Effects of a barrier on creeping discharge characteristics in SF6 and N2 gases under pulse voltages

This paper describes the effect of a barrier on creeping discharge characteristics in SF₆, N₂, and their mixtures. The barrier height effect on the discharge voltage was investigated under a positive pulse voltage. The discharge voltage increased with increasing barrier height in SF₆ gas. On the other hand, the discharge voltage hardly changed with the barrier height in N₂ gas. In order to clarify the mechanism of the initial creeping corona, it was observed by optical techniques, including an ultra-high-speed electronic imaging system (IMACON 468). The creeping corona path revealed differences in images at various barrier heights. The accumulated charge induced on the barrier by the initial corona in SF₆ gas was able to suppress the development of the later creeping corona, in contrast with N₂ gas. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(4): 1–8, 1998     

Characteristics of N2/SF6 mixture gas in creeping discharge developing in narrow gap with backside electrode

The flashover voltage with a backside electrode was found to be lower than that without the backside electrode. Under microsecond pulse voltage application, we describe the characteristics of a creeping discharge developed in the narrow gap with the backside electrode. Using a CCD camera and ultrahigh‐speed camera, we observed the corona extension processes. The lowest flashover voltage was found to be obtained at positive polarity with a SF₆ content D = 3%. In the corona extension obtained using an ultrahigh‐speed camera, peculiar differences were observed in the corona extension process. The corona extension increased, and rapid flashover was observed at D = 3%. Using a CCD camera, small coronas were detected from the backside electrode. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 31–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20431     

Insulation characteristics of SF6 gas for nonstandard impulse voltage polarity reversal pulse waveforms

Evaluation of insulation strength for lightning surge that actually enters into substations is important in estimating insulation reliability of gas‐insulated equipment. The standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 µs) is used for factory tests. However, the actual lightning surge waveforms in substations are complex and are usually superimposed with various oscillations. Insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas as a function of such complex voltages have not been sufficiently clarified. This paper deals with gap breakdown characteristics in SF₆ gas under submicrosecond pulses. Breakdown voltages are lower under a polarity reversal condition than under a monopolarity condition. The cause of this difference is discussed while observing discharge propagation using an image converter camera. The electrode size effect is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 18–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10246     

Insulation properties of a CO2/N2 50% SF6 gas mixture in a nonuniform field

This paper describes partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of a CO₂/N₂/SF₆ gas mixture in a nonuniform field. These voltage characteristics were investigated with ac high voltage by changing the mixture rate of each gas of CO₂, N₂, and SF₆ gas and the gas pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.6 MPa. It was found that adding a small amount of CO₂ gas into a N₂/SF₆ mixture causes a drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. For instance, when the mixture rate of SF₆ in N₂/SF₆ gas mixture is 50%, with the addition of 1% CO₂ the maximum breakdown voltage becomes 1.31 and 1.15 times higher than that of a 50% N₂/50% SF₆ gas mixture and pure SF₆ gas, respectively. Moreover, those voltage characteristics of a CO₂/N₂/SF₆ gas mixture were also investigated by changing the electric field utilization factor as well as by applying positive and negative standard lightning impulse voltages in order to discuss the corona stabilization effect, which seems to be one reason for the drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. These results and breakdown mechanism of the CO₂/N₂/SF₆ gas mixture are discussed on the basis of the corona stabilization effect and the dissociation energies of the component gases by observing PD light images, PD light intensities through a blue and red filter, and PD current waveforms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10019     

PD time‐sequential properties of SF6 and SF6 gas mixture including CO2

This paper deals with partial discharge (PD) time‐sequential properties of SF₆/N₂/CO₂ ternary gas mixture as well as SF₆ and SF₆/N₂ gas mixture under AC and positive DC voltage applications. The measurements were carried out by changing the gas pressure up to 0.6 MPa and applied voltage with the N‐shape characteristics of breakdown voltage versus gas pressure for each tested gas considered. We obtained experimental results of the gas pressure dependence of maximum peak value of PD current pulse as well as the relationship between the time interval of PD pulses and the peak value of PD pulse. We discuss the mechanism of increase in breakdown voltage by adding CO₂ into SF₆/N₂ gas mixtures in terms of change of PD type from streamer to leader discharge. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(3): 32–40, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20073     

冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电及其检测技术研究现状及展望

阐述了开展冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电及其检测技术研究的意义,以及冲击电压下局部放电的研究手段和设备现状,包括振荡冲击电压发生器、典型绝缘缺陷模型和冲击电压下局部放电的检测方法等方面。介绍了现阶段冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电的研究仍处于实验室阶段,重点仍在于冲击电压下典型绝缘缺陷模型（针板电极和绝缘气泡）局部放电的发展机理和特征,在实际生产中应用仍需要进一步研究;最后提出了该项研究目前存在的问题及以后的研究方向。     

V-t characteristics of SF6 gas during lightning surges

The waveform of a standard lightning impulse differs greatly from those of actual lightning surges acting on GIS. This raises the problem of the equivalence of the standard lightning impulse. This report describes the effect of voltage waveforms on insulating performance in an SF₆ gas gap subjected to fast oscillating impulse voltages simulating actual lightning surges, and the evaluation of V-t characteristics by applying the equal area criterion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(4): 1–11, 1997     

基于分形理论的SF_6/N_2混合气体放电仿真

为了研究SF_6/N_2混合气体电介质击穿现象,利用编写的Matlab程序对放电通道发展过程进行数值模拟,并结合分形几何原理计算放电树枝的分形维数。基于分形理论,建立了考虑空间电荷分布和引入物理时间的棒-板分形放电仿真模型,通过有限元方法(FEM)计算空间电场,并首次结合通量校正传输(FCT)法求解带电粒子连续性方程,研究了不同发展概率指数、不同放电阈值和SF_6含量变化下分形放电特性。结果表明:概率指数越大,SF_6含量越高,则分形维数越小,放电树枝分叉也越少;体积含量50%/50%的SF_6/N_2混合气体放电分形维数D=1.219 2,整个放电过程流注发展平均速度为1.15Mm/s,并得到了不同时刻空间电荷及轴向电场与电子浓度的分布。     

Problems of the application of N2/SF6 mixtures to gas‐insulated bus

In designing a gas‐insulated bus (GIB) using N₂/SF₆ mixtures, there are many application problems, such as the mixture pressure needed in order to maintain the required dielectric and heat transfer performance. Problems of recycling SF₆ are also essential in applying N₂/SF₆ mixtures. This paper presents the minimum breakdown field strength at lightning impulse and the temperature rise of the conductor and enclosure as measured for N₂/SF₆ mixtures. Considering the dielectric and heat transfer properties, we clarify the problems of application of mixtures to a GIB and discuss the appropriate mixture ratio of SF₆ in designing a GIB comparable to the present dimensions. In addition, the lowest limit of SF₆ content in a liquefied recovering method is theoretically estimated for reference in practical SF₆ recovery from mixtures. It is important for design to consider both breakdown phenomena, including the area effect of electrode, and the heat transfer properties of mixtures. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 25–31, 2001     

Impulse insulation characteristics of a composite insulation system having a wedge gap in SF6 gas

Impulse insulation characteristics were investigated in a composite insulation system having a wedge gap in SF₆ gas. The partial discharge inception voltages of wedge gaps with various types of film were measured and compared with the calculated breakdown voltages estimated from Paschen's curve of SF₆ gas. Also discussed is how the charge accumulated on the film surface due to a partial discharge had an effect on the creepage breakdown voltage. Partial discharge inception voltages in wedge gaps were higher with higher SF₆ gas pressures and with lower film permittivities. Creepage breakdown voltages depended little on gas pressures or on creepage distances. The dependency of breakdown voltages on gas pressures and the effect of polarity on the breakdown voltage differed with the types of film. This may be partly because the charge on the film due to partial discharge had an effect on the discharge propagation, and that charging of the film differed with the types of film.     

SF_6/N_2混合气体电击穿特性仿真及实验

通过求解两项近似Boltzmann方程,得到SF_6/N_2的放电参数,并将该参数引入流体模型。结合有限元法和通量校正传输法对SF_6/N_2的流注放电过程进行循环迭代求解,计算其击穿电压。以均匀电场中压强0.1~0.6MPa、间隙5mm为例进行数值模拟,通过气体放电实验对计算结果进行验证。根据计算及实验结果得到不同混合比、压强下SF_6/N_2的协同效应系数,分析采用上述计算方法研究混合气体协同效应的准确性。为更全面地反映混合气体应用条件,进一步开展压强低于0.1MPa的SF_6/N_2击穿特性实验研究。研究表明:随着电子崩不断向前发展,放电间隙的空间电子数密度快速增长,SF_6放电过程中的空间电子数密度增长速度低于SF_6/N_2。0.1MPa下20%SF_6/80%N_2放电5ns时的电子数密度峰值达到4.6×1014m~(-3),而SF_6中该值仅为3.7×1012m~(-3)。当气压为0.1~0.6MPa时,SF_6/N_2击穿电压计算值与实测值的最大误差为9.23%,协同效应系数计算值随压强、混合比的变化趋势与实验结果相符,误差均值为5%。0.02~0.08MPa下SF_6/N2击穿电压、协同效应系数随压强、混合比的变化趋势与0.1~0.6MPa下的基本相同。     

N2/SF6混合气体在气体绝缘管道电缆中的应用

本文论述了N2/SF6混合气体的优点及其应用于气体绝缘管道电缆(GIC)的可能性,认为N2/SF6的混合气体应用于GIC具有重要的社会和经济意义。     

基于ETG-通量校正传输法的短间隙SF_6/N_2混合气体流注放电数值仿真

利用粒子输运方程及耦合泊松方程,研究了短间隙中10%~90%SF_6/N_2混合气体在不同阶段的流注放电特性。针对流注头部粒子空间分布出现陡梯度问题,基于不均匀的三角元网格剖分,采用Euler-Taylor-Galerkin(ETG)格式对粒子连续性方程进行时间离散,利用通量校正传输法(FCT)对离散后的方程进行求解,可以明显提高计算准确度和减小数值扩散。基于以上算法,考虑电子与SF_6/N_2中性混合气体的电离、复合、吸附以及光电离等过程,对短间隙气体流注放电过程进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,初始场强的大小影响流注的发展,随着流注发展,流注头部空间电荷加剧了两极板间的电场畸变,间隙击穿时流注头部电子浓度达到10~(20)/m~3,最大空间场强达到114k V/cm;光电离对加速流注的形成和发展有很大的影响;仿真结果也验证了ETG-FCT法应用于气体放电研究的有效性。     

SF6电力设备局部放电与分解气体组分关系的研究进展

介绍了SF6放电分解气体的基本原理,对目前几种检测SF6分解气体的方法进行对比分析,综述了不同缺陷条件下局部放电与SF6分解气体组分的关系。     

考虑非弹性随机碰撞与SF6/N2混合气体影响的直流GIL球形金属微粒运动行为研究

针对直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas insulated metal enclosed transmission line,GIL)金属微粒污染物问题,研究球形金属微粒在其中的运动行为,采用贴合实际情境的同轴圆柱电极结构,建立直流 GIL 内球形金属微粒运动模型：纳入 SF6/N2混合气体动力学参数,利用流体力学理论分析微粒运动过程中混合气体阻力的影响;同时考虑金属表面粗糙度影响,利用弹性力学中的碰撞理论分析金属微粒与导体及外壳的非弹性随机碰撞,实验结果验证了模型计算的可靠性。利用模型对微粒运动轨迹进行仿真分析,并根据微粒运动的分布情况提出微粒活跃度的概念,研究表明：微粒在导体与外壳间的谐振频率与微粒半径、SF6占比、绝缘气压呈负相关;微粒活跃度与随机反射角、电压幅值呈正相关,而随着微粒半径变化存在极大值。     

SF_6气体中极不均匀场正流注放电机制及其瞬态产物的仿真研究

为研究SF6气体中由极不均匀场引发的流注放电的微观机制以及放电过程中的瞬态产物,基于玻尔兹曼漂移扩散方程和SF6电子碰撞反应截面数据,对SF6气体中的流注放电进行有限元数值仿真。仿真模拟了流注发展过程中外部电流的3个阶段性特征,得到了SF6气体各发展阶段的微观过程,包括流注发展中电子、离子及电荷的密度分布;结合理论分析,揭示了外施电势与流注放电通道内外的电场分布的关系,并指出若使流注向前发展,外施电势不但要克服流注通道反向电场,还要维持流注头部电场大于电离临界场强。另外,通过该仿真模型还获得了SF6气体中电离瞬态产物的成分及各自比例,F、F+、SF6vib+、SF5+、SF4++、SF4+、SF3+和SF6+为流注放电过程中的主要瞬态产物。     

纳秒脉冲下SF6气体放电特性

随着电力系统电压等级的提高,特快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)对气体绝缘变电站(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)的安全稳定运行产生了越来越严重的威胁,为了提高设备运行的安全稳定性,促进设备小型化,需要深入分析VFTO下SF6气体的绝缘特性。因而该文利用基于半导体断路开关(SOS)的ns脉冲源SPG 200N的输出电压模拟VFTO波形的快速上升过程,黄铜板-板电极模拟GIS内的均匀场,研究了ns脉冲下SF6气体的放电特性,得到了重频耐受时间、施加脉冲个数等与重复频率的关系。实验结果表明,重频耐受时间随着脉冲重复频率的提高而降低,但击穿前所施加的ns脉冲个数与重复频率的关系比较复杂。随着气压的升高,临界击穿场强与气压的比值E/p有所下降,但在该文研究范围内其值仍高于理想状态下稳态电压对应的单位气压下临界值88.5kV/(mm.MPa)。获得的SF6放电特性为进一步明确VFTO下SF6气体的放电机理提供了实验依据。     

Anomalous creeping flashover characteristics in N2/SF6 mixed gas under single pulse voltage

Creeping flashover characteristics for the needle electrode-plane electrode filled with N₂/SF₆ gas mixtures have been investigated. In the case of the needle-plane configuration, the flashover voltage was enhanced by an admixture of SF₆ into N ₂. On the other hand, by the insertion of a solid dielectric barrier between the needle and the plane, only the negative creeping flashover voltage was reduced drastically by the admixture of SF₆ gas into N₂ gas, and a highly emissive region at the top of a creeping corona was found in N₂/SF₆ gas mixture. This behavior is strongly affected by the creeping corona extension process, depending on the creeping distance and the gas pressure     

Arc erosion characteristics of Cu-W contact at load current range in SF6 gas

Development of SF₆ gas-insulated switches that have a long service life and are highly reliable at medium voltage ratings require arc erosion of contacts in SF₆ gas to be decreased. The effects of SF₆ gas pressure and magnetic field for arc blow-out on erosion were studied experimentally in detail using sintered Cu-W contacts. The test current, SF₆ pressure and magnetic field were 100 to 400 A, 0.1 to 0.6 MPa and 0 to 50 mT, respectively. The results show that the arc erosion rate increased linearly with the SF₆ pressure. The magnetic field effectively reduced anode erosion (i.e., the application of a mere 50 mT lowered the erosion rate to 1/3 to 1/4). These phenomena may be attributed, respectively, to the increase in evaporation rate according to the shrinkage of arcing spot areas caused SF₆ pressure and a decrease of the evaporation rate correlating to high-speed movement of the arcing spot on the anode by the magnetic field. However, the cathode erosion was insensitive to the magnetic field. The influence of both W grain size and composition ratio, Cu:W, on the erosion rate was also studied. The smaller W grain at Cu content of 50 to 70 wt.% was found to be best for suppression of erosion under the present conditions. Further, the increase of N₂ mixture ratio to SF₆ under constant total gas pressure greatly decreased contact erosion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (1): 41–51, 1997     

Dielectric characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models of gas-insulated transformer under very fast transient voltages

This paper deals with the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and breakdown voltage (BDV) characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models for SF₆ gas-insulated transformers in the presence of steep-front short-pulse voltages, whose waveforms are 35/65 ns and 50/370 ns. It was determined that PDIV at nanosecond pulses were 1.05 to 1.15 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages and that the BDV at nanosecond pulses were about 1.4 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages. The ratio of impulse PDIV to ac PDIV is 1.40 to 1.48 for standard impulse voltages and 1.32 to 1.37 for switching impulses. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(3): 36–43, 1997