Simultaneous allocation of capacitors and voltage regulators at distribution networks using Genetic Algorithms and Optimal Power Flow

The high reactive power level demanded by the distribution systems, the loads growth and consequent increase of system losses introduce variations at the buses voltage magnitudes, which compromise the quality of the supplied electric energy. To assure high quality, some devices such as voltage regulators – VRs and capacitors banks – CBs, are installed to allow effective control of voltage magnitude, reactive power and power factor. The present work proposes a methodology to allocate simultaneously these devices using both Genetic Algorithms – GAs and Optimal Power Flow – OPF. The strategy proposed involves the adoption of GA for the allocation of CBs with specification for the type of bank (fixed or automatic) and the reactive power (kvar), as well as the allocation of VRs with adjustment of their secondary voltage. The OPF is responsible for the solution of the power balance equations, tap adjustments of the VRs that assure the voltage level at their exits according to the voltage level specified by the GA for the diverse load curve and for the attainment of the nominal current of the VRs allocated.     

Optimal coordination of voltage controllable devices in distribution systems using power‐based models and quadratic programming

The incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) inverters makes the management of voltage difficult for power system operators. One solution is to consider these inverter‐based devices as controllable reactive power (VAr) sources and to coordinate them with other voltage regulating devices in the distribution system. This paper proposes some acceptable approximations to quickly formulate and solve a mixed‐integer quadratic programming problem to periodically determine the optimal voltage coordination of a load tap changer, voltage regulators, capacitor banks, and PVs on a smart grid platform. The solution to the optimization problem is aided by an iteration‐based algorithm. By using the MATLAB software to carry out the simulation and computation, the method is well verified by comparing its generated result with a trustworthy solution obtained from examining all possible coordinating combinations of voltage regulating devices and PVs in a modified IEEE 34‐bus system. The effectiveness and features of the method are clearly illustrated on that test system by considering a time‐varying load and PV generation. The obtained results demonstrate the practical application of this work to medium‐voltage systems. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

微机励磁控制系统实时测量技术

介绍了同步发电机微机励磁控制系统基本运行参量的实时测量技术，包括发电机机端电压测量、系统电压测量、有功功率和无功功率测量、励磁电流和励磁电压测量以及发电机频率测量等。所介绍的各种测量技术均经实践考验，特别适用于大、中型同步发电机微机励磁调节器。     

Voltage Control Using PV Power Factor,Static Capacitor,and Transformer Tap for Large PV Penetration

The Japanese government has set 53 GW as the target level of PV deployment by 2030. However, the large‐scale introduction of PV will cause several problems in power systems. One of these problems is the increase in voltage due to decreased load demands associated with large PV active power output. Another problem is voltage variations caused by fluctuations in PV system output. In this paper, we focus our attention on the voltage and reactive power control for large‐scale PV deployment and propose voltage control using the PF (PV power factor), SC (static capacitor), and TAP (transformer tap). In the proposed method, the SC and TAP controls consider voltage stability through the use of VMPI‐i and VMPI‐i sensitivity, and the PF control suppresses voltage variation and voltage spikes. Finally, we simulate these controls using the Ward–Hale system to verify the validity of the proposed method.     

Modeling and control of a cascaded multilevel converter‐based electronic power transformer

Control strategy of a cascaded multilevel converter based electrical power transformer (EPT) in a distribution system with capabilities of low voltage ride‐through and unbalanced load current management is investigated in this study. The mathematical model and decoupled control schemes of the system, including a high‐voltage side control scheme, an isolation‐stage control scheme, and a low‐voltage side control scheme, are presented in detail. A dual current control scheme is introduced to control both positive and negative sequence currents for enhancing the low voltage ride‐through capability of the high‐voltage side cascaded H‐bridge converter. Positive, negative, and zero‐sequence voltages are controlled for the low voltage side three‐phase four‐wire converter in the decoupled control scheme, respectively, for unbalanced load current management. A proportional resonant controller (PRC) is utilized to control the zero‐sequence voltage, while the root locus method is applied in the PRC design. Three‐dimensional space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) switching strategy is then used for the low voltage side converter. Simulation studies were conducted with MATLAB/Simulink to validate the coordinated control strategy. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

An overall cost based on optimal power flow control method of dual‐source distribution network with closed‐loop operation using UPFC

Supply reliability can be effectively improved by a normally closed‐loop operation of a distribution network with dual sources, in which there might be large circulating power flow. A unified power flow controller (UPFC) has the powerful capability to adjust the power flow, but it would face a technoeconomic bottleneck when applied to the distribution system. Based on the constant current load model, the power flow distribution of a normally closed‐loop distribution network with dual sources is analyzed, and the relationship between the network loss, the voltage deviation of load nodes, and the compensated voltage is deduced. Then, the optimal power flow control model is presented considering such economic factors as the network loss, the voltage deviation of load nodes, and the cost of the apparatus used to produce the compensated voltage. In order to simplify the problem of multiobjective optimization into a single‐objective optimization model, the fuzzy membership functions and their weight coefficients of the network loss, the voltage deviation, and the UPFC's cost are designed, and the weights are determined according to their contribution in economy. The optimal control model is solved with the global optimal algorithm. Simulation results based on PSCAD prove that this method can ensure overall economy of the system with balancing the power distribution, controlling the node voltage deviation, and decreasing the active power loss of the network effectively. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Single-phase voltage regulators and three-phase systems

Voltage regulators are applied on distribution systems to control the voltage delivered to customers within acceptable industry standards. Concerns about the quality of electric power delivered to customers by electric utility companies have raised the level of awareness of high- and low-voltage conditions at customer facilities. Normally occurring voltage drops through lines and transformers vary with the load level on the system. Voltage regulators, when properly applied, can compensate for these voltage drops and keep customer voltage within proper limits. Single-phase voltage regulators can be applied on three-phase systems in a variety of ways, including grounded-wye, open-wye, closed-delta, and open-delta. The capabilities of the regulator systems are affected by the system design. In this article, the authors review the characteristics of the closed-delta and wye applications, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each application scheme. The impact of the regulator connection on overcurrent protection is also reviewed     

Reactive-power compensation for voltage control at resistance welders

Resistance welders are a source of voltage fluctuations and flicker in industrial power distribution systems. The high-reactance welding transformer that limits the welding current creates a low-power-factor (pf) load. With hundreds of welders, factories may use synchronized welding cycles that lead to annoying flicker. Other facilities use random timing to prevent flicker, but suffer deep voltage sags due to simultaneous welding operations. Severe voltage variations reduce the power delivered to the welders, causing reduced heating and poor-quality welding joints. The paper examines the design and application of a mini-static var compensator (SVC) to improve the voltage quality on the welding circuits of industrial power distribution systems. The compact range of reactive-power demands for robotic welders suggest the use of thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs). The compensation provides the necessary voltage control for consistent welds with the added benefit of reduced load currents throughout the industrial distribution system. The compensator control is coupled with the welder controls to mitigate the random reactive-power mismatches that are often seen with other SVC welding and arc-furnace applications.     

基于前馈控制的有源电力滤波器研制

提出了一种有源电力滤波器的前馈控制策略。基于开关平均模型设计了前馈控制器和电流控制器,并利用功率模型对电压控制器进行了设计。由于电网电压在系统启动时会产生很大冲击电流,通过引入前馈控制有效地降低了作为扰动的电网电压和直流电压对被控电流的影响,提高了系统的动态性能,同时利用直流电压控制环直接获取电流参考信号对电网电流进行控制,简化了控制算法。所提方法无需检测负载电流和逆变器输出电流,且无需锁相环电路,降低了成本。利用模拟器件实现控制电路并进行了实验研究,实验结果证明了所提方法的可行性。     

直流配电网光伏变流器柔性出力自适应分段下垂控制

在含光伏的直流配电网系统中,传统的下垂控制在光伏出力变化的情况下,存在功率分配不均衡及母线电压偏差大等问题。针对光伏出力受环境因素影响较为严重,引起传统下垂控制效果变差这一问题,根据光伏出力变化情况自适应调节下垂特性曲线,使其在重载条件下实现功率的精确分配,在轻载条件下,实现母线电压的稳定控制。通过建立下垂控制输出阻抗模型,分析了下垂系数自适应变化对系统环流抑制能力及均流度的影响。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建光伏直流配电网进行仿真验证。理论分析和仿真验证表明所提光伏变流器柔性出力自适应分段下垂控制能够按照光伏电源出力动态调节功率分配任务,在重载时可以提高系统功率分配精度,轻载情况下可以减小直流母线电压偏差。     

特高压直流分层接入下交直流系统中长期电压稳定协调控制

与传统特高压直流单层接入方式相比,分层接入方式从电网结构上改善了交流系统对多馈入直流系统的接纳能力和电压支撑能力,在潮流分布与控制上更加灵活、合理。为了充分利用分层接入直流系统快速功率调节能力,避免或减少中长期电压失稳过程中切负荷造成的经济损失,文中提出一种特高压直流分层接入下的交直流系统中长期电压稳定协调控制方法。首先,基于直流分层接入系统准稳态模型,推导了不同直流控制方式下换流母线电压对分层接入直流逆变器传输功率的灵敏度解析表达式,并建立交直流系统电压轨迹预测模型。综合考虑直流电流和高、低端逆变器熄弧角的调制,基于预测轨迹构建协调电压控制的滚动优化模型,对直流分层注入功率和交流系统各电压控制手段进行协调控制。对山东电网规划系统的仿真分析表明,所提方法能够有效协调直流传输功率在交流电网中的分配,提高了系统电压稳定性并减少了切负荷损失。     

Reactive Power Control of Mega‐Solar System for Voltage Regulation with Long Distribution Line

Constant power factor control of a power conditioning system in a large‐scale photovoltaic generation system (PV system) such as a mega‐solar system is introduced to mitigate voltage variations on a distribution line. However, it is difficult for the control to mitigate the voltage variation on a long distribution line because of the changes in the loss on the distribution line. This paper proposes an advanced reactive power control in which the power factor of the PV system is adjusted using both the output power of the PV system and the apparent power of loads not to minimize the voltage variation at the interconnecting point but to minimize the voltage variation over the whole distribution line. We report on the results based on numerical analysis on mitigating the voltage variation by applying this control. This paper shows that the proposed control can mitigate the voltage variation better than constant power factor control can. The proposed control has the potential to be used as a measure for suppressing voltage variations on a long distribution line.     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

Automatic voltage regulators siting in distribution systems considering hourly demand

This paper presents an approach for the best site determination of automatic voltage regulators in distribution systems taking into account hourly variations of demand. A unique objective function is defined considering losses and voltage drop indices through the weighting coefficients method and then optimized using genetic algorithms. The evaluation of the objective function is done through a Newton Raphson load flow, allowing the optimal tap position determination. To consider the variability of demand, multiple hourly deterministic optimization processes are applied considering the daily load profiles of each node. Results of the application of the proposed approach over a test system and a real distribution feeder are presented.     

含母线电压补偿和负荷功率动态分配的直流微电网协调控制

针对孤岛直流微电网需要独自承担系统母线电压稳定和精确的功率分配,提出了含母线电压补偿和负荷功率动态分配的协调控制策略。在主控制层中采用下垂控制来实现分布式电源之间的功率共享;在下垂控制的基础上,提出了考虑电压调节控制和电流矫正控制的分布式二次控制,其对传统下垂控制带来的直流母线电压跌落进行补偿,使得母线电压恢复到额定值;通过对下垂系数的不断调整,达到了负荷功率分配的高精度。最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink对所设计的控制策略在不同运行模式下进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明所提的控制策略可以实现直流微电网的稳定运行和负荷功率的动态分配,且能够满足分布式电源即插即用等要求。     

可控移相器对特高压交直流接入受端电网影响研究

为了研究可控移相器对电网安全稳定的影响,在对可控移相器基本原理和拓扑结构进行分析的基础上,建立了可控移相器的稳态和暂态模型,设计了串联变压器和并联变压器参数,以江苏电网为背景,通过在锦苏特高压直流近区应用500kV可控移相器,分析了可控移相器的应用效果,仿真结果表明：可控移相器可解决直流小方式的受进问题和大方式的送出问题,可减小直流双极闭锁后的负荷损失约1000MW,同时在电网故障后提高苏州南部电网恢复电压5~10kV,对于保障电网安全经济运行具有积极的作用。     

Discrete‐time model following control of inverter with rectifier load

Electronic apparatus, such as a computer, are a capacitor input type rectifier load for the power supply. The rectifier load causes distortions of the power source voltage waveform. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This paper describes the output voltage characteristic of the single phase PWM inverter controlled by a discrete‐time model following method and connected to a rectifier load. First, the rectifier load model of a discrete‐time system is considered. Next, the discrete‐time model following control system used for this load is described. Then, simulation and experimental results are examined. The simulation results show that this method has robustness to the load change. The experimental system consists of an inverter controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP) and a rectifier load. Experimental results confirmed the validity of the simulation result. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 72–81, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20375     

基于协调控制SVG的低压配网三相负荷不平衡治理技术

针对集中式静止无功发生器(SVG)补偿系统补偿效果单一、不含通信功能的分布式SVG补偿系统补偿容量不能智能分配的问题,提出基于协调控制SVG的低压配网三相负荷不平衡补偿系统。该补偿系统引入通信总线,采用协调控制方法,使低压线路下游接入的SVG可利用补偿其下游不平衡电流后的剩余容量,依次对上游SVG不足容量进行补偿,该补偿形成的逆向潮流可进一步减轻各节点的低电压问题。该补偿系统既可以充分利用各SVG的补偿容量,同时也综合地解决了配电变压器电流不平衡、节点低电压等问题。在Matlab/Simulink数字仿真软件下进行了该补偿系统补偿效果的仿真,结果证明了该补偿系统的准确性。在四种不同负荷情况下比较采用四种不同补偿系统的低压配网配电变压器二次侧不平衡电流和各节点电压降,结果表明该补偿系统的效果最佳。     

Design and Implementation of Adaptive Neuro–Fuzzy Inference System Based Control Algorithm for Distribution Static Compensator

This article focuses on the design and implementation of a distribution static compensator using an adaptive neuro–fuzzy inference system based controller. The distribution static compensator is controlled to provide power quality improvement, such as power factor correction, harmonics compensation, load balancing, and voltage regulation. Active and reactive power fundamental components of load currents are extracted using d-q theory. A distribution static compensator is realized using a voltage source converter. Both simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the control algorithm under non-linear loads. The adaptive neuro–fuzzy inference system based controller works satisfactorily for power factor correction and harmonics reduction under balanced as well as unbalanced load conditions. Test results clearly depict the dynamics of the performance of the system under steady state as well as dynamics under load change and load unbalancing.     

Hierarchical decentralized autonomous control in super‐distributed energy systems

This paper deals with a decentralized autonomous control strategy of a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure in order to reduce the complexity of control. In this paper, distribution systems are assumed to be composed of multiple small‐scale power systems in which many customers with dispersed generators exist. A small‐scale power system can be considered as a unit with a generator state and a load state, or as a customer with dispersed generators. Control components of small‐scale power systems are interconnected with each other and are used to operate distribution systems. An expanded decentralized autonomous control method for a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure is proposed on the basis of the Hopfield neural network. It is demonstrated that super‐distributed energy systems with a hierarchical structure can be controlled autonomously by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.