Theoretical analysis of transient recovery voltages when clearing a transformer secondary fault

An analytical formula for the transient recovery voltage and its derivative dv/dt across a circuit breaker has been derived for the case of a transformer secondary fault. A comparison of the calculated results with field test and EMTP simulation results has demonstrated it to have satisfactory accuracy. By applying the formula, the effects of various circuit parameters on the transient recovery voltage and its derivative dv/dt are elucidated. The derivative dv/dt, defined conventionally as the ratio of the crest value and the time to the crest, is found to be about two‐thirds of the maximum value of dv/dt given as a function of time. In addition, a formula for the critical circuit parameters at which dv/dt across a vacuum circuit breaker reaches the critical condition, that is, the circuit breaker fails to interrupt a fault current, is derived. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(3): 44–52, 2001     

Case study of HTS resistive superconducting fault current limiter in electrical distribution systems

As electric power systems grow and become more interconnected, the fault current levels increase. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) can limit the prospective short-circuit currents to lower levels, so that the underrated switchgears can be operated safely. In order to introduce SFCL into the electric power system, we need a way to conveniently predict the limiting characteristics in a given situation. We have developed an Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) model of high temperature resistive type SFCL based on the electric field (E)–current density (J) characteristic of the superconductor. The SFCL in series with a circuit breaker could be practically used in electrical distribution systems. Case studies of EMTP simulations show that the SFCL cannot only limit the fault current to an acceptable value, but also reduce voltage decrease and the rise rate of the transient recovery voltage. In order to ensure the safe and proper usage of SFCL, some future considerations on the interaction between SFCL and power systems are presented as well.     

An impedance measurement of a small‐capacitance circuit using transient responses for lightning surge analysis

A method to measure a small capacitance with its loss resistance using a set of transient current waveforms is proposed in this paper. The parameters are obtained from the time constants in the time domain. The method has high resistance to extraneous noise, because a time‐to‐frequency transformation, which is sensitive to noise, is not required. The transient current waveforms are obtained by a voltage or current source, a current transformer, and a waveform recorder. The measured capacitance by the proposed method is not affected by the capacitance of the voltage probe, because it is obtained without any voltage information. The sheath surge impedance of the current injection cable, which is indispensable for the transient measurement, is corrected. The application of the method has the advantage in that it allows the modeling of a fast transient of a power apparatus, comparing it with the steady‐state measurement using an impedance measuring instrument. The proposed method is applied to create an equivalent circuit between electrodes implanted into a piece of wood, and its reliability is confirmed by comparison between the measured and calculated results. Stray capacitances of a miniature circuit breaker are also measured, and the results show that the proposed method is applicable to equipment in power systems. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Improved calculations for no-load transformer switching surges

This paper deals with a modeling of components and calculation of transient overvoltages that build up on the transformer primary terminals after the transformer has been switched off by a vacuum circuit breaker (VCB). The transformer is connected to the circuit breaker by a cable. The transient overvoltages are calculated for different cable lengths, and the cumulative probability of different arc angles is investigated. In this study two cases are considered: transient overvoltages due to steady-state magnetizing current switching, and transient overvoltages due to inrush current switching. It is shown that the case of inrush current switching is worse, as virtual current chopping is possible. The cable is modeled by pi sections, whereas the transformer model is based on a terminal impedance. The VCB re-ignitions are modeled by means of withstand voltage characteristics and high-frequency quenching capability. Due to shortage of field tests, this work uses only literature references to compare the results with actual measurements     

基于暂态电流谱能量的母线保护新原理

提出了一种基于故障暂态电流的母线保护新原理。利用小波变换提取母线上各回路故障暂 态电流高频分量,通过比较各暂态高频电流在一定时窗内的谱能量实现母线内、外部故障的快速、 可靠判别,从根本上避免了电流互感器饱和问题的影响;结合一个半断路器母线接线方式,给出了 相应的母线保护方案;通过ATP-EMTP对实际电网的大量仿真计算,验证了所提出原理的正确性 和有效性。     

500kV砚都站断路器均压电容爆炸事故仿真分析及反措建议

针对一起500 kV变电站隔离开关操作过程中发生的触头关合不到位引起的断路器均压电容爆炸事故,运用电磁暂态软件ATP/EMTP编程建立了电弧重燃模型,从过电压以及能量积累两方面对事故原因进行了分析。结论认为事故是由系统通过电弧向均压电容与线路对地电容构成的串联电容多次充电引起的,均压电容两端电压波形包含基频、高频两个分量,长时间工频电压和操作电压的叠加作用效应最终导致均压电容发生绝缘击穿。根据仿真计算对事故反措提出了建议。     

Development of gate drive circuit for next‐generation ultrahigh‐speed switching devices

This paper describes a gate drive circuit which is capable of driving an ultrahigh‐speed switching device and of suppressing high‐frequency noise caused by its high dV/dt ratio of 104 V/μs order. SiC (silicon carbide)‐based power semiconductor devices are very promising as next‐generation ultrahigh‐speed switching devices. However, one of their application problems is how to drive them with less high‐frequency noise without sacrificing their ultrahigh‐speed operation capability. The paper proposes a new gate drive circuit specialized for such devices, which charges and discharges the input capacitance of the device by using an impulse voltage generated by inductors. This ultrahigh‐speed switching operation causes a high‐frequency common‐mode noise current in the gate drive circuit, which penetrates an isolated power‐supply transformer due to the parasitic capacitance between the primary and the secondary windings. In order to overcome this secondary problem, a toroidal multicore transformer is also proposed in the paper in order to reduce the parasitic capacitance drastically. By applying the former technique, the turn‐on time and turn‐off time of the power device were shortened by 50% and by 20%, compared with a conventional push‐pull gate drive circuit, respectively. In addition, the latter technique allows reduction of the peak common‐mode noise current to 25%, compared with the use of a conventional standard utility power‐supply transformer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 52–60, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21124     

新型混合型限流断路器在直流电力系统中的限流特性研究

针对直流电力系统高di/dt短路电流难以分断的问题,开展了基于高速斥力开关的混合型限流断路器在直流电力系统中的应用研究.对限流断路器的工作原理、参数设计以及高速斥力开关的动作特性进行了分析,采用EMTP仿真分析了限流断路器在不同短路电流上升率下的限流特性.仿真结果表明限流断路器可将预期100 kA、时间常数5 ms的直...     

合闸750kV空载变压器引起的系统电压暂降现场实测与计算分析

结合新疆与西北750 kV联网工程乌北变电站合闸750 kV空载变压器现场实施情况,分析了合闸空载变压器引起系统工频电压暂降现象的机制,提出励磁涌流及系统短路容量是影响合空变电压暂降的主要因素。并利用EMTP工具对合空变引起的电压暂降进行仿真建模分析,得出的合空变励磁涌流及系统电压暂降特性与现场实测基本一致,验证了仿真方法的有效性。提出了采取断路器装设合闸电阻的措施可以有效抑制合空变操作引起的系统电压暂降,另外采取系统调压、调整系统运行方式、消除剩磁等措施也有助于缓解合空变电压暂降对系统运行造成的不利影响。     

Proposal of flux‐lock‐type fault current limiter with high‐TC superconducting element

This paper proposes a new type of fault current limiter (FCL), which consists of a high‐T_C superconducting (HTS) element and two coils wound on the same core without any leakage magnetic flux. In this FCL, either the limiting impedance or the initial limiting current level can be controlled by adjusting the inductances and the winding direction of the coils. Therefore, this FCL could relax the material restrictions on high‐T_C superconducting FCL. A current‐limiting experiment by a model FCL was carried out, and the limiting performance was observed. The initial limiting current level of the model FCL was 1.7 times higher than the critical current of the HTS element, and the fault current is suppressed to 52% immediately after the short‐circuit in the test. Considering voltage–current characteristics of a high‐T_C superconductor in a computer simulation, the calculated results almost agreed with the experimental results. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 31–38, 1999     

混合式高压直流断路器暂态分断特性及其参数影响分析

混合式高压直流断路器(DC Circuit Breaker, DCCB)的本质是分断故障电流。分断暂态过程中的电气参数是决定断路器分断性能的核心所在。在分析DCCB拓扑结构的基础上,将断路器分断暂态过程划分为三个阶段。通过建立带DCCB的直流电网故障等效电路和断路器分断各暂态阶段的系统级等效电路,来分析分断过程中断路器自身的暂态特性。将断路器自身参数与直流系统参数联合起来,分别对断路器的两次换流过程进行详细分析。建立了断路器分断电流、暂态电压和开断时间的数学模型,推导断路器分断全过程中的分断电流以及最大暂态电压的计算表达式,并分析了断路器参数对分断性能的影响情况。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件,搭建系统级混合式DCCB仿真模型,验证了所建立的断路器暂态模型的正确性及参数选取对断路器开断性能的影响。     

Coupling capacitor voltage transformer: A model for electromagnetic transient studies

In this work, an accurate coupling capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT) model for electromagnetic transient studies is presented. The model takes into account linear and nonlinear elements. A support routine was developed to compute the linear 230 kV CCVT parameters (resistances, inductances and capacitances) from frequency response data. The magnetic core and surge arrester nonlinear characteristics were estimated from laboratory measurements as well. The model is used in connection with the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) to predict the CCVT performance when it is submitted to transient overvoltages, as are the cases of voltages due to the ferroresonance phenomenon and circuit breaker switching. The difference between simulated and measured results is fairly small. Simulations had shown that transient overvoltages produced inside the CCVT, when a short circuit is cleared at the CCVT secondary side, are effectively damped out by the ferroresonance suppression circuit and the protection circuit.     

500kV线路保护两侧重合闸定值问题分析与处理

伊敏电厂伊换I线5053断路器U相电流互感器烧损,电流互感器与断路器连接母线脱落,造成U相接地故障。伊敏换流站伊换I线线路保护U相差动保护动作,5043断路器重合于故障点未能成功断开故障电流,造成5043断路器损坏。分析原因为故障线路两侧重合闸时间定值设置不当,使5043断路器未能成功断开故障电流所致。重新整定线路两侧断路器保护重合闸定值时限,使故障情况下两侧断路器保护有序配合,以避免线路故障时两侧断路器同时重合于故障而造成断路器损坏事故。     

区外故障时变压器差动保护误动行为分析

采用内桥接线方式的110kV芦都站2号主变差动保护高压侧装设两组CT,一组位于线路侧,另一组在桥联断路器处。当线路断路器重合到永久性故障时,线路的二次电流波形严重畸变,而桥联二次电流则为标准的正弦量,出现了同一型号的CT在同一电流下表现出了不同特性的问题,由此导致差动保护误动作。采用大电流试验与模拟剩磁效应的方法证实,电流波形畸变的原因在于剩磁的影响,剩磁使CT处于暂态饱和状态、暂态饱和导致传变特性变坏进而造成二次电流的畸变。采取抗饱和措施后问题得到解决。     

高厂变分支开关误合闸引起的发电机误上电事故分析

发电机误上电故障有2种发生形式:一种是由发电机组的主开关误合闸引起,另一种是由厂用电系统开关误合闸引起。由厂用电系统开关误合闸引起的发电机误上电事故的故障电流小于由发电机组主开关误合闸的故障电流,计算分析表明普通误上电保护的整定思想对于由厂用电开关误合闸导致的误上电故障没有灵敏度。通过对发电厂厂用电系统负荷配置的分析,及对发电厂高压工作厂用变压器分支过流保护整定原则的分析探讨,通过对一起故障实例的计算分析,认为高厂变分支过流保护合适的整定定值将对保护此类误上电事故起到有效作用。同时分析了由厂用电系统开关误合闸导致发电机组误上电的几种情况,提出了几种有效的防范措施。     

500kV罐式断路器电流互感器二次回路接线错误的分析及对策

介绍了一起因500 kV罐式断路器电流互感器二次回路接线错误而产生的重大隐患,当500 kV罐式断路器本体发生故障时,由于线路保护与母线保护使用的电流互感器绕组接线未实现交叉,使得两者的保护范围没有交叉,存在保护死区,从而会导致主保护拒动。通过对全站500 kV系统保护用电流互感器绕组接线的检查和分析,发现造成保护死区主要是设计和安装两方面的原因,针对这两方面原因,提出了加强规范管理,在设计施工阶段加强一二次施工人员的配合以及施工、验收和日常维护时注重对该部分的检查等一系列具体的反事故措施,为今后罐式断路器继电保护用电流互感器绕组的设计、安装调试以及现场验收及维护提供了借鉴。     

低压单相接地保护的几个问题探讨

单相接地是化工企业低压配电系统经常出现的一种事故,通过计算分析了变压器高压侧过流保护能否起到低压侧单相接地保护的作用,以及如何在低压总进线断路器及支线断路器中设置接地保护,论述了在每一用电回路中如何使用带接地保护的断路器实现快速切除单相接地电流,最后结合实际时机运用情况,给出应在低压总进线断路器和馈出干线断路器中取消单相接地保护,而在每一个负荷回路接地电流大于断路器瞬动电流时使用一般断路器的结论.     

35kV真空断路器开断空载变压器时过电压的研究

切除空载变压器是真空断路器操作过电压问题最严重的情况，文中在真空断路器开断交流电流真空间隙介质恢复的物理过程的基础上，建立了灭弧室介质强度恢复的数学模型，采用Saber软件的MAST语言编程，对真空断路器开断空载变压器的一个完整过程进行了仿真计算。根据计算结果。分析了暂态过程，过电压的特点 及变压器，真空断路器参数对过电压的影响，并与平均恢复速度计算结果进行了比较，表明本文建立的灭弧室计算模型更接近于实测恢复特性。     

断路器合闸电阻对变压器励磁涌流的影响

为了分析在不同合闸方式下断路器合闸电阻阻值对变压器励磁涌流的影响,使用EMTP软件进行了仿真计算,计算结果表明,断路器合闸电阻对变压器励磁涌流峰值有明显的削弱作用,在确定是否取消断路器合闸电阻时,应考虑到它对励磁涌流的影响。     

EMTP simulation of SLF interrupting performance for two serially connected arcs with different arc parameters

This paper shows the calculation of SLF interrupting performance for two serially connected Mayr‐type arc models with different arc parameters by using EMTP‐ATP Models. Arc model 1, assuming an air circuit breaker, has large arc time constant and large arc power loss. Arc model 2, assuming a vacuum circuit breaker, has small arc time constant and small arc power loss. It was not possible for arc model 1 to interrupt 300 kV‐63 kA‐90% SLF by itself. However, by connecting these arc models in series, interruption became successful, even if arc model 2 was reignited at low voltage a few microseconds after current zero. These computations suggested that serial connection of the two circuit breakers with different breaking characteristics would give a totally excellent circuit breaker by making the best use of advantages of each circuit breaker. EMTP‐ATP Models were very useful in solving the arc models, which are expressed by differential equations and coupled with the electric circuit. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 25–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10020