanized natural rubber latex

Prevulcanized natural rubber latex was prepared by the heating of the latex compound at 55°C for different periods of time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h). The changes in the colloidal stability and physical properties were evaluated during the course of prevulcanization. The prevulcanized latex compounds were stored for 300 days, and the properties were monitored at different storage intervals (0, 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 days). During prevulcanization, the mechanical stability time increased, and the viscosity remained almost constant. The tensile strength increased during storage for a period of 20 days. The degree of crosslinking, modulus, elongation at break, and chloroform number were varied with the time of storage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1804–1811, 2005     

Effects of particle shape and size on devolatilization of biomass particle

Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate particle shape and size influence biomass particle dynamics, including drying, heating rate, and reaction rate. Experimental samples include disc/flake-like, cylindrical/cylinder-like, and equant (nearly spherical) shapes of wood particles with similar particle masses and volumes but different surface areas. Small samples (320 μm) passed through a laboratory entrained-flow reactor in a nitrogen atmosphere and a maximum reactor wall temperature of 1600 K. Large samples were suspended in the center of a single-particle reactor. Experimental data indicate that equant particles react more slowly than the other shapes, with the difference becoming more significant as particle mass or aspect ratio increases and reaching a factor of two or more for particles with sizes over 10 mm. A one-dimensional, time-dependent particle model simulates the rapid pyrolysis process of particles with different shapes. The model characterizes particles in three basic shapes (sphere, cylinder, and flat plate). With the particle geometric information (particle aspect ratio, volume, and surface area) included, this model simulates the devolatilization process of biomass particles of any shape. Model simulations of the three shapes show satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Model predictions show that both particle shape and size affect the product yield distribution. Near-spherical particles exhibit lower volatile and higher tar yields relative to aspherical particles with the same mass under similar conditions. Volatile yields decrease with increasing particle size for particles of all shapes. Assuming spherical or isothermal conditions for biomass particles leads to large errors at most biomass particle sizes of practical interest.     

Study on hot air aging and thermooxidative degradation of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber latex film

The air‐aging process at 120°C and the thermooxidative degradation of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber latex (PPVL) film were studied with FTIR and thermal gravity (TG) and differential thermal gravity (DTG) analysis, respectively. The result of FTIR shows that the ? OH and ? COOH absorption of the rubber molecules at IR spectrum 3600–3200 cm^?1, the ? C?O absorption at 1708 cm^?1, and the ? C? OH absorption of alcohol at 1105 and 1060 cm^?1 increased continuously with extension of the aging time, but the ? CH₃ absorption of saturated hydrocarbon at 2966 and 2868 cm^?1, the ? CH₃ absorption at 1447 and 1378 cm^?1, and the C?C absorption at 835 cm^?1 decreased gradually. The result of TG‐DTG shows that the thermal degradation reaction of PPVL film in air atmosphere is a two‐stage reaction. The reaction order (n) of the first stage of thermooxidation reaction is 1.5; the activation energy of reaction (E) increases linearly with the increment of the heating rate, and the apparent activation energy (E₀) is 191.6 kJ mol^?1. The temperature at 5% weight loss (T_0.05), the temperature at maximum rate of weight loss (T_p), and the temperature at final weight loss (T_f) in the first stage of degradation reaction move toward the high temperature side as the heating rate quickened. The weight loss rate increases significantly with increment of heating rate; the correlation between the weight loss rate (α_p) of DTG peak and the heating rate is not obvious. The weight loss rate in the first stage (α_f1) rises as the heating rate increases. The final weight loss rate in second stage (α_f2) has no reference to heating rate; the weight loss rate of the rubber film is 99.9% at that time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3196–3200, 2004     

Effects of particle sizes and shapes of zinc metal on the properties of anticorrosive coatings

The paper deals with a study of the zinc particle sizes and shape effects on the anticorrosive coating properties. As a binder the epoxyester resin is used. The zinc particle size and shape effects are discussed from the mechanical coating properties, film permeabilities to water vapor and above all the pigment anticorrosion protection efficiency points of view. The connection between the spherical particle sizes and the coating anticorrosive efficiency was found. The smaller particle sizes mean better anticorrosive coating properties. The lamellar zinc particles exhibit the highest anticorrosion efficiency at a concentration around 20 vol.%.     

纳米氧化锌对天然胶乳膜干燥及硫化性能影响研究

采用失重法和溶胀法研究了普通氧化锌和纳米氧化锌活化的天然胶乳膜的干燥动力学,以及干燥过程中胶乳膜交联密度变化.结果表明:天然胶乳厚胶膜在成膜后仍含有大量水分并且去除困难.纳米氧化锌活化胶膜的干燥速率明显高于普通氧化锌胶膜.干燥温度对干燥过程影响显著,干燥时间随干燥温度升高明显降低.随着干燥的进行,2种氧化锌活化的胶乳膜的交联密度均迅速上升,在相同条件下,纳米氧化锌活化胶乳膜交联密度均比普通氧化锌的大.纳米氧化锌对天然胶乳膜的干燥及硫化过程均有促进作用.     

Rheological properties of iron oxide particle suspensions

Viscosities of γ-Fe₂O₃ dispersions in epoxy resin, phenol resin, and polyvinyl butyral solutions are measured at shear rate D from 19.2 to 384 sec^?1. Volume fraction of γ-Fe₂O₃ in these dispersions ranges from about 0.002 to 0.03. The concentration dependence of relative viscosity η/η_s is closely represented by the Mooney equation. From this equation, intrinsic viscosity [η] of suspensions is found to decrease from 46.1 at D = 19.2sec^?1 to 14 at D = 384 sec^?1 for epoxy resin solution. The high [η] value indicates the existence of flocs containing immobilized liquid. By increasing the shear rate, the average floc size is reduced to point where at an infinite shear rate, only small clusters or possibly particles remain. Of the three polymers, the lowest [η] value is obtained in the dispersion of the phenol resin solution.     

一种用初级氧化锌粉制备活性氧化锌工艺

研究了硫酸浸出初级氧化锌粉末制备活性氧化锌的工艺，讨论了浸出过程中液固质量比、硫酸质量分数对浸出率的影响。在硫酸锌溶液净化中，选择过硫酸铵除铁的方法。确定了活性氧化锌制备工艺参数，采用廉价的碳酸氢铵作为锌的沉淀剂制备前驱体，选择600℃煅烧前驱体4h。采用透射电镜和X衍射对产物活性氧化锌进行了表征。结果表明：活性氧化锌的粒度分布均匀，形貌为近似球形，其平均粒径为80nm，产品纯度高。采用化学法分析产物，其氧化锌质量分数为99．18％。     

Nucleation effects on structural and optical properties of electrodeposited zinc oxide on tin oxide

Zinc oxide was electrodeposited from oxygenated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride at 80 C on tin oxide covered glass substrates. A new activation treatment for the substrate is established. This consists in the initial formation, in the deposition solution, of a thin metallic zinc layer (5–50 nm) converted to ZnO by in situ reoxidation. Variable densities of nucleation centers (with values approaching 10¹⁰ cm^–2) are formed by this treatment. This allows control of the formation of a zinc oxide layer ranging from open deposits of isolated crystallites to compact and homogeneous layers. Compact layers have high specular transmission below the band gap value (3.5 eV), whereas open films exhibit extensive light scattering. The shapes of the current–time curves during deposition are discussed in terms of nucleation and structural effects. A possible influence of the semiconducting properties of the films is pointed out.     

硅烷偶联剂对ZnO/PA6复合材料力学性能的影响

以硅烷偶联剂KH550和KH560为改性剂对ZnO粉体进行表面改性,KH550带有氨基团,KH560带有环氧基团,通过HAAKE双螺杆混合机制备ZnO/PA6复合材料。红外光谱证实改性后两种偶联剂均与ZnO表面发生了化学键和;结果表明经偶联剂改性的氧化锌比未改性的氧化锌能更好的提高PA6的拉伸强度,而且在ZnO的添加量为2%～3%时对PA6力学性能的改善达到一个最佳效果。     

Effect of particle shape and arrangement on thermoelastic properties of porous ceramics

Thermoelastic properties of various bi-continuous porous ceramics are simulated by a new finite element model. The model considers various particle shapes which allow for an independent variation of pore volume and particle contact area. Phenomena like neck formation, agglomeration, particle size distribution and coordination are included in the model geometry. Particle arrangement is modelled using cubic super cells as well as random particle positions. Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios and stress concentration factors are simulated and thermal shock resistance is estimated from these data. A close correlation between thermal conductivity and Young's modulus is found for all types of microstructure. Stress concentration is strongly affected by the particle shapes in the contact region.     

Influence of graphite particle size and shape on the properties of NBR

Four graphite powder fillers with different form and size were mixed with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR, acrylonitrile content at 26%) at 20, 40 and 60 phr of the filler loadings, and the obtained compounds were characterized by SEM, tensile test, friction and wear test. Through the SEM observation, it was found that the expanded graphite could not be broken down to small particles uniformly when blended with rubber on the twin‐roller. In the tensile test, the graphite with the smallest size possessed the best reinforcement ability as expected. The tribological properties of the rubber were improved when adding more graphite. The largest graphite particles imparted the lowest friction coefficient of the composites among four fillers, but the submicrometer graphite provided the best wear property to NBR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4007–4015, 2006     

胶乳附聚法合成大粒径丁苯胶乳

研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯对丁苯胶乳的附聚作用以增大丁苯胶乳粒径,探讨了无机盐、体系pH值及R值对附聚后丁苯胶乳的粒径及稳定性的影响。     

Structure-dependent mechanical properties of ultrathin zinc oxide nanowires

Mechanical properties of ultrathin zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires of about 0.7-1.1 nm width and in the unbuckled wurtzite (WZ) phase have been carried out by molecular dynamics simulation. As the width of the nanowire decreases, Young's modulus, stress-strain behavior, and yielding stress all increase. In addition, the yielding strength and Young's modulus of Type III are much lower than the other two types, because Type I and II have prominent edges on the cross-section of the nanowire. Due to the flexibility of the Zn-O bond, the phase transformation from an unbuckled WZ phase to a buckled WZ is observed under the tensile process, and this behavior is reversible. Moreover, one- and two-atom-wide chains can be observed before the ZnO nanowires rupture. These results indicate that the ultrathin nanowire possesses very high malleability.     

工业级纳米氧化锌的合成及性能

以七水硫酸锌、碳酸氢铵为原料,通过液相沉淀法合成纳米氧化锌前体,并焙烧获得纳米氧化锌。本文采用XRD、TG-DSC、TEM、BET等测试手段对纳米氧化锌及其前体进行表征,研究了焙烧温度对所制备氧化锌形貌、晶型及脱硫活性的影响,结果表明:所获得的碱式碳酸锌为不规则纳米晶,晶粒尺寸约为2~10nm;在不同的焙烧温度下所获得的纳米氧化锌的综合性能存在较大差异,其中在焙烧温度300℃处理所得纳米氧化锌综合性能较高,其晶粒尺寸为5~10nm之间,结晶度较完整,比表面积为41.41m²/g,在220℃脱硫活性较高,穿透硫容>25%;随着焙烧温度的提高,纳米氧化锌的晶化程度加大,表面性质被破坏,比表面积急剧下降,颗粒团聚严重;焙烧温度太低,则纳米氧化锌前体分解不完全,影响其纯度。     

Effects of particle shape and size distributions on the electrical and magnetic properties of nickel/polyethylene composites

Electrical and magnetic properties of composite materials prepared by incorporating various nickel-based fillers of different shapes into polyethylene were investigated. The fillers used were nickel powders, nickel filamentary powders, nickel flakes, and nickel-coated graphite fibers. The particle-size distributions of the fillers were determined both before and after the processing of the composite samples. A wide range of filler volume fractions were used. In some cases, the volume fraction approached the maximum packing fraction of the solid phase to significantly exceed the percolation threshold. The composite samples were characterized in terms of their volume resistivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic permeability values. Filler particles of asymmetric shapes were very effective in terms of altering the electrical properties of the composite samples. At the highest loading levels of the nickel fillers, the volume resistivity values of the composites decreased by more than 17 orders of magnitude. At such high filler concentrations, the dielectric constant values of the composite samples increased considerably, to values that were greater than 1000. The permeability values of the samples increased linearly with the volume fraction of the nickel filler and were insensitive to the shape of the fillers. The highest relative permeability value measured was 5.8 for composites with 67% by volume of nickel powder. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.