Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Qinghai Lake,northeast Qinghai–Tibet plateau,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromiatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in surface sediment samples collected from Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in China, which is situated in the northeast Qinghai–Tibet plateau at an altitude of 3200 m. The concentrations of these pollutants ranged from 0.02 to 1.00 ng/g for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), from not detected to 0.86 ng/g for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), from 0.26 to 1.73 ng/g for OCPs, and from 366 to 966 ng/g for PAHs. The predominance of α-HCH suggests that long-range atmospheric transport is an important source for HCHs. A low α- to γ-HCH ratio (3.87 on average) indicates the possible usage of lindane in the drainage basin. The high percentage of p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD and the low percentage of o,p′-DDT indicated significant degradation from previous inputs, and no recent inputs of dicofol derived DDT. Based on the analysis of the component ratios, PAHs were found to be primarily from the combustion of biomass and coal-based fossil fuels. Using the Canadian sediment guidelines, PAHs are of greater ecological concern than OCPs in Qinghai Lake.     

“Rosshelf” company and development of the arctic shelf of Russia

Power Technology and Engineering -     

Late developers and the inequity of “equitable utilization” and the harm of “do no harm”

This paper critically examines the Helsinki Rules (1966 Helsinki Rules, 1966. http://www.colsan.edu.mx/investigacion/aguaysociedad/proyectofrontera/Helsinki%20Rules%201966.pdf (http://www.colsan.edu.mx/investigacion/aguaysociedad/proyectofrontera/Helsinki%20Rules%201966.pdf) (Accessed: April 2010).  [Google Scholar]), the United Nations Convention (1997) and the Berlin Rules (2004 Berlin Rules, 2004. http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/l/berlin_rules.pdf (http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/l/berlin_rules.pdf) (Accessed: April 2010).  [Google Scholar]), looking at their emphasis on the principle either of equitable utilization or of doing no harm and analysing the effect of these principles on late developers within a river basin. The analysis reveals that these rules increasingly favour first developers. Today, late developers have even less incentive to subscribe to these rules, but instead must either utilize their own dominance or have a powerful ally to develop their water resources. Given the Millennium Development Goals, the existing recommendations on the sharing of international rivers should be revised so as not to favour the early developers.     

Design & Construction Progress and Prospect of TGP

Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｙｅａｒｏｆ195 0 ,ｔｈｅＣｈａｎｇｊｉａｎｇＷａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃ ｅｓＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ (ＣＷＲＣ)ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙａｎｄｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｔｈｅＴＧＰｆｏｒｎｅａｒｈａｌｆｏｆａｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ .Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａ ｓｉｓｏｆａｌａｒｇｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ,ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ,ｔｈｅＣＷＲＣｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｖｅｌｙｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄｔｈｅ“ＲｅｐｏｒｔｏｎＦｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙＳｔ…     

Review and Prospect for the Resettlement of TGP

Ｓｉｎｃｅ 1994ｔｈｅＴｈｒｅｅＧｏｒｇｅｓＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｂｅｇａｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃ ｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ .Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｐｈａｓｅｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｈａｄｂｅｅｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄｉｎｔｉｍｅｉｎ 1997,ｗｈｉｃｈｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒｃｌｏｓｕｒｅｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅｒｉｖｅｒ .Ｎｏｗｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｒｅｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｂｅｉｎｇｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｉｎｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅ ,ｉｔｓｈｏｕｌｄｆｏｌｌｏ…     

The Research and Application of BP Neural Networks in River-basin Water and Sediment

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｉｖｅｒ-ｂａｓｉｎｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｓｏｉｌｙｉｅｌｄｉｓａｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｎｏｎｌｉｎ ｅａｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｌｙｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ，ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｍｕｔｕａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｒａｉｎｆａｌｌａｎｄｂａｓｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅ，ｉｔｉｓａｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｍａｐｐｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｒａｉｎｆａｌｌａｎｄｂａｓｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｏｒｕｎｏｆｆａｎｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ．Ａｓｂａｓｉｎｕｎ…     

Application of Finite Element Method to the Analysis and Computation of Gradient current

In this paper the finite element method is used to solve the two-dimensional gradi-ent current problem,The solution is obtained by two-step explicit method.It is verified withgood agreement by the field data offered by Xiamen E.P.A.,Fujian,P.R.C.The authors rec-ommend that the proposed method is suitable for the analysis and computation of long waves ofepeiric sea at the seaward firth.     

Reproductive Potential and Fecundity of Lake Trout Strains in Southern and Eastern Waters of Lake Ontario, 1977–1994

We assessed the reproductive potential of various genetic strains of hatchery lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southern and eastern Lake Ontario from indices of fecundity and indices of male abundance. Indices were constructed from catches of mature lake trout in gill nets during September 1980 to 1994 after correcting for mortality from sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) which occurred between September sampling and late fall spawning. Strain and age were assigned to individual lake trout based on clipped fins and maxillary bones or coded wire tags. Fecundity-length relationships for fish of the same age, determined from mature females collected in 1977 to 1981 and 1994, were not different (P > 0.05) among genetic strains. For all strains combined, fecundity-length relationships in 1977 to 1981 were not different among fish of various ages but in 1994, age-5 and -6 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than age-7 fish, and age-7 fish had fewer eggs (P < 0.003) than fish of age 8, 9, or 10. Annual indices of fecundity varied 19 fold and indices of mature males varied 11 fold; both indices were low in the early 1980s, increased sharply in the mid 1980s, and peaked in 1993. The strain which dominated fecundity and mature male indices shifted during the study from Seneca Lake strain to Lake Superior strain and then back to Seneca Lake strain. However, changes in either reproductive potential or genotypes do not appear responsible for the abrupt appearance of naturally-produced yearling lake trout throughout southern and eastern Lake Ontario in 1994–1995, the first widespread occurrence of juveniles produced by hatchery lake trout in Lake Ontario.     

Engineering Geological Problems of Levee Along Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｓｕｂｓｏｉｌｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ ,ｔｈｅｌｅｖｅｅａｌｏｎｇｍｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄｌｏｗｅｒｒｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅ ,ａｂｏｕｔ 36 0 0ｋｍｌｏｎｇ ,ｈａｓｍａｎｙｈｉｄｄｅｎｐｅｒｉｌｓ .Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｄａｎｇｅｒｏｕｓｅｖｅｎｔｓｄｕｒｉｎｇ 1998’ｓｆｌｏｏｄｓｅａｓｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｖａｌｌｅｙ ,12 .7%ｏｃ ｃｕｒｒｅｄａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｒｕｎｋｓｔｒｅａｍｄｙｋｅｓ,ｏｆｗｈｉｃｈ 6 98ｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄ…     

Hydrogeothermal theory of earthquakes — Basis of prediction,warning systems,and counteractions

Conclusions The developed theory of the hydrogeothermal origin of earthquakes should be considered sufficiently well-founded and having universal application both to technogenic and to ordinary earthquakes. It has great prospects for developing automatic earthquake warning and counteraction systems.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 58–61, February, 1990.     

Changes in the Coastline and Water Level of the Akşehir and Eber Lakes Between 1975 and 2009

The Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes, relatively shallow, small freshwater lakes with an area of 361 km² and 150 km² and average depth of 7 m and 2 m (1998), respectively in southwestern Turkey, have experienced a severe decline in water levels in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate coastline and water level changes of lakes and identify the causes for the decline in lake levels. Nine Landsat images from different times, monthly temperature, precipitation, discharge, lake level records and population data were used to analyze these changes. From 1975 to 2009, the water surface areas of the Ak?ehir and Eber Lakes decreased from 356,929 to 126,482 km² and from 119,882 to 85,663 km², a loss of 64.5% and 28.4% over the 34-year period, respectively. From 1975 to 2004, the Ak?ehir Lake level declined by 2.67 m from 956.02 m to 953.35 and the Eber Lake level declined by 2.03 m from 966.75 m to 964.72 m from 1975 to 2004 based on ground lake level data (in situ). The results of the temperature and precipitation analysis showed that although the annual mean climatic factors vary substantially, they show small increasing trend over the record periods. Annual discharge records on the Akarçay River and its tributaries decreased over the basin during the same period. Irrigation systems, three dams and seven pounds built in recent decades for agricultural irrigation and domestic use, made the major impact on lowering the lake levels because they derive water from the river for human use upstream of the lakes’ catchments. Population growth, rising water consumption for agricultural and domestic purposes and building dams has led to lake levels declining. The change of lake levels might depend more on anthropogenic factors than on climatic factors.     

Experience in the Operation and Modificaton of P-61 Boilers of BGRÉS-1

The period of commissioning of P-61 boilers at stations Nos. 1 and 2 of the Berezovsk state regional thermal power plant (BGRÉS-1) and measures for improving the operation of boiler components in order to prolong steady performance of 800-MW power generating units in the load range of 650 – 700 MW are considered. Suggestions of the personnel of BGRÉS-1 and ZiOSib on modification of the P-67 boiler of unit 3 are presented including reshaping of the platens above the furnace, replacement of the convection superheater by double-stage L-shape platens, corridor arrangement of the loops of the convection superheater, and 30% widening of the surface of the economizer. Planned renovations of the P-67 boiler of units 1 and 2 are discussed.     

Modifiers and Amplifiers of High and low Flows on the Ping River in Northern Thailand (1921–2009): The Roles of Climatic Events and Anthropogenic Activity

We analyse an 89-year streamflow record (1921?C2009) from the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand to determine if anomalous flows have increased over time (Trenberth, Clim Res 47:123?C138, 1999; Trenberth, Clim Chang 42:327?C339, 2011). We also relate the temporal behavior of high and low flows to climatic phenomena and anthropogenic activities. Peak flows have not increased significantly since 1921. However, minimum flows showed a very significant downward trend over the study period (???=?0.01). Annual and wet season discharge show significant downward trends (???=?0.05). All flow variables appear to be more variable now than 90?years ago especially annual peak flows. Both annual peak and minimum flows are correlated with annual and wet season rainfall totals. Minimum flow is also sensitive to the length of the monsoon season and number of rainy days in the previous monsoon season. Peak flow activity is driven predominantly by climate phenomena, such as tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, but the relationship between peak flows and ENSO phenomena is unclear. In general, annual discharge variables did not correspond unequivocally with El Nin? or La Nin? events. Minimum flows show a major decline from the mid-1950s in line with major anthropogenic changes in the catchment. The plausible intensification of the hydrological cycle that may accompany global warming is of concern because of the potential to affect tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, phenomena that are linked with very high flows in this river system. The obvious effect of human activities such as reservoir management on low flows calls for careful management to prevent droughts in the future.     

Importance of the order in enhancing EfOM removal by combination of BAC and MIEX(?)

Biological activated carbon (BAC) is operationally a simple treatment which can be employed to remove effluent organic matter (EfOM) from secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). Unfortunately, BAC removes only a limited amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, maximizing DOC removal from SWWE using BAC is a major concern in wastewater reuse. This study has investigated a hybrid system of BAC and Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX(?)) for the enhanced removal of DOC. Performance of both BAC prior to MIEX(?) (BAC/MIEX(?)) and reverse (MIEX(?)/BAC) combination was evaluated in terms of DOC removal. The BAC/MIEX(?) showed much better DOC removal. This is because microbial activity in the BAC bed converted MIEX(?) non-amenable DOC to MIEX(?) amenable DOC. As a result, BAC/MIEX(?) combination synergised DOC removal. In addition, BAC was also found to be highly effective in reducing MIEX(?) dose for a given DOC removal from SWWE.     

The Sustainable Utilization of Lake Resources in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

1　ＭａｉｎＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＬａｋｅｉｎｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄＬｏｗｅｒＲｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒ　　ＴｈｅｌａｋｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｍｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄｌｏｗｅｒｓｔｒｅａｍｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｄｅｎｓｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｗａｔｅｒａｒｅａｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｂａｓｉｎｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｉｓａｂｏｕｔ 8× 10 4ｋｍ2 ａｎｄｔｈｅｌａｋｅａｒｅａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｍ…     

Relative Effects of Water Temperature and Water Chemistry on the Fish of the Thames Tideway

1 IntroductionThe Tidal Thames is a well mixed estuary stretching some140 km from Teddington to the North Sea , which provideshabitats for both resident and migrant fish species . With tidalwater enteringfromthe ocean and fresh water flowingfromtheland ,t…     

Are Pulp and Paper Mills Sources of Toxaphene to Lake Superior and Northern Lake Michigan?

Toxaphene was a broad-spectrum pesticide consisting of a mixture of highly chlorinated bornanes and bornenes. After its ban in 1982, toxaphene concentrations have shown a general decline in the environment as a whole and in most of the Great Lakes specifically. Recent work, however, shows that toxaphene concentrations are not decreasing in fishes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan. Non-atmospheric, relatively localized sources are a possible explanation for these observations. For example, toxaphene could be inadvertently produced and released by pulp and paper mills, which could be synthesizing toxaphene-like compounds as a byproduct of bleached paper production. Reported here is a study of surficial river sediment collected upstream and downstream from seven pulp and paper mills, from five areas of previous toxaphene use, and from two presumed pristine locations. Concentrations of toxaphene found downstream are similar to those found upstream from each of the pulp and paper mills. Concentrations in sediment from rivers near previous toxaphene use locations were higher than concentrations in the background samples. These data suggest that pulp and paper mills are not now sources of toxaphene but that toxaphene used as a pesticide in the Great Lakes basin (although these uses were very small compared to its use in the southern US) could be a potential source.     

Challenge and Perspective of Yangtze River Basin Water Resources Protection

ＴｈｅａｂｕｎｄａｎｔｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｂａ ｓｉｎｉｓａｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｏｃｉｅｔｙａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｉｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｎ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒｓｏｍｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄｌｅｓｓｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｘ …     

The impact of macroalgae on mean and turbulent flow fields

In this paper,we attempt to quantify the mean and turbulent flow fields around live macroalgae within a tidal inlet in Norway.Two Laminaria digitata specimens 0.50 m apart were selected for detailed study and a profiling ADV was used to collect 45 velocity profiles,each composed of up to seven 0.035 m-high profiles collected for 240 s at 100 Hz,at a streamwise spacing of 0.25 m and cross-stream spacing of 0.20 m.To quantify the impact of the macroalgae,measurements were repeated over a sparser grid after the region had been completely cleared of algae and major roughness elements.