Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Khat (Catha edulis) Seed Oil

The proximate, physicochemical, and fatty acid compositions of seed oil extracted from khat (Catha edulis) were determined. The oil, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude carbohydrate, and ash content in seeds were 35.54, 6.63, 24, 1.01, 30.4 %, and 1.32 g/100 g DW respectively. The free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value were 2.98 %, 12.65 meq O₂/kg, 190.60 mg KOH/g, and 145 g/100 g oil, respectively. Linolenic acid (C_18:3, 50.80 %) and oleic (C_18:1, 16.96 %) along with palmitic acid (C_16:0, 14.60 %) were the dominant fatty acids. The seed oil of khat can be used in industry for the preparation of liquid soaps and shampoos. Furthermore, high levels of unsaturated fatty acids make it an important source of nutrition especially as an animal product substitute for omega‐3 fatty acids owing to the high content of linolenic acid.     

Determination of seed oil content and fatty acid composition in sunflower through the analysis of intact seeds, husked seeds, meal and oil by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

A methodological study was conducted to test the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the oil content and fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds. A set of 387 intact-seed samples, each from a single plant, were scanned by NIRS, and 120 of them were selected and further scanned as husked seed, meal, and oil. All samples were analyzed for oil content (nuclear magnetic resonance) and fatty acid composition (gas chromatography), and calibration equations for oil content and individual fatty acids (C_16:0, C_16:1, C_18:0, C_18:1, and C_18:2) were developed for intact seed, husked seed, meal, and oil. For intact seed, the performance of the calibration equations was evaluated through both cross- and external validation, while cross-validation was used in the rest. The results showed that NIRS is a reliable and accurate technique to estimate these traits in sunflower oil (validation r ² ranged from 0.97 to 0.99), meal (r ² from 0.92 to 0.98), and husked seeds (r ² from 0.90 to 0.97). According to these results, there is no need to grind the seeds to scan the meal; similarly accurate results are obtained by analyzing husked seeds. The analysis of intact seeds was less accurate (r ² from 0.76 to 0.85), although it is reliable enough to use for pre-screening purposes to identify variants with significantly different fatty acid compositions from standard phenotypes. Screening of intact sunflower seeds by NIRS represents a rapid, simple, and cost-effective alternative that may be of great utility for users who need to analyze a large number of samples.     

Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Sulfonated Acrylate Esters Based on Al‐Cedre Oil

Sulfonated acrylate esters have been synthesized by using renewable raw materials such as fatty alcohols of Al‐Ceder oil. Mixed fatty acids were isolated from Al‐Ceder oil by hydrolysis; both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were isolated from the mixed fatty acids. The methyl esters of mixed fatty acid, saturated and unsaturated acids of Al‐Cedre oil were subjected to reduction with (LiAlH4) to give the corresponding fatty alcohols. The products of the reduction process were saponified and the hydroxyl values were estimated to further confirm the reduction occurrence. The acrylate esters were synthesized by esterification of acrylic acid with fatty alcohols of C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1, and C_18:2 mixed saturated, mixed unsaturated and mixed fatty acids of Al‐Cedre oil, respectively. This esterification was followed by addition of NaHSO₃ to form bisulfite adducts. The structures of the prepared surfactants were characterized by IR and ¹HNMR spectroscopy. A series of useful surface parameters, stability towards acids and base hydrolysis and calcium stability have been determined.     

GC-FID/MS Analysis of Fatty Acids in Indian Cultivars of Moringa oleifera: Potential Sources of PUFA

In the present investigation, the fatty acid profile was analysed in vegetative and reproductive parts of eight commercially cultivated Indian cultivars of Moringa oleifera and verified by gas chromatography mass spectra. In leaves, α-linolenic acid (C_18:3, cis-9,12,15) was found in the highest quantity (49–59 %) followed by palmitic acid (C_16:0) (16–18 %), and linoleic acid (C_18:2, cis-9,12) (6–13 %). The total content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids showed a ratio of 0.33 (cv. DHANRAJ) to 0.39 (cv. PKM-2) in leaves, 0.53 in flowers and 0.56 in tender pods. Similarly, polyunsaturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids were found in a ratio of 5.68 (cv. DHANRAJ) to 9.71 (cv. CO-1) in leaves, 1.11 in flowers and 2.79 in tender pods. The total lipid content was recorded in the range of 1.92 % (flowers) to 4.82 % (leaves, cv. CO-1). When considering health benefits, M. oleifera leaves contain low amounts of saturated fatty acids, a high mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid content, which can enhance the health benefits of Moringa-based products.     

Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Psoralia corylifolia Seed

The purified crude lipid of Psoralia corylifolia seeds was subjected to lipid class and fatty acid analysis by thin layer and gas chromatography. The lipid classes identified were triacyl glycerol, free fatty acid, diacyl glycerol, mono acyl glycerol, hydrocarbon-waxester and polar lipid fractions. Most of the fractions were found to contain high level of C_18:1 while C_18:0, C_18:3 and C_20:0 were also found to be present in all the lipid fractions. It has been observed that the diacyl and monoacyl glycerol fractions contain significant amounts of C_14:0 and C_18:0 while the hydrocarbon-waxester fraction was rich in C_22:0. The polar lipids contain high level of C_18:3 and low level of C_18:1 as compared to other lipid fractions. The fatty acid composition of the whole oil was also determined and found to be similar to other fractions. Unidentified long chain fatty acids were also present in significant amounts in all the lipid fractions.     

Characterization and Authentication of Significant Chinese Edible Oilseed Oils by Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis

The ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) of 12 oils extracted from Chinese edible oilseed samples and their individual fatty acids were determined by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). The results have demonstrated that the δ¹³C ratios of the oils from C3-plant seeds range from ?26.8 to ?30.7‰, while the δ¹³C ratios of C4-plant maize oil are in the interval of ?14.1 to ?16.2‰. Eighteen fatty acids were identified and their abundances were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in these oils with C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1 and C_18:2 as the major constituents. From the data on fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes, several sensitive markers were developed to detect the adulteration of Chinese edible oilseed oils. Examples are provided with pre-blended samples to illustrate the discrimination procedures and corresponding sensitive markers with emphasis on camellia seed oil, flax seed oil and perilla seed oil.     

The Effects of Insect Extracts and Some Insect-Derived Compounds on the Settling Behavior of Liposcelis bostrychophila

Extracts of whole booklice (Liposcelis bostrychophila)—sequentially extracted in hexane and aqueous 80% methanol (80%MeOH)—repel conspecifics. A methanol-soluble fraction (MFr) of the 80% methanol extract was more repellent than either its corresponding water fraction (WFr) or the hexane extract. The repellent effect of the MFr was repeatable across extracts prepared on different occasions over a 1 month period. Gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that saturated (C₁₆; C₁₈) monoenoic (C_16:1; C_18:1) and a dienoic fatty acid (C_18:2) and the corresponding methyl esters of all but C_16:1 and C₁₈ constituted approximately 95% and 30%, of the detected compounds in the methanol fractions and the hexane extract, respectively. Qualitative thin layer chromatography showed that cholesterol was present in methanol fractions and the hexane extract, and also enabled tentative identification of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the methanol fractions. Extracts of wheatgerm, dried skimmed milk powder, active yeast, and wholemeal flour—L. bostrychophila dietary components—were analyzed by GC-MS, and C₁₆, C_18:1 and C_18:2 were detected, indicating that C₁₈ and the methyl esters were not directly extractable and/or that they were products of booklice metabolism. A fatty acid amide (stearamide) previously identified in cuticular extracts of L. bostrychophila was not detected, and therefore was not responsible for the observed biological activity. Pure fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters repelled settling of L. bostrychophila at 10 mM, with the exception of palmitic and stearic acids, indicating, among other things, a difference between the efficacy of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The effect of concentrations <10 mM was less significant, although palmiteoleic acid appeared to be attractive to L. bostrychophila at 0.1 mM. Fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters were at a much lower concentration than 10 mM in the repellent methanol fractions, indicating that an interaction between known and as yet unidentified compounds is likely. The significance of fatty acids in relation to the biology and behavior of L. bostrychophila and their potential for use in traps and monitoring are discussed.     

Chemical Composition and Nutritional Characteristics of the Seed Oil of Wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lathyrus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lens</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum</Emphasis> Species from Southern Spain

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil of 19 wild legume species from southern Spain was analyzed by gas chromatography. The main seed oil fatty acids ranged from C_14:0 to C_20:0. Among unsaturated fatty acids, the most abundant were linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids, except for Lathyrus angulatus, L. aphaca, L. clymenum, L. sphaericus and L. nigricans where C_18:3 contents were higher than C_18:1 contents. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated acid in studied species, ranging from 11.6% in Lathyrus sativus to 19.3% in Lens nigricans. All studied species showed higher amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids than saturated ones. Among studied species, the ω6/ω3 ratio was variable, ranging from 2.0% in L. nigricans to 13.8% in L. sativus, there being eight species in which the ω6/ω3 ratio was below 5. The fatty acids observed in these plants supports the use of these plants as a source of important dietary lipids.     

Changes in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed lipids during germination

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds were germinated for 8 d under laboratory conditions, and changes in their lipid fraction were studied by various chemical and chromatographic methods. Total lipid content of the seeds was reduced fourfold at the end of the 8-d germination period as compared to ungerminated seeds on a fresh weight basis. The neutral lipids comprised the major fraction of seed lipids, and triacylglycerols predominated over all other lipid components even during the germination period. Both the spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatography-flame-ionization detection methods of quantification showed a considerable increase in the content of free fatty acids. The glycolipid fraction of lipids increased, but the phospholipid fraction exhibited only minor changes. Lipase activity of flaxseed increased at the beginning of germination and then remained constant until the fifth day. Phosphatidylcholine was the major phospholipid of flaxseed lipids, and its content was reduced during the germination. The contents of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid increased from negligible amounts to 46% of the total phospholipids. Linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids, respectively, were the predominant fatty acids of all the lipid fractions of flaxseed, and remained unchanged during the germination period. The glycolipid fraction had the lowest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids C_14:0, C_20:0, C_24:0, C_20:1, C_22:1, and C_20:5 appeared after d 2 of germination in neutral, glyco- and phospholipid fractions.     

Characterization of volatile compounds and triacylglycerol profiles of nut oils using SPME‐GC‐MS and MALDI‐TOF‐MS

Several nut oil varieties mainly used as culinary and overall healthy food ingredients were subject of the present study. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was employed in order to determine the qualitative composition of volatile compounds. Furthermore, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used in order to assess the profiles and relative composition of the prevalent triacylglycerols (TAG) within the oils. The headspace of the majority of oil samples was dominated by high contents of acetic acid (up to 42%) and hexanal (up to 32%). As nut oils are typically gained by cold‐pressing from previously roasted nuts, characteristic pyrazine derivatives as well as degradation products of long‐chain fatty acids were detected. TAG analysis of these oils revealed a quite homogeneous composition dominated by components of the C₅₂ and C₅₄ group composed mainly of oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), stearic (18:0) and palmitic (16:0) acid residues representing together between 65 and 95% of the investigated nut oils. The TAG profiles showed characteristic patterns which can be used as ‘fingerprints’ of the genuine oils. Nut oils exhibiting quite similar fatty acid composition (e.g. hazelnut, pistachio and beech oil) could be clearly discriminated based on TAG showing significant differences between the oils.     

Fatty Acid Composition in Ergosteryl Esters and Triglycerides from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum

Free and esterified ergosterols are detected almost solely in fungi and are often employed as a biomarker of living fungi. In this work, the fatty acid composition and δ¹³C values of major fatty acids in triglycerides and ergosteryl esters from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer and gas chromatography–isotopic ratio mass spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the fatty acid profiles varied in triglycerides and ergosteryl esters. The percentage of saturated fatty acids in ergosteryl esters was remarkably higher than that in triglycerides, where C_18:1^Δ9c was the predominant fatty acid and constituted 61.26 % of the total fatty acids. In contrast, C_16:0 was the predominant fatty acid and constituted 71.88 % of the total fatty acids in ergosteryl esters. The study suggests that, after fungal death, free ergosterols in the cell membrane of the dead fungus were esterified with preferentially saturated fatty acids, mainly C_16:0, from triglycerides and then stored in lipid particles for a longer period while free ergosterol markedly decreased. The δ¹³C values of C_16:0, C_18:0, C_18:1 and C_18:2 in ergosteryl esters exhibit a pronounced depletion in ¹³C compared with that in triglycerides within the range of ?1.3 to ?0.9 ‰, supporting the above inference. It is again suggested that free ergosterol in the cell membrane should be used as an indicator of living fungi, and ergosteryl esters in the lipid particles should not be included in the measurement of living fungal biomass.     

Lipid composition of commercially canned single-strength orange juice

The lipid composition of commercially canned single-strength orange juice ranged from 84–101 mg/100 ml juice (overall mean 95 ± 6). Phospholipid phosphorus, expressed as mg/100 ml juice, showed a range of from 1.56–1.95, while phospholipid phosphorus/lipid values (as µg-P/mg lipid) were within a very narrow range, 18.9 ± 1.1. The percentage distribution of lipid classes in these juices was 24–35% neutral lipids, 18–23% resin acids and glycolipids, and 43–53% phospholipids and other polar lipids. Five fatty acids, i.e. C₁₆, C_16:1, C_18:1, C_18:2, and C_18:3, accounted for over 93% of all fatty acids. The relative percentages of C_18:2 and C_18:3 differed between seasonal juices. The lipid composition does not warrant inclusion in nutritional labeling; however, lipid levels may be useful in detecting adulteration.     

Isolation,characterization, and antifungal application of a biosurfactant produced by Enterobacter sp. MS16

Isolate MS16 obtained from diesel contaminated soil, identified as Enterobacter sp. using 16S rRNA gene analysis produced biosurfactant when grown on unconventional substrates like groundnut oil cake, sunflower oil, and molasses. Of these carbon substrates used, sunflower oil cake showed highest biosurfactant production (1.5 g/L) and reduction in surface tension (68%). The biosurfactant produced by MS16 efficiently emulsified various hydrocarbons. The carbohydrates and fatty acids of the biosurfactants were studied using TLC, FTIR, NMR, and GC‐MS. The carbohydrate composition as determined by GC‐MS of their alditol acetate derivatives showed the predominance of glucose, galactose and arabinose, and hydroxyl fatty acids of chain length of C₁₆ and C₁₈ on the basis of FAMEs analysis. Biosurfactant showed antifungal activity and inhibited the fungal spore germination. Practical applications : Enterobacter sp., MS16 produces a biosurfactant composed of carbohydrates and fatty acids which exhibits excellent surface active properties. Use of industrial wastes for biosurfactant production is economical and facilitates the industrial production of this biosurfactant which has potential antifungal activity.     

Knockout of KASIII regulation changes fatty acid composition in canola (Brassica napus)

In contrast to the dominating unsaturated C₁₈ fatty acid, medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) are nearly absent in the oil of common canola. Modification of canola oil towards higher contents of C₈ to C₁₄ fatty acids would create new possibilities for oleo‐chemical usages, in both the nutritional and the non‐food sectors. For this purpose, spring oilseed rape (cv. ‘Drakkar’) was genetically modified by introduction of MCFA‐encoding genes from Cuphea species containing approximately 90% MCFA in their seed oil. Two different single constructs involving the 3‐ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS)III from C. lanceolata were used, one harbouring the wild‐type gene, ClKASIIIbwt, and the other containing the point‐mutated gene, ClKASIIIbmut, along with two double constructs containing ClKASIIIbmut in combination with a medium‐chain thioesterase gene from C. lanceolata (ClFatB3) or C. hookeriana (ChFatB2). For both single‐gene constructs, a phenotype with an increased content of MCFA was not detected; however, the ClKASIIIbwt transformants produced up to 6.7% palmitic acid (C₁₆). In T2 seeds bearing the ClKASIIIbmut/ClFatB3 double‐gene construct, contents of up to 2.9% capric (C₁₀) and 11.4% palmitic acid were achieved. The best transformant with the gene construct ClKASIIIbmut/ChFatB2 contained 1.4% caprylic acid (C₈) and 7.9% C₁₀, and these results were confirmed in T3 seeds.     

Varietal difference in lipid content and fatty acid composition of highbush blueberries

Lipids from five cultivars of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids (60–66%), glycolipids (20–22%) and phospholipids (14–18%). The major fatty acids in all fractions were palmitic (16∶0), oleic (18∶1), linoleic (18∶2), and linolenic (18∶3) acids. All lipid classes had a large concentration of C₁₈ polyunsaturated acids (84–92%), indicating that blueberries are a rich source of linoleic and linolenic acids. Changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids were not significantly different among the five cultivars, but significant differences were noted in the ratios of linoleic and linolenic acids in the glycolipids fraction.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from broccoli leaves

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and fractionation of lipids from broccoli leaves is presented in this work. For this purpose the effect of the different variables on the extraction was studied, obtaining the best results at 60°C, 300 bar and 3 mL/min. Two different fractions were obtained: First, the samples were extracted with pure CO₂, and afterward the residual material was extracted using CO₂ modified with 15% of methanol. The total fatty acid content of the extracts was determined by GC‐MS and compared with those results obtained by Soxhlet extraction with hexane and a chloroform/methanol (2:1) mixture. The SFE extracts presented a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially the polyunsaturated 18:3 n ? 3. The methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of the fatty acid composition of the leaves from five different cultivars of broccoli. In all the samples the main fatty acids were α‐linolenic (18:3 n ? 3), linoleic (18:2 n ? 6), and palmitic (16:0). Among the different cultivars analyzed, Naxos variety presented the highest levels in fatty acids, while Parthenon and Viola the lowest. Practical applications: The proposed method allows the fractionation of lipids from broccoli leaves using a small volume of organic solvent and mild conditions. This is advantageous compared to conventional methods where large volumes or organic solvents are used, and the cost and time for the removal of these solvents, along with the possibility of degradation and toxicity, are the major disadvantages. The results obtained contribute to a better compositional characterization and a possible revaluation of this by‐product as a source of biologically active compounds.     

Biofuels from waste fish oil pyrolysis: Chemical composition

In a previous study, waste fish oil was converted into bio-oil by a fast pyrolysis process at 525 °C in a continuous pilot plant reactor with 72-73% yield. The bio-oil was distilled to obtain light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil and these biofuels were characterized in terms of their physico-chemical properties. In this study, the chemical composition of light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil was determined using GC-FID, GC-MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. The GC-MS analysis of waste fish oil showed the main composition of fatty acids to be the following: C_16:0 (15.87%), C_18:2 (20.96%), C_18:1 (17.29%), C_20:5 (5.11%), C_20:1 (7.59%), C_22:6 (4.53%), C_22:1 (10.42%) and others. The GC-FID analysis of the light bio-oil showed 482 compounds that were PIONA classified as paraffins (4.48%), iso-paraffins (8.31%), olefins (26.56%), naphthenes (6.07%) and aromatics (16.86%). The heavy bio-oil had a similar chromatographic profile as diesel oil, with a high content of carboxylic acids and olefins. These results are in good agreement with those for the gasoline and diesel oil fractions of petroleum.     

Chemical Evaluation of Rapeseed

The seed chemical composition and oil physical and chemical constants of two imported rapeseed German varieties and one locally produced in Egypt were studied. Rapeseeds are characterized by high lipid and protein contents. The fatty acid analysis indicated that palmitic and oleic acids were the most prevalent saturated and unsaturated acids, respectively. Also, the rapeseed oils under study were free from long-chain fatty acids (>C₁₈). The unsaponifiables were fractionated by GLC into 36 different compounds of which 26 hydrocarbons were identified. The hydrocarbons having carbon atoms between C₂₀ and C₂₄ represent the most common compounds. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were present in appreciable amounts in German varieties while these compounds occurred as trace substances in the seeds produced in Egypt.     

Neutral lipids of chickpea flour and protein isolates

The neutral lipids composition of defatted chickpea flour and two types of protein isolates has been studied. The main compounds in neutral lipids are triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerols. Other compounds present are wax esters, free fatty alcohols, and free sterols. The main fatty acids in neutral lipids are C_18:2 and C_18:1 among the unsaturated, and C_16:0 and C_18:0 among the saturated acids. Free and esterified alcohols range from C_16:0 to C_28:0, the majority being those with an even number of carbon atoms. Sterols observed are β-sito-sterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and δ-5-avenasterol. Triacyl-glycerols are partially hydrolyzed, and the amounts of unsaturated sterols and unsaturated fatty acids are reduced as a result of the chemical treatment during production of the protein isolates.