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1.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(89):38003-38017
This paper investigates hydrogen storage and refueling technologies that were used in rail vehicles over the past 20 years as well as planned activities as part of demonstration projects or feasibility studies. Presented are details of the currently available technology and its vehicle integration, market availability as well as standardization and research and development activities. A total of 80 international studies, corporate announcements as well as vehicle and refueling demonstration projects were evaluated with regard to storage and refueling technology, pressure level, hydrogen amount and installation concepts inside rolling stock. Furthermore, current hydrogen storage systems of worldwide manufacturers were analyzed in terms of technical data.We found that large fleets of hydrogen-fueled passenger railcars are currently being commissioned or are about to enter service along with many more vehicles on order worldwide. 35 MPa compressed gaseous storage system technology currently dominates in implementation projects. In terms of hydrogen storage requirements for railcars, sufficient energy content and range are not a major barrier at present (assuming enough installation space is available). For this reason, also hydrogen refueling stations required for 35 MPa vehicle operation are currently being set up worldwide.A wide variety of hydrogen demonstration and retrofit projects are currently underway for freight locomotive applications around the world, in addition to completed and ongoing feasibility studies. Up to now, no prevailing hydrogen storage technology emerged, especially because line-haul locomotives are required to carry significantly more energy than passenger trains. The 35 MPa compressed storage systems commonly used in passenger trains offer too little energy density for mainline locomotive operation - alternative storage technologies are not yet established. Energy tender solutions could be an option to increase hydrogen storage capacity here. 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(33):16663-16671
Air driven gas boosters are often deployed in small scale compression systems. Manufacturers specifications, reporting outlet flow for a fixed inlet pressure, do not reflect the batch operation from a limited source storage. Thus, the dynamic variation of critical process parameters such as efficiency, temperature and flow are not documented.Using a hydrogen refueling station demonstrator, the data from more than 20′000 compression cycles is compiled and analyzed. Experimentally derived correlations are determined for an air driven gas booster feeding a cascade storage. A specific analysis of the clearance volume and the working air pressure is introduced.An engineering tool was developed in MATLAB for performance forecasting. It allows the user to simulate the process trends with an accuracy of ±5%. In the context of a hydrogen refueling station, duration, temperature, compression cycles and air consumption data can be used for process management and maintenance planning. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2019,44(29):15087-15099
To save compressor investment and promote operation efficiency of hydrogen refueling station, the hydrogen storage alloys for high-pressure hydrogen metal hydride tank is developed. Ti1.02Cr2-x-yFexMny (0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.75, y = 0.25, 0.3) alloys with main structure of C14 type Laves phase and low dehydrogenation enthalpy were prepared by plasma arc melting and heat treatment. Pressure-composition-temperature measurements show that hydrogen desorption plateau pressures increase with Cr substituted by Fe increasing. The maximum and reversible hydrogen storage capacities are more than 1.85 and 1.65 wt% at 201 K respectively. The hydrogen desorption plateau slopes are all less than 0.5. The symmetry weakening of 2a sites may deteriorate the plateau slop characteristic. Ti1.02Cr0.95Fe0.75Mn0.3 and Ti1.02Cr1.0Fe0.75Mn0.25 alloys are suitable for high pressure hybrid tank which can supply the effective hydrogen (more than 70 MPa) about 40.0, 44.2, 46.9 kg/m3 with 45, 70, 90 MPa compressor, respectively. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(61):31334-31345
Studies show that compared with the one-buffer system, the cascade storage system has lower energy consumption in high-pressure hydrogen refueling stations. In the present study, practical dynamic models of the whole hydrogen refueling process are established to evaluate the energy consumption. Accordingly, the filling performance of the three-cascade storage system and single tank storage system are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the three pressure levels and the charging sequence of the three tanks on the energy consumption are investigated. The obtained results show that changing from one buffer to three tanks gives a total energy saving of approximate 34%. For the three-cascade storage system, the total energy consumption increases approximately linearly with the increase of the pressure of the high-pressure tank. Whereas it shows concave curve shape trends with the increase of low-pressure level and the medium-pressure level. Furthermore, the charging sequence from the low-pressure buffer to the high one decreases the total operation energy consumption to a value slightly lower than the adverse charge sequence. 相似文献
6.
Darvaish Khan Jianxin Zou Xiaoqin Zeng Wenjiang Ding 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(49):22391-22400
In the present work, nanocrystalline Mg2Ni with an average size of 20–50 nm was prepared via ball milling of a 2MgH2Ni powder followed by compression under a pressure of 280 MPa. The phase component, microstructure, and hydrogen sorption properties were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) and synchronous thermal analyses (DSC/TG). Compared to the non-compressed 2MgH2Ni powder, the compressed 2MgH2Ni pellet shows lower dehydrogenation temperature (290 °C) and a single-phase Mg2Ni is obtained after hydrogen desorption. PCT measurements show that the nanocrystalline Mg2Ni obtained from dehydrogenated 2MgH2Ni pellet has a single step hydrogen absorption and desorption with fairly low absorption (?57.47 kJ/mol H2) and desorption (61.26 kJ/mol H2) enthalpies. It has very fast hydrogen absorption kinetics at 375 °C with about 3.44 wt% hydrogen absorbed in less than 5 min. The results gathered in this study show that ball milling followed by compression is an efficient method to produce Mg-based ternary hydrides. 相似文献
7.
Roberta Caponi Andrea Monforti Ferrario Enrico Bocci Gianluca Valenti Massimiliano Della Pietra 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(35):18630-18643
The foreseen uptake of hydrogen mobility is a fundamental step towards the decarbonization of the transport sector. Under such premises, both refueling infrastructure and vehicles should be deployed together with improved refueling protocols. Several studies focus on refueling the light-duty vehicles with 10 kgH2 up to 700 bar, however less known effort is reported for refueling heavy-duty vehicles with 30–40 kgH2 at 350 bar. The present study illustrates the application of a lumped model to a fuel cell bus tank-to-tank refueling event, tailored upon the real data acquired in the 3Emotion Project. The evolution of the main refueling quantities, such as pressure, temperature, and mass flow, are predicted dynamically throughout the refueling process, as a function of the operating parameters, within the safety limits imposed by SAE J2601/2 technical standard. The results show to refuel the vehicle tank from half to full capacity with an Average Pressure Ramp Rate (APRR) equal to 0.03 MPa/s are needed about 10 min. Furthermore, it is found that the effect of varying the initial vehicle tank pressure is more significant than changing the ambient temperature on the refueling performances. In conclusion, the analysis of the effect of different APRR, from 0.03 to 0.1 MPa/s, indicate that is possible to safely reduce the duration of half-to-full refueling by 62% increasing the APRR value from 0.03 to 0.08 MPa/s. 相似文献
8.
Hydrogen refueling stations require high capital investment, with compression and storage comprising more than half of the installed cost of refueling equipment. Refueling station configurations and operation strategies can reduce capital investment while improving equipment utilization. Argonne National Laboratory developed a refueling model to evaluate the impact of various refueling compression and storage configurations and tube trailer operating strategies on the cost of hydrogen refueling. The modeling results revealed that a number of strategies can be employed to reduce fueling costs. Proper sizing of the high-pressure buffer storage reduces the compression requirement considerably, thus reducing refueling costs. Employing a tube trailer to initially fill the vehicle's tank also reduces the compression and storage requirements, further reducing refueling costs. Reducing the cut-off pressure of the tube trailer for initial vehicle fills can also significantly reduce the refueling costs. Finally, increasing the trailer's return pressure can cut refueling costs, especially for delivery distances less than 100 km, and in early markets, when refueling stations will be grossly underutilized. 相似文献
9.
Kazuto Tsuda Seiichiro Kimura Takahiro Takaki Yasuhiro Toyofuku Keisuke Adaniya Kosuke Shinto Kota Miyoshi Kyohei Hirata Liana Christiani Masaru Takada Naoya Kobayashi Shingo Baba Youhei Nagamatsu Megumi Takata 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are expected to be commercially available on the world market in 2015, therefore, introducing hydrogen-refueling stations is an urgent issue to be addressed. This paper proposes deployment plan of hydrogen infrastructure for the success of their market penetration in the Northeastern United States. The plan consists of three-timeline stages from 2013 to 2025 and divides the designated region into urban area, suburban area and area adjacent to expressway, so that easy to access to hydrogen stations can be realized. Station is chosen from four types of stations: off-site station, urban-type on-site station, suburban-type on-site station and portable station, associated with growing demand. In addition, on-site station is used as hydrogen production factory for off-site station to save total investment. This deployment plan shows that 83% of urban residents can reach station within 10 min in 2025, and that more than 90% people especially in four major cities: Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. can get to station within 10 min by Geographic Information System (GIS) calculation. 相似文献
10.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(37):14112-14126
The consequences of hydrogen leaks and explosions are predicted for the sake of the safety in hydrogen refueling stations. In this paper, the effect of wind speed on hydrogen leak and diffusion is analyzed in different regions of a hydrogen refueling station, and the influence of delayed ignition time on hydrogen explosion after an accidental hydrogen leak is further studied by numerical simulation. Results show that the effect of wind speed on the probability of hydrogen fires is distinctive in different regions of hydrogen refueling station. The size of combustible clouds in the trailer front region and the outer region increases in the low wind speed case, and the front of combustible clouds is formed in a spherical shape in the outer region, which can greatly increase the probability of hydrogen explosion. However, the high wind speed may cause an increase of the risk of accidents in the near ground region. Moreover, a non-linear correlation is shown between the rate of combustible cloud dissipation and wind speed after the hydrogen stops leaking. In addition, it is found that an increase in delayed ignition time may lead to an increase in explosion intensity, which is related with the larger high temperature area and stronger explosion overpressure. Two flame fronts and the reverse propagation of the explosion overpressure can be observed, when the delayed ignition time is larger. 相似文献
11.
Piston ring sealing and valve design play an important role in high-pressure oil-free reciprocating compressors for hydrogen refueling stations. The severe non-uniformity of the pressure distribution was suggested to be the root cause of the premature failure of the sealing rings, and therefore a mathematical model was established to simulate the unsteady flow within the gaps of piston rings, based on which the pressure distribution was obtained and the mechanism of the non-uniform abrasion of the rings was disclosed. The method to equalize the pressure difference through each ring was proposed by re-distributing the cut size of each ring, and it was validated experimentally. Aiming at the problem that the self-acting valves in hydrogen compressors could be easily destroyed by severe impact, this paper investigated the motion and impact of valves theoretically and experimentally, based on which the methodology was explored to design the parameters of valves for hydrogen compressors. 相似文献
12.
Krishna Reddi Amgad Elgowainy Neha Rustagi Erika Gupta 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(34):21855-21865
The cost of hydrogen in early fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) markets is dominated by the cost of refueling stations, mainly due to the high cost of refueling equipment, small station capacities, lack of economies of scale, and low utilization of the installed refueling capacity. Using the hydrogen delivery scenario analysis model (HDSAM), this study estimates the impacts of these factors on the refueling cost for different refueling technologies and configurations, and quantifies the potential reduction in future hydrogen refueling cost compared to today's cost in the United States. The current hydrogen refueling station levelized cost, for a 200 kg/day dispensing capacity, is in the range of $6–$8/kg H2 when supplied with gaseous hydrogen, and $8–$9/kg H2 for stations supplied with liquid hydrogen. After adding the cost of hydrogen production, packaging, and transportation to the station's levelized cost, the current cost of hydrogen at dispensers for FCEVs in California is in the range of $13–$15/kg H2. The refueling station capacity utilization strongly influences the hydrogen refueling cost. The underutilization of station capacity in early FCEV markets, such as in California, results in a levelized station cost that is approximately 40% higher than it would be in a scenario where the station had been fully utilized since it began operating. In future mature hydrogen FCEV markets, with a large demand for hydrogen, the refueling station's levelized cost can be reduced to $2/kg H2 as a result of improved capacity utilization and reduced equipment cost via learning and economies of scale. 相似文献
13.
T. Kuroki N. Sakoda K. Shinzato M. Monde Y. Takata 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(11):5714-5721
A dynamic simulation approach to investigate an optimal hydrogen refueling method is proposed. The proposed approach simulates a transient temperature, pressure and mass flow rate of hydrogen flowing inside filling equipment in an actual station during the refueling process to an Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) tank. The simulation model is the same as in an actual hydrogen refueling station (HRS), and consists of a Break-Away, a hose, a nozzle, pipes and an FCV tank. Therefore, we can set actual configurations and thermal properties to the simulation model, and then simulate the temperature, pressure and mass flow rate of hydrogen passing through each position based on the supply conditions (temperature and pressure) at the Break-Away. In this study, the simulated temperature, pressure and mass flow rate are compared with the corresponding experimental data. Therefore, we show that the dynamic simulation approach can accurately obtain those values at each position during the refueling process and is an effective step in proposing the optimal refueling method. 相似文献
14.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(51):19357-19371
The literature lacks a systematic analysis of HRS equipment and operating standards. Researchers, policymakers, and HRS operators could find this information relevant for planning the network's future expansion. This study is intended to address this information need by providing a comprehensive strategic overview of the regulations currently in place for the construction and maintenance of hydrogen fueling stations.A quick introduction to fundamental hydrogen precautions and hydrogen design is offered. The paper, therefore, provides a quick overview of hydrogen's safety to emphasize HRS standards, rules, and regulations. Both gaseous and liquid safety issues are detailed, including possible threats and installation and operating expertise.After the safety evaluation, layouts, equipment, and operating strategies for HRSs are presented, followed by a review of in-force regulations: internationally, by presenting ISO, IEC, and SAE standards, and Europeanly, by reviewing the CEN/CENELEC standards. A brief and concise analysis of Italy's HRS regulations is conducted, with the goal of identifying potential insights for strategic development and more convenient technology deployment. 相似文献
15.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(43):18786-18798
Promoting fuel cells has been one of China's ambitious hydrogen policies in the past few years. Currently, several hydrogen fueling stations (HRSs) are under construction in China to fuel hydrogen-driven vehicles. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the risks of hydrogen leakage in HRSs. Aiming at conducting a comprehensive consequence assessment of liquid hydrogen (LH2) leakage on China's first liquid hydrogen refueling station (LHRS) in Pinghu, a pseudo-source model is established in the present study to simulate the LH2 leakage using a commercial CFD tool, FLACS. The effects of the layout of the LHRS, leakage parameters, and local meteorological conditions on the LH2 leakage consequence has been assessed from the perspectives of low-temperature hazards and explosion hazards. The obtained results reveal that considering the prevailing southeast wind in Pinghu city, the farthest low-temperature hazard distance and lower flammable limit (LFL) -distance occurs in the leakage scenario along the north direction. It is found that the trailer parking location in the current layout of the LHRS will worsen the explosion consequences of the LH2 leakage. Moreover, the explosion will completely destroy the control room and endanger people on the adjacent road when the leakage equivalent diameter is 25.4 mm. The performed analyses reveal that as the wind speed increases, the explosion hazard decreases. 相似文献
16.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(64):27633-27645
Many countries in Europe are investing in fuel cell bus technology with the expected mobilization of more than 1200 buses across Europe in the following years. The scaling-up will make indispensable a more effective design and management of hydrogen refueling stations to improve the refueling phase in terms of refueling time and dispensed quantity while containing the investment and operation costs. In the present study, a previously developed dynamic lumped model of a hydrogen refueling process, developed in MATLAB, is used to analyze tank-to-tank fuel cell buses (30–40 kgH2 at 350 bar) refueling operations comparing a single-tank storage with a multi-tank cascade system. The new-built Aalborg (DK) hydrogen refueling station serves as a case study for the cascade design. In general, a cascading refueling approach from multiple storage tanks at different pressure levels provides the opportunity for a more optimized management of the station storage, reducing the pressure differential between the refueling and refueled tanks throughout the whole refueling process, thus reducing compression energy. This study demonstrates the validity of these aspects for heavy-duty applications through the technical evaluation of the refueling time, gas heating, compression energy consumption and hydrogen utilization, filling the literature gap on cascade versus single tank refueling comparison. Furthermore, a simplified calculation of the capital and operating expenditures is conducted, denoting the cost-effectiveness of the cascade configuration under study. Finally, the effect of different pressure switching points between the storage tanks is investigated, showing that a lower medium pressure usage reduces the compression energy consumption and increases the station flexibility. 相似文献
17.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(56):31341-31352
Since 2003, the National Fuel Cell Research Center at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) has operated the first U.S. publicly accessible hydrogen refueling station (HRS). During this period, the UCI HRS supported all manufacturers in the early, pre-commercialization years of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). This paper describes and analyzes the performance of the UCI HRS during the first five years of FCEV commercialization, over which time the station has dispensed the most hydrogen daily in the California network. The station performance is compared to aggregate data published by NREL for all U.S. HRSs. Using the Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis Model, typical daily refueling profiles are analyzed to determine the effect on HRS design. The results show different daily refueling profiles could substantially affect HRS design and ultimately the cost of hydrogen. While technical issues have been reduced, the compressor, dispenser, and fueling rate are areas for improvement. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2019,44(42):23699-23707
Hydrogen as compressed gas is a promising option for zero-emission fuel cell vehicle. The fast and efficient refueling of high pressure hydrogen can provide a convenient platform for fuel cell vehicles to compete with conventional gasoline vehicles. This paper reports the finding of adiabatic simulation of the refueling process for Type IV tank at nominal working pressure of 70 MPa with considering the station refueling conditions. The overall heat transfer involved in refueling process was investigated by heat capacity model based on MC method defined by SAE J2601. The simulation results are validated against experimental data of European Commission's Gas Tank Testing Facility at Joint Research Centre (GasTef JRC), Netherlands. The results confirmed that end temperature and state of charge significantly depends on refueling parameters mainly supply hydrogen temperature and filling rate. 相似文献
20.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(54):20861-20874
In recent decades, the consequences of climate changes due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become ever more impactful, forcing international authorities to find green solutions for sustainable economic development. In this regard, one of the global targets is the reduction of fossil fuels utilization in the transport sector to encourage the diffusion of more environmentally friendly alternatives. Among them, hydrogen is emerging as a viable candidate since it is a potentially emission-free fuel when produced by exploiting renewable energy sources (RES). Nevertheless, to allow widespread use of this gas in the transport sector, several technoeconomic barriers, including production cost, and lack of distribution and storage infrastructure, have to be overcome. Distributed hydrogen production via renewable energy-powered electrolysis could be an effective solution to reduce cost and lead to economies of scale. In this study a multi-hub configuration with on-site production from PV-powered electrolysis and centralized production from steam methane reforming (SMR) is proposed. In particular, an infrastructure network for a bus refueling station located in Lazio is considered as a case study. First, each hub, composed of PV panels, an electrolyzer, a compression system, high-pressure and low-pressure storages, and hydrogen dispensers with chiller, is modeled in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, a design perturbation analysis is carried out to determine the impact of the configuration on the refueling station performance in terms of carbon emissions levels and the Levelized Cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The results show a significant influence of the station size on the economic performance highlighting significant benefits (reduction up to 40% in the LCOH) for a 80 bus HUB with a saturating trend towards larger sizes. CO2 emissions per unit mass of hydrogen are kept limited for all the stations thanks to the synergistic effects of SMR and Electrolyzer. Interconnecting more than one station each other further benefits can be achieved from the environmental perspective (savings up to 5 tons of CO2 are demonstrated for a typical summer case study). 相似文献