Three empirical evaluations of a software reuse reference model

The contribution of this paper is three empirical evaluations of a reference model for the practice of software reuse. Our research thesis is that software development based upon a software reuse reference model improves quality of products, productivity of processes and product time‐to‐market for many software development enterprises. The definition and investigation of such a model has been carried out using three steps. First, the reference model is developed based on existing software reuse concepts. Second, this reference model is empirically evaluated using three studies: one using a survey method, one using a case studies method, and one using a legacy studies method. Third, the impact of the reference model on software development productivity, quality, and time‐to‐market is empirically derived. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

产品线工程理论应用与研究

产品线工程（Product Line Engineering）是运用软件重用思想的一种软件开发方法,它属于一种大粒度的软件复用方式,用于开发相同领域的类似产品过程。由于PLE强调针对特定产品集合的领域开发和面向重用技术,所以能有效地提高软件产品的开发效率和质量,降低软件开发成本。文中介绍了PLE理论,着重研究产品线模型、开发模式、生命周期和体系结构,介绍领域工程和应用工程在生命周期内部的交互作用。通过产品线开发周期分析和比较出PLE在系统开发过程中的特点,最后介绍PLE在HIS系统中的开发应用。     

An empirical study of a software reuse reference model

In software engineering there is a need for technologies that will significantly decrease effort in developing software products, increase quality of software products and decrease time-to-markets. The software development industry can be improved by utilizing and managing software reuse with an “empirically validated reference model” that can be customized for different kinds of software development enterprises. Our research thesis is that software development based on a software reuse reference model improves the competitive edge and time-to-market of many software development enterprises. The definition and study of such a model has been carried out using four steps. First, the reference model developed here is based on the existing software reuse concepts. Second, this reference model is an empirical study which uses both legacy studies and lessons learned studies. Third, the impact of the reference model on software development effort, quality, and time-to-market is empirically derived. Fourth, an initial set of successful cases, which are based on the software reuse reference model utilization, are identified. The main contribution of this paper is a reference model for the practice of software reuse. A secondary contribution is an initial set of cases from software development enterprises which are successful in the practice of reuse in terms of decreased effort, increased quality and a high correlation in their application of our software reuse reference model activities.     

DSSRE：基于WWW的分布式软件重用支撑环境

软件重用被视为解决软件危机、提高软件生产率和质量的有效途径。传统的软件重用的活动仅限于机构或企业的内部,随着Internet应用的逐渐普及,WWW已经发展成为一个巨大的分布式信息空间,为用户提供了一个极具价值的信息源,也对软件重用技术产生了重大的影响。其跨平台、分布式的特点为软件重用的应用实践活动开辟了广阔的前景。文中提出了在WWW上开发软件重用环境的思想,并由此设计了DSSRE系统。该系统基于SSRE,并了一个分布式、面向对象的支持软件重用的开发环境。     

青鸟构件库的构件度量

对软件产业发展所需要的软件生产率和软件质量的重视引起了对软件复用技术的研究,同时,有关复用度量的研究和应用也引起了广泛的重视.青鸟构件库系统可以对可复用构件进行描述、管理、存储和检索,用以满足基于“构件-构架”复用的软件开发过程的需要.该文介绍了青鸟构件库中的构件度量模型,并阐述了利用青鸟程序分析系统中的面向对象度量工具和青鸟构件库后期度量系统(包括反馈信息的收集、处理和分析工具)来实现模型的方法.     

Engineering software reuse for on‐board embedded real‐time systems

The dimensions of concern to ambitious reuse initiatives largely exceed the provision of desired functionalities. A domain‐specific blend of functional, technical and quality considerations determines the reuse potential of software reuse assets. In a recent project we realized considerable reuse dividends from coupling the definition of a reference software architecture and of an associated set of standard interfaces with the selection of a powerful computational model equipped with reuse‐geared enabling technology. In this paper we present our engineering approach to the project and show how it earned us a good balance between the preservation of predictability and scalability and the maximization of the reuse objective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非基于软件复用的成本估算模型的复用改造模型及模型系数修正策略

作为软件成本控制管理的重要措施,软件开发成本的估算技术已经成为软件工程领域的一个重要课题。当前基于复用的软件开发正在成为软件工程的主流,但将软件复用考虑进成本估算的模型较少。提出一个基于软件复用的成本估算模型,并应用该模型对COCOMO模型进行复用改造,之后通过实例进行验证。给出了使用存储过程技术对模型参数进行修正的策略,以为各类基于复用的软件开发成本估算提供依据。     

A Case Study on Implementing Modularity in Software Development

In today’s business world, firms are facing pressures to reduce costs, enhance productivity, and maintain quality in new product development. Past studies have provided evidence that modularity can enhance performance of new product development. However, real-life cases on how to implement the concept of modularity are limited. This article aims to propose a model for modularity implementation in the context of embedded software development. The model was applied in a software company in Hong Kong. Results from the case company provide evidence that the average reuse rate of software modules increased from 31% to 71% after the implementation, with productivity increasing by 258%, cost reducing by 70%, and quality increasing by 72%. The practical implications are finally discussed.     

一种面向对象的可重用库管理系统的模型

研究软件的可重用技术是提高软件生产率、解决软件危机的良好途径．好的重用技术可以带来高可靠、高性能、高质量和高效率的软件新系统．重用是支持软件工程新范型的基本前提．本文介绍了一种支持基于重用的、开放的、不依赖于具体领域的可重用部件管理系统.     

软件复用技术研究

软件复用是解决软件危机、提高软件生产效率和质量的现实可行的途径。该文着重软件复用的基本概念及软件复用的思想,研究了软件复用的过程及实现,分析和研究了软件复用所采用的软件构件技术中的关键技术。探讨了软件复用技术未来的发展趋势。     

一种基于特定领域的可信构件度量模型

基于构件的软件复用是提高软件生产率和软件质量的有效途径,并在计算机系统中得到了广泛的应用。随着软件质量需求的提高,可信构件的研究也越来越受重视。构件的可信度决定了软件质量的高低,只有高可信度的构件才能够满足高质量软件的需求。因此,本文基于ISO/IEC25010软件质量模型,并结合构件本身的质量特性及其所应用的领域特性,建立一种基于某个特定领域的可信构件度量模型。在此基础上深入探究其度量指标的分析及选择过程,并用形式化的方法描述该模型的可信性。      

支持软件重用的程序设计语言

本文提出一种支持软件重用的程序语言并给出了重用描述语言翻译器的工作原理。该语言是在宿主语言Ｃ＋＋中加入“重用描述”成分和“装配语句”而形成的。该文件以软件重用库为依托,重用描述用于表达用户在程序中对部件的要求,重用描述语言翻译器则分析这些需求,自动在库中查找提出部件来适应用户。     

Quality,productivity and economic benefits of software reuse: a review of industrial studies

Systematic software reuse is proposed to increase productivity and software quality and lead to economic benefits. Reports of successful software reuse programs in industry have been published. However, there has been little effort to organize the evidence systematically and appraise it. This review aims to assess the effects of software reuse in industrial contexts. Journals and major conferences between 1994 and 2005 were searched to find observational studies and experiments conducted in industry, returning eleven papers of observational type. Systematic software reuse is significantly related to lower problem (defect, fault or error) density in five studies and to decreased effort spent on correcting problems in three studies. The review found evidence for significant gains in apparent productivity in three studies. Other significant benefits of software reuse were reported in single studies or the results were inconsistent. Evidence from industry is sparse and combining results was done by vote-counting. Researchers should pay more attention to using comparable metrics, performing longitudinal studies, and explaining the results and impact on industry. For industry, evaluating reuse of COTS or OSS components, integrating reuse activities in software processes, better data collection and evaluating return on investment are major challenges.

A model for software reuse

Software reusability is widely believed to be a key to help overcome the ongoing software crisis by improving software productivity and quality. New computer technology and the demands of an advancing society require new and more complicated software. It is unrealistic to expect that every software system can be developed solely reusing existing software; however, software reusability has proven to be a way of enhancing software productivity and quality in different organizations. It is also believed that reuse of code segments alone does not significantly reduce software development effort.By creating reuse support information while software is being developed (when the software is best known to software developers), the reuse effort for both software development and maintenance can be potentially reduced.In this paper, five types of RSI are presented: Semantic Web, Horizontal Web, Vertical Web, Syntactic Web, and Alternative Web. We collectively call these five webs a Quintet Web. The Semantic Web enables software developers to locate a software segment. The Horizontal Web provides a means to reuse a block of soflware along with other types of software from other phases of a development process. The inter-phase integration of software can be performed through this Web. The Vertical Web identifies the vertical relationship of a software block to its operational environment. The Syntactic Web locates all statements in which a variable is used. The Alternative Web provides alternative software blocks that perform an identical operation.A prototype of the Quintet Web is presented.     

基于Agent的软件重用

软件重用是目前提高软件质量和开发效率、降低软件开发成本的一种重要手段。本文分析了当前软件重用的特点,针对其不足以及目前软件开发的状况提出了动态软件重用的思想。这一思想的一个重要特征是由可重用软部件完成软件重用活动。为了实现动态软件重用的思想,我们进一步提出了基于Ａｇｅｎｔ的软件重用方法,分析了该方法在实
实现动态软件重用中的有效性和面临的问题以及解决问题的技术途径。     

基于构件复用的嵌入式机载卫星通信系统快速构建

讨论了现有嵌入式机载卫星通信系统构建过程中存在的架构通用性比较差、复用度过低、开发周期长等不足之处;将传统软件工程构件技术与领域工程特点相结合,提出了一种建立在VxWorks操作系统构件架构基础上的构件复用解决方案.通过几型嵌入式机载卫星通信系统的快速构建表明该方案实现了对资源的重用,有效的降低了开发成本,缩短了产品面市时间,提高了产品的质量.     

软件复用技术及其在嵌入式系统中应用的可行性

随着计算机应用领域的迅速扩大,软件规模及复杂性的不断提高,软件危机愈加明显地暴露出来。软件复用是在软件开发中避免重复劳动的解决方案,软件复用是软件工程的重要研究领域,被认为是解决软件危机,提高软件生产率和软件质量的主要途径。基于构件的软件复用是当前复用研究的焦点,被视为是实现成功复用的关键技术之一。该文将对软件复用技术的作一全面综述,介绍基于构件的软件复用的基本概念及其在嵌入式系统中的简单应用。     

A framework for the development of videogames

A framework is a high‐level solution for the reuse of software pieces, a step forward in simple library‐based reuse, that allows the sharing of not only common functions but also the generic logic of a domain application. It also ensures a better level of quality for the final product, given the fact that an important fraction of the application is already found within the framework and has therefore already been tested. This case study takes the systematic generation of hot‐spot subsystems approach as a reference point to describe the underlying concepts in the design of a framework for the development of 2D action videogames for low‐performance machines. The main goal of this paper is to show the applicability of framework‐based reuse to videogames. Both standard and framework‐based game implementations are compared and the results are analysed. Special attention is paid to the (potential) benefits that the use of frameworks brings to the fulfillment of maintenance tasks along the game's life cycle, a stage that normally consumes most resources in software projects. At the end of the paper, based on the implementation results, this study shows the predicted conditions under which building a framework is cost effective for the development of videogames similar to the ones from the studied domain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ABC:基于体系结构、面向构件的软件开发方法

基于构件的软件复用和开发被认为是提高软件开发效率和质量的有效途径,并在分布式系统中得到了广泛的应用.但是,目前的软件构件技术主要还是着眼于构件实现模型和运行时互操作,缺乏一套系统的方法以指导整个开发过程.近年来,以构件为基本单元的软件体系结构研究取得了较大的发展.它通过对软件系统整体结构和特性的描述,为面向构件的软件开发提供了一个自顶向下的途径.介绍了一种以软件体系结构为指导,面向构件的软件开发方法,试图为基于构件的软件复用提供一种有效的解决方案.这种方法主要是将软件体系结构引入到软件开发的各个阶段,作为系统开发的蓝图,利用工具支持的自动转换机制缩小从高层设计到实现的距离,而后在构件平台的运行支持下实现自动的系统组装生成.     

Reuse-based software production technology

Software reuse is viewed as a key technology to improve software product quality and productivity. This paper discusses a series of technologies related with software reuse and software component technology: component model, which describes component's essential characteristics; component acquisition technology, of which domain engineering is the main approach; component management technology, of which component library is the kernel; application integration and composition technology, of which application engineering is the main approach; software evolution technology, of which software reengineering is the main approach, etc. This paper introduces the software development environment: JadeBird Software Production Line System, which effectively integrates the above-mentioned technologies.