共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Peng Fu Weiming Yi Zhihe Li Xueyuan Bai Andong Zhang Yanmei Li Zou Li 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
Hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of maize stalk fast pyrolysis bio-oil over the nickel/alumina supported catalysts promoted with cerium was studied using a laboratory scale fixed bed coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/thermal conductivity detection analysis (FTIR/TCD). The effects of nickel loading, reaction temperature, water to carbon molar ratio (WCMR) and bio-oil weight hourly space velocity (WbHSV) on hydrogen production were investigated. The highest hydrogen yield of 71.4% was obtained over the 14.9%Ni-2.0%Ce/A12O3 catalyst under the reforming conditions of temperature = 900 °C, WCMR = 6 and WbHSV = 12 h−1. Increasing reaction temperature from 600 to 900 °C resulted in the significant increase of hydrogen yield. The hydrogen yield was significantly enhanced by increasing the WCMR from 1 to 3, whereas it increased slightly by further increasing WCMR. The hydrogen yield decreased with the increase of WbHSV. Meanwhile, the coke deposition percentage changed little with increasing WbHSV up to 12 h−1 and then it increased by 4.5% with the further increase of WbHSV from 12 to 24 h−1. 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2019,44(39):21926-21935
This contribution investigate the effect of parameters for production of hydrogen by catalytic dehydrogenation of perhydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). The sensitivity of the dehydrogenation reaction to temperature (290–320 °C) is justified by an increase in degree of dehydrogenation (DoD) from 40 to 90% when using 1 wt % Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. However, the increase in temperature increases the hydrogen production rate and decreases the hydrogen purity by increasing the formation of by-products. In addition, the DoD of 96% is obtained when 2 wt % Pt/Al2O3 is used at 320 °C. The DoD obtained for Pd, Pt, and Pt–Pd catalysts is 11, 82 and 6%, respectively. Therefore, Pd is not a metal of choice for dehydrogenation of H18-DBT, in both monometallic and bimetallic system. The ab-initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations are consistent with this observation. Furthermore, dehydrogenation of H18-DBT followed 1st order reaction kinetics and the activation energies for 1 wt % Pt/Al2O3, 1 wt % Pd/Al2O3 and 1:1 wt % Pt–Pd/Al2O3 catalysts are: 205, 84 and 66 kJ/mol, respectively. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(20):7400-7418
The hydrogen storage capacity of M-decorated (M = Li and B) 2D beryllium hydride is investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The Li and B atoms were calculated to be successfully and chemically decorated on the Surface of the α-BeH2 monolayer with a large binding energy of 2.41 and 4.45eV/atom. The absolute value was higher than the cohesive energy of Li and B bulk (1.68, 5.81eV/atom). Hence, the Li and B atoms are strongly bound on the beryllium hydride monolayer without clustering. Our findings show that the hydrogen molecule interacted weakly with B/α-BeH2(B-decorated beryllium hydride monolayer) with a low adsorption energy of only 0.0226 eV/H2 but was strongly adsorbed on the introduced active site of the Li atom in the decorated BeH2 with an improved adsorption energy of 0.472 eV/H2. Based on density functional theory, the gravimetric density of 28H2/8li/α-BeH2) could reach 14.5 wt.% higher than DOE's target of 6.5 wt. % (the criteria of the United States Department of Energy). Therefore, our research indicates that the Li-decorated beryllium hydride monolayer could be a candidate for further investigation as an alternative material for hydrogen storage. 相似文献
4.
Shurong Wang Xinbao LiFan Zhang Qinjie CaiYurong Wang Zhongyang Luo 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
A novel process for hydrogen production via bio-oil catalytic reforming without steam addition was proposed. The liquid feedstock was a distillation fraction from crude bio-oil molecular distillation. The fraction obtained was enriched with the low-molecular-weight organics (acids, aldehydes, and ketones), and contained nearly all of the water from crude bio-oil. The highest catalytic performance, with a carbon conversion of 95% and a H2 yield of 135 mg g−1 organics, was obtained by processing the distillate over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at 700 °C. The steam involved in the reforming reaction was derived entirely from the water in the crude bio-oil. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by N2-physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. To further understand the reaction mechanisms, symmetric density functional theory calculations for decomposition were performed on four model compounds in bio-oil (acetic acid, hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol) over the Ni(111) surface. In addition, the decomposition of H2O∗ to OH∗ and O∗ and their subsequent steam reforming reactions with carbon precursors (CH∗ and CH3C∗) were also examined. 相似文献
5.
Hydrogen production was studied in the catalytic steam reforming of a synthetic and a real aqueous fraction of bio-oil. Ni/Al coprecipitated catalysts with varying nickel content (23, 28 and 33 relative atomic %) were prepared by an increasing pH technique and tested during 2 h under different experimental conditions in a small bench scale fixed bed setup. The 28% Ni catalyst yielded a more stable performance over time (steam-to-carbon molar ratio, S/C = 5.58) at 650 °C and a catalyst weight/organic flow rate (W/morg) ratio of 1.7 g catalyst min/g organic. Using the synthetic aqueous fraction as feed, almost complete overall carbon conversion to gas and hydrogen yields close to equilibrium could be obtained with the 28% Ni catalyst throughout. Up to 63% of overall carbon conversion to gas and an overall hydrogen yield of 0.09 g/g organic could be achieved when using the real aqueous fraction of bio-oil, but the catalyst performance showed a decay with time after 20 min of reaction due to severe coke deposition. Increasing the W/morg ratio up to 5 g catalyst min/g organic yielded a more stable catalyst performance throughout, but overall carbon conversion to gas did not surpass 83% and the overall hydrogen yield was only ca. 77% of the thermodynamic equilibrium. Increasing reaction temperatures (600–800 °C) up to 750 °C enhanced the overall carbon conversion to gas and the overall yield to hydrogen. However, at 800 °C the catalyst performance was slightly worse, as a result of an increase in thermal cracking reactions leading to an increased formation of carbon deposits. 相似文献
6.
A series of composite catalysts Ni/CeO2–ZrO2 were prepared via impregnation method with Ni as the active metal. A laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor was employed to investigate the catalyst performance during hydrogen production by steam reforming bio-oil aqueous fraction. Effects of water-to-bio-oil ratio (W/B), reaction temperature, and the loaded weight of Ni and Ce on the hydrogen production performance of Ni/CeO2–ZrO2 catalysts were examined. The obtained results were compared with commercial nickel-based catalysts (Z417). The best performance of Ni/CeO2–ZrO2 catalyst was observed when the Ni and Ce loaded weight were 12% and 7.5% respectively. At W/B = 4.9, T = 800 °C, H2 yield reaches the highest of 69.7% and H2 content of 61.8% were obtained. Under the same condition, H2 yield and H2 content were higher than commercial nickel-based catalysts (Z417). 相似文献
7.
Haijun Guo Fen Peng Hairong Zhang Lian Xiong Shanggui Li Can Wang Bo Wang Xinde Chen Yong Chen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
High efficient production of lower alcohols (C1–C5 mixed alcohols) from hydrogen rich bio-oil derived syngas was achieved in this work. A non-catalytic partial oxidation (NPOX) gasification technology was successfully applied in the production and conditioning of bio-oil derived syngas using bio-oil (BO) and emulsifying waste engine oil (EWEO) as feedstock. The effects of water addition and feedstock composition on the gasification performances were investigated. When the BO20 and EWEO30 was mixed with mass ratio of 1: 0.33, the maximum hydrogen yield of 93.7% with carbon conversion of 96.7% was obtained, and the hydrogen rich bio-oil derived syngas was effectively produced. Furthermore, a two-stage bed reactor was applied in the downstream process of lower alcohols synthesis from hydrogen rich bio-oil derived syngas (H2/CO/CO2/CH4/N2 = 52.2/19.5/3.0/9.4/15.9, v/v). The highest carbon conversion of 42.5% and the maximum alcohol yield of 0.18 kg/kgcat h with selectivity of 53.8 wt% were obtained over the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3(2.5)//Cu25Fe22Co3K3/SiO2(2.5) catalyst combination system. The mechanism and evaluation for lower alcohols synthesis from model bio-oil derived syngas and model mixture gas were also discussed. The integrative process of hydrogen rich bio-oil derived syngas production and downstream lower alcohols synthesis, potentially providing a promising route for the conversion of organic wastes into high performance fuels and high value-added chemicals. 相似文献
8.
The hydrotreatment of bio-oil, which obtained from fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust, was investigated over MoNi/γ-Al2O3 catalyst under mild conditions (373 K, 3 MPa hydrogen pressure). Acetic acid was taken as a model compound to investigate the effects of Mo promoter contents and reducing temperatures of catalysts on the catalysts activity under the condition of 473 K and 3 MPa hydrogen pressure. X-ray diffraction and temperature programmed reduction showed that the addition of Mo promoter benefited the uniformity of nickel species and inhibited the formation of NiAl2O4 spinel in the catalysts. The GC spectrum of liquid products showed the mechanism of the model reaction. The maximum conversion of acetic acid (33.20%) was attained over 0.06MoNi/γ-Al2O3 catalysts being reduced at 873 K. This catalyst was chosen for the upgrading of raw bio-oil. After the upgrading process, the pH value of the bio-oil increased from 2.33 to 2.77. The water content increased from 35.52 wt.% to 41.55 wt.% and the gross calorific value increased from 13.96 MJ/kg to 14.17 MJ/kg. The hydrogen content in the bio-oil increased from 6.25 wt.% to 6.95 wt.%. The product properties of the upgraded bio-oil, particularly the hydrogen content and the acidity were considerably improved. The results of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that both hydrotreatment and esterification had happened over 0.06MoNi/γ-Al2O3 (873) catalyst during the upgrading process. 相似文献
9.
We demonstrated an auto-thermal reforming process for producing hydrogen from biomass pyrolysis liquids. Using a noble metal catalyst (0.5% Pt/Al2O3 from BASF) at a methane-equivalent space velocity of around 2000 h−1, a reformer temperature of 800 °C–850 °C, a steam-to-carbon ratio of 2.8–4.0, and an oxygen-to-carbon ratio of 0.9–1.1, we produced 9–11 g of hydrogen per 100 g of fast pyrolysis bio-oil, which corresponds to 70%–83% of the stoichiometric potential. The elemental composition of bio-oil and the bio-oil carbon-to-gas conversion, which ranged from 70% to 89%, had the most significant impact on the yield of hydrogen. Because of incomplete volatility the remaining 11%–30% of bio-oil carbon formed deposits in the evaporator. Assuming the same process efficiency as that in the laboratory unit, the cost of hydrogen production in a 1500 kg/day plant was estimated at $4.26/kg with the feedstock, fast pyrolysis bio-oil, contributing 56.3% of the production cost. 相似文献
10.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(17):9853-9863
Thermodynamics of hydrogen production from conventional steam reforming (C-SR) and sorption-enhanced steam reforming (SE-SR) of bio-oil was performed under different conditions including reforming temperature, S/C ratio (the mole ratio of steam to carbon in the bio-oil), operating pressure and CaO/C ratio (the mole ratio of CaO to carbon in the bio-oil). Increasing temperature and S/C ratio, and decreasing the operating pressure were favorable to improve the hydrogen yield. Compared to C-SR, SE-SR had the significant advantage of higher hydrogen yield at lower desirable temperature, and showed a significant suppression for carbon formation. However excess CaO (CaO/C > 1) almost had no additional contribution to hydrogen production. Aimed to achieve the maximum utilization of bio-oil with as little energy consumption as possible, the influences of temperature and S/C ratio on the reforming performance (energy requirements and bio-oil consumption per unit volume of hydrogen produced, QD/H2 (kJ/Nm3) and YBio-oil/H2 (kg/Nm3)) were comprehensively evaluated using matrix analysis while ensuring the highest hydrogen yield as possible. The optimal operating parameters were confirmed at 650 °C, S/C = 2 for C-SR; and 550 °C, S/C = 2 for SE-SR. Under their respective optimal conditions, the YBio-oil/H2 of SE-SR is significant decreased, by 18.50% compared to that of C-SR, although the QD/H2 was slightly increased, just by 7.55%. 相似文献
11.
Jon Alvarez Shogo Kumagai Chunfei Wu Toshiaki Yoshioka Javier Bilbao Martin Olazar Paul T. Williams 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
The addition of plastics to the steam pyrolysis/gasification of wood sawdust with and without a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was investigated in order to increase the production of hydrogen in the gaseous stream. To study the influence of the biomass/plastic ratio in the initial feedstock, 5, 10 and 20 wt.% of polypropylene was introduced with the wood in the pyrolysis reactor. To investigate the effect of plastic type, a blend of 80 wt.% of biomass and 20 wt.% of either polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polystyrene or a mixture of real world plastics was fed into the reactor. The results showed that a higher gas yield (56.9 wt.%) and a higher hydrogen concentration and production (36.1 vol.% and 10.98 mmol H2 g−1 sample, respectively) were obtained in the gaseous fraction when 20 wt.% of polypropylene was mixed with the biomass. This significant improvement in gas and hydrogen yield was attributed to synergetic effects between intermediate species generated via co-pyrolysis. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst dramatically improved the gas yield as well as the hydrogen concentration and production due to the enhancement of water gas shift and steam reforming reactions. Very low amounts of coke (less than 1 wt.% in all cases) were formed on the catalyst during reaction, with the deposited carbonaceous material being of the filamentous type. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was shown to be effective for hydrogen production in the co-pyrolysis/gasification process of wood sawdust and plastics. 相似文献
12.
Spent K-Cups were liquefied into crude bio-oil in a water-ethanol co-solvent mixture and reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). The effects of three independent variables on the yield of crude bio-oil were examined, including the reaction temperature (varied from 255 °C to 350 °C), reaction time (varied from 0 min to 25 min) and solvent/feedstock mass ratio (varied from 2:1 to 12:1). The optimum reaction conditions identified were 276 °C, 3 min, and solvent/feedstock mass ratio of 11:1, giving a mass fraction yield of crude bio-oil of 60.0%. The overall carbon recovery at the optimum conditions was 93% in mass fraction. The effects of catalyst addition (NaOH and H2SO4) on the yield of crude bio-oil were also investigated under the optimized reaction conditions. The results revealed that the presence of NaOH promoted the decomposition of feedstock and significantly enhanced the bio-oil production and liquefaction efficiency, whereas the addition of H2SO4 resulted in a negative impact on the liquefaction process, decreasing the yield of crude bio-oil. 相似文献
13.
Madiha Makhdoom Sikander Azam Tahani A. Alrebdi Saleem Ayaz Khan Azhar Iqbal Mohammed Benali Kanoun Souraya Goumri-Said 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(2):2405-2412
Fuel cell technology based on stationary and mobile applications is needing new hydrogen storage materials equipped with huge gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities. Examining the fundamental properties of hydrides is an important part of such process, mainly to understand the structure change's impact on the hydrogen storage. Herein, we applied ab-initio density functional theory using full potential linear augmented plane method to explore the effect of rubidium and cesium doping in sodium borohydride, NaBH4. The electronic structure calculations exposed the semiconducting nature of NaBH4 and derived doped structures NaRbBH4 and NaCsBH4. The hydrogen (H2) storage capacity is found 10.66 wt %, 3.27 wt % and 2.36 wt % within a reasonable free energy of ?28.514 kJ/mol, ?29.709 kJ, ?28.51 kJ/mol for NaBH4, NaRbBH4 and NaCsBH4 respectively from quasi-harmonic approximation. Also, we extracted the heat capacity and Debye temperature from vibrational analysis based on phonon calculation. The discovered features show the potential use of presented sodium borohydrides for practical H2 storage devices. 相似文献
14.
Beatriz Valle Aingeru RemiroAndrés T. Aguayo Javier BilbaoAna G. Gayubo 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
This paper reports on the steam reforming, in continuous regime, of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil obtained by flash pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (sawdust). The reaction system is provided with two steps in series: i) thermal step at 200 °C, for the pyrolytic lignin retention, and ii) reforming in-line of the treated bio-oil in a fluidized bed reactor, in the range 600–800 °C, with space-time between 0.10 and 0.45 gcatalyst h (gbio-oil)−1. The benefits of incorporating La2O3 to the Ni/α-Al2O3 catalyst on the kinetic behavior (bio-oil conversion, yield and selectivity of hydrogen) and deactivation were determined. The significant role of temperature in gasifying coke precursors was also analyzed. Complete conversion of bio-oil is achieved with the Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst, at 700 °C and space-time of 0.22 gcatalyst h (gbio-oil)−1. The catalyst deactivation is low and the hydrogen yield and selectivity achieved are 96% and 70%, respectively. 相似文献
15.
Aingeru Remiro Beatriz ValleLide Oar-Arteta Andrés T. AguayoJavier Bilbao Ana G. Gayubo 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
The feasibility of the steam reforming of bio-oil aqueous fraction and bio-ethanol mixtures has been studied in a continuous process with two in-line steps: thermal step at 300 °C (for the controlled deposition of pyrolytic lignin during the heating of the bio-oil/bio-ethanol feed) followed by steam reforming in a fluidized bed reactor on a Ni/α-Al2O3 catalyst. The effect of bio-ethanol content in the feed has been analyzed in both the thermal and reforming steps, and the suitable range of operating conditions (temperature and space-time) has been determined for obtaining a high and steady hydrogen yield. Higher ethanol content in the mixture feed improves the reaction indices and reduces coke deposition. Operating conditions of 700 °C and space-times higher than 0.23 gcatalyst h (gbio-oil+EtOH)−1 are suitable for attaining almost fully conversion of oxygenates (bio-oil and ethanol) and hydrogen yields above 93%, with low catalyst deactivation. 相似文献
16.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(34):15160-15174
Converting biomass bio-oil to hydrogen is valuable strategy. In this study, a blend of acetic acid and acetone has been utilized as a bio-oil model compound, where perovskite in a three-dimensional structure (3D-LaNiO3) synthesized by a silica template method used as a catalyst. The result shows that the main phase of perovskite at 3D-LaNiO3 catalyst has lower crystal size, resulting in decrease possibility of agglomeration. The amount of oxygen vacancies and higher ratio of Ni3+/Ni2+ are produced, enhancing the redox of catalyst. The stronger basic site and lager surface indicated the ability of improving coke deposition resistance. These results explained great activity of 3D-LaNiO3 catalyst in producing hydrogen-rich syngas. The different steam/carbon mole ratios (S/C) have been discussed at 1 to 4, and the gas yield of H2 (93.5%) shows highest at 600 °C and S/C = 3. Meanwhile, under this condition, the H2 gas yield was stable and over 90% throughout 15 h of reaction. By analysis of spent 3D-LaNiO3 catalyst, the result indicated that it has ability to resist the production of graphite coke deposition which is one of reasons for keeping catalyst activity. On the other hand, the stable of perovskite structure help in produce lattice oxygen for oxidizing coke deposited. 相似文献
17.
Caichi Liu Yongchuan Hu Fang Liu Hui Liu Xuewen Xu Yanming Xue Jun Zhang Ying Li Chengchun Tang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(33):17133-17142
The development of highly active, durable and earth-abundant electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great significance for promoting hydrogen energy. As one of the most potential substitutes for Pt-based materials, pyrite cobalt selenide (CoSe2) still has shortcomings in terms of HER performance possibly due to its unfavorable hydrogen adsorption characteristics. Metal cation doping has been considered as one of the most available methods to modulate the electronic structure of electrocatalysts. Herein, non-transition metal tin (Sn) doped CoSe2 nanowire arrays grown on carbon cloth have been constructed and fabricated via a simple gas-phase selenization treatment of hydroxide precursor. The successful doping of Sn element into CoSe2 nanowires was confirmed by many experimental results. The as-prepared catalyst shows an obviously enhanced HER performance in alkaline media. Compared with pristine CoSe2, the overpotential of Sn doped catalyst with optimal doping content decreases from 189 mV to 117 mV at 10 mA cm?2 and the Tafel slope declines from 94 mV dec?1 to 86 mV dec?1, as well as shows long-term durability for 100 h. Experimental results and further density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that Sn doping can improve the ability of charge transfer and increase the electrochemical surface area, as well as optimize the hydrogen adsorption energy, all of which are instrumental in HER performance improvement. This work not only provides atomic-level insight into regulating the electronic structure of transition metal selenides by main group metal doping, but also broadens the avenue of developing high-efficiency and stable non-precious metal catalysts. 相似文献
18.
High amounts of acid compounds in bio-oil not only lead to the deleterious properties such as corrosiveness and high acidity, but also set up many obstacles to its wide applications. By hydrotreating the bio-oil under mild conditions, some carboxylic acid compounds could be converted to alcohols which would esterify with the unconverted acids in the bio-oil to produce esters. The properties of the bio-oil could be improved by this method. In the paper, the raw bio-oil was produced by vacuum pyrolysis of pine sawdust. The optimal production conditions were investigated. A series of nickel-based catalysts were prepared. Their catalytic activities were evaluated by upgrading of model compound (glacial acetic acid). Results showed that the reduced Mo–10Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst had the highest activity with the acetic acid conversion of 33.2%. Upgrading of the raw bio-oil was investigated over reduced Mo–10Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. After the upgrading process, the pH value of the bio-oil increased from 2.16 to 2.84. The water content increased from 46.2 wt.% to 58.99 wt.%. The H element content in the bio-oil increased from 6.61 wt.% to 6.93 wt.%. The dynamic viscosity decreased a little. The results of GC–MS spectrometry analysis showed that the ester compounds in the upgraded bio-oil increased by 3 times. It is possible to improve the properties of bio-oil by hydrotreating and esterifying carboxyl group compounds in the bio-oil. 相似文献
19.
Hydrogen-rich syngas production from the catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of pinewood sawdust was investigated by using La1−xKxMnO3 perovskite-type catalysts. The effects of the K substitution, temperature, water to carbon molar ratio (WCMR) and bio-oil weight hourly space velocity (WbHSV) on H2 yield, carbon conversion and the product distribution were studied in a fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that La1−xKxMnO3 perovskite-type catalysts with a K substitution of 0.2 gave the best performance and had a higher catalytic activity than the commercial Ni/ZrO2. Both high temperature and low WbHSV led to higher H2 yield. However, excessive steam reduced hydrogen yield. For the La0.8K0.2MnO3 catalyst, a hydrogen yield of 72.5% was obtained under the optimum operating condition (T = 800 °C, WCMR = 3 and WbHSV = 12 h−1). The deactivation of the catalysts mainly was caused by coke deposition. 相似文献
20.
The efficacies of attapulgite clay (ATC)-, titanium dioxide (TiO2)- and silica gel (SG)-supported cobalt–cerium–boron (Co–Ce–B) substances as catalysts were investigated for the alcoholysis and hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in ethanol–water solutions. Ce served as a helpful co-catalyst among the prepared Co–Ce–B catalysts, and the catalytic activity decreased in the following sequence: TiO2-supported > ATC-supported > SG-supported > unsupported. The effects of Ce/(Co+Ce) molar ratio, ethanol concentration, reaction temperature, NaBH4 concentration and NaOH concentration on the hydrogen production rate were investigated. For the ATC-supported catalyst, when the Ce/(Co+Ce) molar ratio was 10%, the catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity. Optimal NaBH4 concentration, NaOH concentration and ethanol concentration to promote hydrogen generation rate was around 8 wt.%, 15 wt.% and 30 wt.%, respectively. It can be found that the addition of ATC greatly improved the recycle ability of the catalysts in the multi-cycle tests. The surface morphology of the catalysts before and after the recycle tests was studied from SEM images. The compositions of the catalysts were determined by XRD and EDS analyses. The occurrence of NaB(OH)4 in the alcoholysis by-product provided pertinent indications of ethanol recovery after the tests. The value of activation energy in the hydrogen generation process in the presence of ATC-supported Co–Ce–B catalyst was calculated to be 29.51 kJ/mol. An overall kinetic equation was also proposed. 相似文献