Evaluating combustion,performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel blends enriched with HHO gas

With a specific end goal to take care of the worldwide demand for energy, a broad research is done to create alternative and cost effective fuel. The fundamental goal of this examination is to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using biodiesel blends enriched with HHO gas. The biodiesel blends are gotten by blending KOME obtained from transesterification of karanja oil in various proportions with neat diesel. The HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water in the presence of sodium bicarbonate electrolyte. The constant flow of HHO gas accompanied with biodiesel guarantees lessened brake specific fuel consumption by 2.41% at no load and 17.53% at full load with increased the brake thermal efficiency by 2.61% at no load and 21.67% at full load contrasted with neat diesel operation. Noteworthy decline in unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon-dioxide emissions and particulate matter with the exception of NO_x discharge is encountered. The addition of EGR controls this hike in NO_x with a slight decline in the performance characteristics. It is clear that the addition of HHO gas with biodiesel blends along with EGR in the test engine improved the overall characterization of engine.     

Effects of oxyhydrogen on the CI engine fueled with the biodiesel blends: A performance,combustion and emission characteristics study

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of oxy hydrogen (HHO) along with the Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. HHO gases were generated using the typical electrolysis process using the potassium hydroxide solution. The experiments were performed under various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in a constant speed engine. Biodiesel from the M. oleifera was prepared by the transesterification process. Further, the procured biodiesel blends mixed with neat diesel at the concentration of 20% (B20) and 40% (B40). In addition to above, the HHO gas flow rate to the engine chamber maintained at the flow rate of 0.5 L^-1. The use of the 20% and 40% blends with HHO reported less BTE compared to the neat diesel. However, B20 reported marginal rise in the BTE due to the addition of the HHO gas. On the other hand, addition of HHO gas to the blends significantly dropped the brake specific fuel consumption. With regard to the emissions, addition of the biodiesel blends reduced the concentration of the CO, HC, and CO₂. Nevertheless, no reduction reported in the formation of the NO. However, adding the HHO to the biodiesel reduced the average NOx by 6%, which is a substantial effect. Overall, HHO enriching biodiesel blends are the potential replacement for the existing fossil fuels for its superior fuel properties compared to the conventional diesel.     

Impact of HHO gas enrichment and high purity biodiesel on the performance of a 315 cc diesel engine

Biodiesel and oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas have shown promising results in improving engine performance and emissions. In this work, the effects of HHO gas and 5% biodiesel blends (B5) and their combined use in a 315 cc diesel engine have been analyzed. Biodiesel is produced by base catalyzed transesterification and cleaned by emulsification. Its calculated cetane index (CCI) was 61.4. HHO gas is produced from electrolysis of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution. The use of 5% biodiesel blend resulted in a significant rise of 9.4% in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a maximum reduction of 8.19% in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). HHO enrichment of diesel and biodiesel at 2.81 L/min through the intake manifold improved the torque and power by an average of over 3%. HHO addition also improved the BTE of diesel by a maximum of 3.67%. The combination of high CCI biodiesel fuel and HHO creates a mixture that has shortened the ignition delay (ID) to the point that adverse effects were observed due to the premature combustion as shown by the average decrease in the BTE of 2.97% compared to B5. Thus, B5, on its own, is found to be the optimum fuel under these conditions.     

HHO enrichment of bio-diesohol fuel blends in a single cylinder diesel engine

One of the primary aims of this experimental investigation is to examine hydroxy-gas enrichment effects on environmentally friendly but performance-reducing alternative fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Hydroxy gas is a product of the pure water electrolysis method. Entire HHO system has integrated into engine test rig for this purpose. Two different biodiesohol fuel blend prepared and named by their volumetric compositions. Biodiesohol used to describe biodiesel, ethanol and standard diesel blends. Specific fuel properties are measured and ensured to be in EN590 and EN14214 standards. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine which was fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol fuel blends those enriched by 1 L per minute HHO gas during the entire tests. All of the experiments performed under full load condition within the range of 1200–3200 rpm engine speed. From the view of performance; brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency results discussed. Besides, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides results measured and presented as exhaust emission. Standard diesel fuel outputs determined as a reference line to analyze the changes. A number of studies have been conducted with fuels used in this experimental study and their mixture in different ratios as well, but an examination of the HHO addition to biodiesel is performed for the first time in this research area of the literature.     

Impact of HHO produced from dry and wet cell electrolyzers on diesel engine performance,emissions and combustion characteristics

Water electrolysis produces HHO gas by using sodium hydroxide catalyst. Dry and wet cells designs are applied producing the gas flow rates at 0.5 and 0.75 LPM, respectively. Tests are done in a diesel engine at engine speed variation and full load. Performance, combustion characteristics and emissions investigations of diesel engines using HHO gas from dry and wet cells are performed. HHO gas addition enhances the brake thermal efficiency by 2 and 2.5% but the exhaust gas temperature highest decreases for dry and wet cells are 8 and 10%, respectively about diesel oil. The maximum decreases are evaluated as for CO (15, 22%), HC (31, 39%), NO_x (35, 42%) and smoke emissions (25, 35%), respectively for dry and wet cells about diesel fuel. The improvements in cylinder pressures are 5 and 10%, respectively and the heat release rate enhancements are 4.5 and 6.5%, respectively about pure diesel for dry and wet configurations.     

Effects of hydrogenation of fossil fuels with hydrogen and hydroxy gas on performance and emissions of internal combustion engines

Energy security is an important consideration for development of future transport fuels. Among the all gaseous fuels hydrogen or hydroxy (HHO) gas is considered to be one of the clean alternative fuels. Hydrogen is very flammable gas and storing and transporting of hydrogen gas safely is very difficult. Today, vehicles using pure hydrogen as fuel require stations with compressed or liquefied hydrogen stocks at high pressures from hydrogen production centres established with large investments.Different electrode design and different electrolytes have been tested to find the best electrode design and electrolyte for higher amount of HHO production using same electric energy. HHO is used as an additional fuel without storage tanks in the four strokes, 4-cylinder compression ignition engine and two-stroke, one-cylinder spark ignition engine without any structural changes. Later, previously developed commercially available dry cell HHO reactor used as a fuel additive to neat diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel mixtures. HHO gas is used to hydrogenate the compressed natural gas (CNG) and different amounts of HHO-CNG fuel mixtures are used in a pilot injection CI engine. Pure diesel fuel and diesel fuel + biodiesel mixtures with different volumetric flow rates are also used as pilot injection fuel in the test engine. The effects of HHO enrichment on engine performance and emissions in compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines have been examined in detail. It is found from the experiments that plate type reactor with NaOH produced more HHO gas with the same amount of catalyst and electric energy. All experimental results from Gasoline and Diesel Engines show that performance and exhaust emission values have improved with hydroxy gas addition to the fossil fuels except NO_x exhaust emissions. The maximum average improvements in terms of performance and emissions of the gasoline and the diesel engine are both graphically and numerically expressed in results and discussions. The maximum average improvements obtained for brake power, brake torque and BSFC values of the gasoline engine were 27%, 32.4% and 16.3%, respectively. Furthermore, maximum improvements in performance data obtained with the use of HHO enriched biodiesel fuel mixture in diesel engine were 8.31% for brake power, 7.1% for brake torque and 10% for BSFC.     

Effect of hydroxy gas enrichment on vibration,noise and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel and diesel fuel

Gaseous fuels can be used in diesel engines to improve combustion and obtain more favorable emission. Vibration and noise formation in diesel engines is a rather complex phenomenon which is created during combustion of fuels and leads to a reduction in vehicle comfort. Although there are studies in the literature that examine the noise and vibration of the diesel engine using different biofuels, there is no study that thoroughly examines the effect of combined utilization of Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel (FVB) and hydroxy gas (HHO) on vibration, noise and combustion characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of FVB, a promising biodiesel feedstock, and HHO dual fuel operation on vibration, noise and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. The vibration, noise and emission data obtained by the use of diesel fuel were taken as a reference and the effects of FVB and HHO mixture utilization on vibration, noise and emission formation were examined. The results show that the total vibration and noise generated by the engine was decreased by the use of FVB. In addition, the utilization of HHO together with biodiesel further reduced the engine vibration and noise according to experimental data. According to exhaust emission formation measurements, the minimum carbon monoxide values were obtained when the engine was fueled with HHO and FVB mixtures. However, CO₂ and NO_X emissions increased with the combination of HHO and FVB usage.     

The experimental study on the performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using diesel – biodiesel – diethyl ether blends

ABSTRACT

In the present research work, the experimental analysis has been executed to investigate the influence of diethyl ether as an oxygenated additive to the diesel-biodiesel blend on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The biodiesel (Frying oil methyl ester) was prepared by the transesterification process, and the biodiesel was added (40% by volume) to the diesel fuel to prepare the diesel-biodiesel blend (D60FME40). The diethyl ether was added to the diesel-biodiesel blends D60FM35 (diesel 60% + biodiesel 35% by volume) and D60FM30 (diesel 60% + biodiesel 30% by volume) with suitable volume proportions of 5% and 10% respectively to form diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends ((D60FM35DEE5) & (D60FM30DEE10)). Initially, the test was conducted with diesel fuel to obtain the baseline reference reading. Then, the reading was compared with results taken from the engine using a diesel-biodiesel blend (D60FME40) and diethyl ether blends (D60FM35DEE5) & (D60FM30DEE10). The results reveal that the maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with diesel fuel and it was higher than the diesel-biodiesel blend and diethyl ether blends. The peak in-cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate in the premixed stage was less for the diesel-biodiesel blend, but it was increased with the addition of diethyl ether to the blend. The diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends show less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions except for NO_X emission as compared to the diesel and diesel-biodiesel blend, especially at the engine rated power.     

Evaluation of vibration characteristics of a hydroxyl (HHO) gas generator installed diesel engine fuelled with different diesel–biodiesel blends

There are two main reasons of alternative fuel search of scientists: environmental problems resulted from combustion of fossil fuels and limited reserves of crude oil. Biodiesel and Hydrogen (H₂) are two of the most promising alternative fuels with their environmental friendly combustion profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate vibration level of a hydroxyl (HHO) gas generator installed and diesel engine using different kinds of biodiesel fuels. In this study, at different flow rates, the effect of HHO gas addition on engine vibration performance was investigated with a Mitsubishi Canter 4D34-2A diesel engine. HHO gas introduced to the test engine via its intake manifold with 2, 4 and 6 L per minute (LPM) flow rates when the engine was fuelled with sunflower, canola, and corn biodiesels. The vibration data was collected between 1200 and 2400 rpm engine speeds by 300 rpm intervals. Finally, artificial neural network (ANN) approach was conducted in order to predict the effect of fuel properties and HHO amount on engine vibration level.     

Analysis of onsite HHO gas generation system

Petroleum (Hydrocarbon – HC) based fuels are used for powering automotive and local power generation systems. Hydrocarbons on combustion produce gases such as CO₂, CO, HC and NOx which affect human health as well as environment. Introduction of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion (IC) engine reduces emission and increases the performance. HHO gas which is produced through electrolysis of water can be used instead of hydrocarbon based fuels as the gas contains both Hydrogen as well as oxygen. Due to the challenges in storing Hydrogen, HHO gas is produced onsite through electrolysis process. This article presents the investigation on producing HHO gas through electrolysis onsite. A numerical calculation was done using empirical formula to predict the production of HHO gas. The electrolyser's performance analysis showed that maximum of 0.75 LPM of HHO gas was produced at 80 °C and by supplying 40 A-h. The numerical calculation showed that at the similar working condition the HHO gas produced was 1.3 LPM. The trend of both experiments and model was same for varying the current and rate of generation of HHO gas. This article also presents the effect of parameters such as concentration of electrolyte solution on potential, effect of time and the effect of temperature on production rate. The energy required and the number of modules or units of HHO gas production for real time engine application has been analysed and reported.     

Investigation on combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched dual-fuel engine operated under waste frying oil biodiesel

Using nonedible waste frying oil (WFO) as biodiesel and hydrogen in the mix composition may partly replace significant quantities of diesel fuel and help reduce fossil fuel reliance. The combination of diesel fuel, waste-fired biodiesel, and hydrogen gas can improve the performance, combustion, and emissions of single-fuel and dual-fuel diesel engines. This may lead to a novel alternative fuel mix pattern and modification for diesel engines, which is the research gap. Although there has been some research on waste-fired biodiesel and hydrogen gas-powered dual-fuel engines with the goal of partly replacing fossil fuels to a larger degree, there has been very little progress in this area. As a result, the current research effort focuses on using diesel fuel (100%, 30%, and 60%), waste-fired biodiesel (at 100%, 70%, and 40%), and hydrogen gas as fuel sources (5 and 10 liters per minute [LPM]). According to the current experiment, it was perceived in both dual-fuel and single-fuel modes. Under duel-fuel mode, the engine results for WFOB70D30 + H10 fuel blend had higher 4.2% (brake thermal efficiency [BTE]), 19.72% (oxides of nitrogen [NO_x]), and 9.09% (ignition delay [ID]) with a minimal range of (in-cylinder pressure, MFB, volumetric efficiency and heat release rate [HRR]) and a dropped rate of 4.34% (brake-specific energy consumption [BSEC]), 33.33% (carbon monoxide [CO]), 39.28% (hydrocarbons [HC]), 9.43% (smoke), and 6.97% (combustion duration [CD]) related to diesel fuel at peak load. However, single-fuel powered diesel engines provide minimal performance for the WFOB40D60 fuel blend with (11.32% lower BTE and 2.04% higher BSEC) and minimal rate of combustion (lower cylinder pressure, 2.12% minimal CD, 14.72% higher ID, minimal HRR combustion, volumetric efficiency, and MFB). Emitted fewer emissions (9.09% less CO, 4.87% less HC, 0.92% higher NO_x, and 1.69% more smoke) than diesel fuel at peak load. Therefore, it was concluded that adding 10 LPM of hydrogen gas to the biodiesel under a dual-fuel condition leads to better combustion, better performance, and less pollution than the single-fuel mode of operation.     

Droplet Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel–Diesel Blends using High Speed Backlit and Schlieren Imaging

This work investigates the effect of blending biodiesel with diesel on the combustion of an isolated fuel droplet. Biodiesel blends substituting diesel oil in different concentrations on volumetric basis, in addition to neat diesel and biodiesel, were studied. High-speed Schlieren and backlighting imaging techniques have been used to track droplet combustion. The results showed that partial substitution of diesel oil by biodiesel at the test conditions led to increasing secondary atomization from the droplet, compared to neat diesel or biodiesel fuel droplets. This in turn enhances evaporation, mixing, and then combustion. Additionally, the results showed that biodiesel has a higher burning rate compared to diesel, and that increasing biodiesel in the blend increases the burning rate of the blend. Nucleation has also been traced to take place inside the droplets of the blends. Moreover, flame size (height and width) has been reduced by increasing biodiesel concentration in the blend.     

Effect of induction on exhaust gas recirculation and hydrogen gas in compression ignition engine with simarouba oil in dual fuel mode

Biofuels extracted from non-edible oil is sustainable and can be used as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. This study presents the performance, emission and combustion characteristic analysis by using simarouba oil (obtained from Simarouba seed) as an alternative fuel along with hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in a compression ignition (CI) engine operating on dual fuel mode. Simarouba biofuel blend (B20) was prepared on volumetric basis by mixing simarouba oil and diesel in the proportion of 20% and 80% (v/v), respectively. Hydrogen gas was introduced at the flow rate of 2.67 kg/min, and EGR concentration was maintained at 30% of total air introduction. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics analysis were examined with biodiesel (B20), biodiesel with hydrogen substitution and biodiesel, hydrogen with EGR and were compared with neat diesel operation. Results indicate that BTE of the engine operating with biodiesel B20 was decreased when compared to neat diesel operation. However, introducing hydrogen along with B20 blend into the combustion chamber shows a slight increase in the BTE by 1%. NO_x emission was increased to 18.13% with the introduction of hydrogen than that of base fuel (diesel) operation. With the introduction of EGR, there is a significant reduction in NO_x emission due to decrease in in-cylinder temperature by 19.07%. A significant reduction in CO, CO_2, and smoke emissions were also noted with the introduction of both hydrogen and EGR. The ignition delay and combustion duration were increased with the introduction of hydrogen, EGR with biodiesel than neat diesel operation. Hence, the proposed biodiesel B20 with H₂ and EGR combination can be applied as an alternative fuel in CI engines.     

Effect of anodes-cathodes inter-distances of HHO fuel cell on gasoline engine performance operating by a blend of HHO

Control emission pollution associated with oil combustion is a major concern of researchers worldwide. A blend of HHO has been introduced to the combustion elements to reduce emission and drive the combustion reaction toward stoichiometric condition. HHO fuel production unit based on an electrolysis process has been designed and built with an ability to alter Anode-Cathode plate's inter-distances and integrated to Honda G 200 (197 cc single cylinder engine). The gap between the plates was adjusted to 3, 5, 7 and 10 mm. Tests reveal that mixing HHO, air, and gasoline cause an enhancement in engine performance and emissions. The emission tests have been done with varying the engine speed and preserve the electrolyte concentration and temperature. The results show that enhancement in combustion characteristics is strongly affected by the gap between cell plates. The maximum produced power and minimum fuel consumption were associated with the case of 10 mm cathode-anode plates distance where hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide emissions have been reduced to about 40% at different operating speeds. Whereas, 5 mm gap case has the highest impact on emission reduction.     

Effect of diethyl ether additive in Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on the variable compression ratio diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics at different loads and compression ratios

An investigational analysis was performed to assess the effect of diethyl ether (DEE) that acts as an oxygenated additive in Jatropha biodiesel and diesel fuel blends on the performance enhancement and emission reduction of a variable compression ratio (CR) diesel engine. The DEE (10% vol) is added to different concentration levels of Jatropha biodiesel (B5, B10, and B20). The Jatropha biodiesel (JME) is prepared by the transesterification reaction and DEE is prepared through acid distillation of ethanol. The various tests were conducted by varying the loads at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (3, 6, 9, and 12 kg). The DEE was entirely miscible with diesel and Jatropha biodiesel, the addition of DEE increases the cetane and calorific value, kinematic viscosity of the fuel blends compared with neat diesel or Jatropha biodiesel. The results illustrate that at higher loads and CRs, the engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency enhances and reduces the brake-specific fuel consumption for DEE-Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Blend A3 (10% DEE + 20% JME + 70% diesel) demonstrated an overall improvement in the engine performance parameters and emission characteristics compared with A1, A2, and diesel fuel blends. It is concluded that the DEE-JME-diesel fuel blend is a promising source of fuel for diesel engine at maximum load.     

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine

Experiments has been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder; four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests has been conducted using the fuel blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% biodiesel with standard diesel, with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 21 and at different loading conditions. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power, indicated mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment has been compared and analyzed with standard diesel and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Using HHO (Hydroxy) and hydrogen enriched castor oil biodiesel in compression ignition engine

Hydrogen and HHO enriched biodiesel fuels have not been investigated extensively for compression ignition engine. This study investigated the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen or HHO enriched Castor oil methyl ester (CME)-diesel blends. The production and blending of CME was carried out with a 20% volumetric ratio (CME20) using diesel fuel. In addition, the enrichment of intake air was carried out using pure HHO or hydrogen through the intake manifold with no structural changes – with the exception of the reduction of the amount of diesel fuel – for a naturally aspirated, four cylinder diesel engine with a volume of 3.6 L. Hydrogen amount was kept constant with a ratio of 10 L/min throughout the experiments. Engine performance parameters, including Brake Power, Brake Torque, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and exhaust emissions – including NOx and CO, – were tested at engine speeds between 1200 and 2600 rpm. It is seen that HHO enriched CME has better results compared to pure hydrogen enrichment to CME. An average improvement of 4.3% with HHO enriched CME20 was found compared to diesel fuel results while pure hydrogen enriched CME20 fuel resulted with an average increase of 2.6%. Also, it was found that the addition of pure hydrogen to CME had a positive effect on exhaust gas emissions compared to that adding HHO. The effects of both enriched fuels on the engine performance were minimal compared to that of diesel fuel. However, the improvements on exhaust gas emissions were significant.     

Dual-fuel diesel engine run with injected pilot biodiesel-diesel fuel blend with inducted oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas

Oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) is a carbon-free fuel, which is produced by the water electrolysis process. It can be used as an alternative to hydrogen since the current global hydrogen production and storage may not meet the required demand for transportation applications. This research work investigates the engine behavior of a compression ignition (CI) engine operated in dual-fuel mode by inducting HHO as a primary fuel and injecting two different pilot fuels viz., diesel, and JME20 (a blend composed of 80% diesel with 20% Jatropha methyl ester) at optimized engine conditions. The results revealed that; heat release rate, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, and nitric oxide emission are found to be higher about 5.2%, 1.1%, 18.6%, and 19.6% respectively, while unburnt hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions are reduced by about 33.3%, 29.4%, and 18.7% respectively in Opt.JME20 + HHO operation compared to that of the baseline data at maximum load.     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend and diesel

In the current investigation, the enrichment of hydrogen with the honge biodiesel blend and diesel is used in a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is derived from the honge oil and mixed with diesel fuel by 20% (v/v). Thereafter, hydrogen at different volume flow rates (10 and 13 lpm) is introduced into the intake manifold. The outcomes by enrichment of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated by examining the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, HC, CO, CO₂, NOₓ emissions, in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and rate of heat release. The engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend is found to enhance the thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics. Compare to diesel, the BTE increased by 2.2% and 6% less fuel consumption for the HB20 + 13H₂ blend. Further, reduction in the emission of exhausts gases like CO and HC by 21% and 24%, respectively, are obtained. This is due to carbon-free structure in hydrogen. Moreover, due to high pressure in the cylinder, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen emission compare to diesel. The combustion characteristics such as rate of heat release, combustion duration, and maximum ₂rate of pressure rise and in-cylinder pressure are high due to hydrogen.     

Investigation on performance,combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel - Ethanol blends with hydrogen in CI engine

The current research work focus on the utilization of hydrogen as a fuel in CI engine has been increased tremendously, since it is a zero-emission fuel. But higher self-ignition temperature than conventional fuel, makes to operate in dual fuel mode condition in CI engine. The diesel or biodiesel along with hydrogen in a CI engine results in the improvement in the performance but increase of NO. In order to minimize the NO emission, addition of ethanol with jamun B20 biodiesel blend (biodiesel-diesel-ethanol) and two ternary blends such as B20E05 and B20E10 are formed. In the present study, biodiesel along with H₂ is admitted in the CI engine. Ethanol addition reduces combustion temperature and act as cetane improver for the biodiesel. This induces better combustion of the fuel and reduce NO. The biodiesel production from jamun seed is carried out through transesterification process. H₂ of 4 lpm is allowed at the air inlet and jamun B20 blend is injected through the fuel injector. Improvement of brake thermal efficiency and increase in the NO are observed for the hydrogen with biodiesel operated CI engine. The performance and emission behaviors of CI engine done for the test samples. At full load condition (ternary blend) B20E05 assisted H₂ shows the drastic reduction of NO emission of 8.2% than B20 assist H₂ blend. In other hand emission like hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke opacity show a notable reduction for B20E05 blend assist H₂ than other test sample fuel. The thermal efficiency is 30.98% for B20E05 assist H₂ and it is 7.55% and 4.7% higher than B20 and B20E05 assist H₂ blend respectively.