内置式永磁同步电机的效率最优直接转矩控制

为提高内置式永磁同步电机驱动系统的运行效率,提出了一种内置式永磁同步电机的效率最优直接转矩控制方法。在建立计及定子铁心损耗的内置式永磁同步电机模型的基础上,分析了电机损耗与转矩、转速和定子磁链的关系,导出了不同运行工况条件下效率最优定子磁链幅值的计算式。通过动态调节定子磁链给定值,实现了内置式永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的效率最优控制。实验结果表明,给出的优化控制策略在保持直接转矩控制快速动态响应特性的同时,可有效提高电机的运行效率。     

Permanent magnet synchronous motors using primarily reluctance torque

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in many applications as high‐performance variable‐speed drives. In traction drives, such as those used for electric vehicles or for the compressor drives of air conditioners, a wide constant‐power speed range and high‐efficiency operation are desired. The aim of this paper is to develop a high‐performance PMSM that offers high‐efficiency performance in the high‐speed region, including light‐load conditions, as well as a wide constant‐power speed range. Simulations show that the proposed interior PMSM, which produces chiefly reluctance torque and in which the permanent magnet flux assists torque production, is capable of meeting the above performance requirements. A prototype PMSM is designed in accordance with this new design concept and several drive tests are carried out. The saliency ratio of the prototype IPMSM is about 5, and, as a result, reluctance torque is the principal torque component, representing more than 70% of total torque. The prototype IPMSM can attain a constant‐power speed range of up to 5:1 with high‐efficiency drive in the high‐speed, constant‐power region. The proposed IPMSM is suitable for variable‐speed drives requiring high‐speed, constant‐power operation. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(3): 60–68, 2001     

Trend of permanent magnet synchronous machines

The performance of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) has improved rapidly by the progress in elemental technologies such as electromagnetic material technology, computer‐aided design technology, control technique, and drive circuit technology, and thus PMSMs are attractive as high‐performance machines in various fields. This paper describes the recent technology and the trends in PMSMs. To begin with the PMSMs are classified by the ratio of magnet torque to the reluctance torque and their features described, then the trend of the motor design and the electromagnetic material for highly efficient PMSM is shown. The technologies that help to reduce the vibration and noise are also described, and the recently developed PMSMs for traction drive application are introduced. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Technical evolution of permanent magnet synchronous motors for home appliances

This paper reports on the highly efficient motor technologies used in home appliances in Japan. The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is especially suitable because the use of permanent magnets does not require any extra current to produce magnetic power in the rotor, or any other kind of energy. In Japan, there has been a rapid shift from induction motors to PMSMs, and in this paper we will show several examples of PMSMs as applied to the home appliance field. It can be seen that great improvements have been made in high‐efficiency motor technologies. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

车用永磁同步磁阻电机转子的优化设计

永磁同步磁阻电机充分利用磁阻转矩,有效提高了电机功率密度和降低电机成本。本文首先对永磁电机的磁阻转矩影响因素进行分析,建立了3种不同结构转子模型,利用二维有限元法对电机的重要参数进行了计算和对比分析。综合比较后,对其中一种转子结构进行了优化,通过调整直轴和交轴磁路,提高了电机磁阻转矩的比例及弱磁性能。     

Optimum design of a multilayer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using reluctance torque

The report analyzes the results of experiments done with an inverter drive interior permanent‐magnet (IPM) motor. We examine results of both FEM (finite element method) simulation and experiments using a prototype motor with identical conditions set for stator and magnet volume. The results indicated that with magnets implanted inside the rotor, the values for the d‐axis inductance of the motor remained roughly the same, unaffected by the shape or number of layers. However, the q‐axis inductance exhibited significant change. This research report compares an IPM motor having two layers of permanent magnets with a motor having a single layer. The dual layer shows a 30% or greater increase in torque using the same current. These results indicate that this motor is especially effective for such applications as robots, plant machinery, compressor motors, and electric vehicles. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 64–72, 1999     

高压永磁同步电动机转子不同结构的起动性能分析

高压永磁自起动同步电动机从起动到牵入同步过程是一个复杂的机电瞬变过程.在电动机设计过程中,如何使电动机的起动性能、牵入性能以及稳态运行的过载性能达到协调统一是个不容忽视的问题.基于永磁电动机转子结构的改进,本文对高压永磁同步电动机的起动过程进行了数字仿真,研究了动态起动过程,研究了直轴同步电抗、交轴同步电抗以及两种同步电抗的比值对起动转矩、牵入转矩以及失步转矩的影响,并在分析过程中结合所得结论对一台315kW、6kV高压永磁自起动同步电动机及其改进结构进行了研究论证.仿真及试验结果表明,转子结构改进后的高压永磁同步电动机在起动过程中的几种性能上各有所长,互有得失,所得这些结论对推动高压永磁自起动同步电动机的实际运用具有指导意义.     

永磁感应子式无刷直流电动机的转矩特性研究

针对永磁感应子式无刷直流电动机的定转子齿结构和绕组的排列对转矩特性的影响,从特定电机结构的磁导计算出发,推导出永磁感应子式无刷直流电动机的参数表达式,分析了电机的参数特征对转矩工作特性的影响。实验及分析表明,采用等效磁路和实际测量相结合的方法．可以预测永磁感应子式无刷直流电动机的电磁转矩和齿槽定位力矩特性,为电机的转矩控制提供理论依据。     

考虑铁芯损耗的内置式永磁同步电机模型参数测量

提出一种计及铁芯损耗的内置式永磁同步电机模型参数测量方法。基于实验室常用的永磁同步电机驱动控制平台,详细阐述永磁磁链、定子电阻、等效铁损电阻和d、q轴电感参数的测量原理及实现方法。所提方法具有理论概念清晰、实现简单、通用性强的特点。通过对内置式永磁同步电机进行实际测试,验证所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

永磁同步电动机空载铁耗研究

从产生根源出发,对永磁同步电动机空载铁耗进行细致分类。在此基础上,利用有限元法和Bertotti铁耗计算模型,以一台5 k W、3 000 r/min永磁同步电机为例,对正弦波供电永磁同步电动机的空载铁耗分布特性进行分析计算,得到基本铁耗与空载杂散损耗的比例关系以及不同因素所引起的空载杂散损耗分布规律。进而,研究了变频器供电空载电流时间谐波引起的谐波损耗,分析了不同极槽配合对变频器供电永磁同步电机的谐波损耗影响规律。最后,通过多台样机的空载铁耗试验,验证了计算的正确性。     

永磁同步电机系统线性化H∞鲁棒控制

针对内埋式永磁同步电机伺服系统,研究了一种线性化H∞鲁棒控制方法。该方法基于微分几何理论,利用输入输出解耦线性化技术将系统模型转化为线性模型;然后采用最大转矩比电流控制策略增加系统的转矩输出能力;针对负载干扰设计了负载转矩观测器;最后基于线性化模型设计了H∞鲁棒控制器,提高系统对内埋式永磁同步电机系统参数变化的鲁棒性。仿真实验结果表明基于微分几何输入输出解耦H∞鲁棒控制伺服系统有较好的动态性能、抗干扰性能、跟踪性能和鲁棒性能。     

永磁体分散性对自起动永磁同步电动机的影响

由于批量生产的永磁材料在性能上存在不可避免的分散性,会造成永磁同步电动机性能的差异,采用理论分析与性能计算相结合的方法,研究了永磁材料性能的分散性对永磁同步电动机起动性能、空载性能和额定性能的影响,并以380V、22kW、6极永磁同步电动机为例进行了实验验证.结果表明:永磁体性能的分散性影响起动过程中的最小转矩,对电机的起动有较大影响;永磁体分散性对空载电流、空载功率因数、负载功率因数和过载能力影响较大,而对额定运行时的效率、电流影响不大.     

Magnet design and motor performances of a double‐layer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor

In this paper we discuss the results of our investigation of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPM), with permanent magnets embedded in the rotor, and particularly the double‐layer IPM synchronous motor, which has two layers of magnets embedded in the rotor, layered in the radial direction. For this investigation, we studied the arrangement of permanent magnets both through simulation and by experiments with a prototype. The results concerning the form of the magnets clearly show the advantages of the reverse arc configuration, which makes it possible to increase the surface area creating magnetic flux. We further determined that to maximize both the q‐axis flux and the flux of the permanent magnets, the optimum width of the q‐axis flux path between the magnets for the motor investigated here is 2 mm. The results also clearly show that chamfering the ends of magnets is effective in achieving better utilization of the q‐axis flux.© 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(1): 62–69, 1999     

内置式永磁同步电机牵引系统宽调速非线性控制器

针对内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)牵引系统机械参数时变、恒转矩区需高转矩输出、恒功率区需宽调速问题,运用非线性自适应控制理论,设计了一种电流滞环控制非线性自适应反步控制器。该非线性控制器在恒转矩区采用最大转矩比电流控制,提高转矩输出能力;在恒功率区采用弱磁控制策略,扩大调速范围;同时对电机参数摄动有较强的抑制能力,表现出较好的鲁棒性。仿真结果证明了IPMSM牵引系统非线性控制器的正确性和有效性。     

大功率永磁辅助同步磁阻牵引电机磁极优化

永磁牵引系统是下一代轨道交通的发展方向,但高速惰行、带速重投和匝间短路等难题阻碍了永磁牵引的应用,永磁辅助同步磁阻电机是解决上述难题的最佳选择。总结了永磁辅助同步磁阻电机的设计方法,设计了3层U型磁障大功率牵引驱动电机,给出了各层磁障对应的极弧系数和磁障张角以及永磁体最佳尺寸比。提出用偏心气隙结合不均匀磁桥对磁极结构进行优化。发现气隙比为1.63时,抑制转矩脉动的效果最佳;而不均匀磁桥不仅可以降低转矩脉动,还使转子的机械强度得到提高。对所设计的380 kW永磁辅助同步磁阻牵引电机的分析表明,所提出的方法可有效地降低转矩脉动。     

Initial rotor position estimation of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using optimal voltage vector

The initial rotor position estimation is a serious problem affecting sensorless drives of permanent magnet synchronous motors. This paper presents an estimation method of initial rotor position for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors. The principle of the estimation is based on the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of the stator core caused by the magnet of the rotor. The estimation is performed using the variation of the current response caused by the magnetic saturation when the voltage vector is applied to the motor. This method can be performed without motor parameters and any additional hardware. Decision method of the optimal voltage vector applied to the motor is also proposed to accurately implement the estimation. Experimental results show that the initial rotor position can be estimated without rotating the rotor by using the optimal voltage vector. It is found that the average of the estimation error is ±1.34 electrical degrees, and the estimation is completed within 15.2 ms in the test motor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 69–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20062     

含不确定参数的永磁同步电机位置自适应控制

针对永磁同步电机（PMSM）数学模型结构复杂以及含有不确定参数的问题,通过引入一个合适的状态变换,把原系统转换为工类比较规范的、易于处理的非线性系统的简单形式,再依据反步法的设计原理,给出了PMSM位置自适应控制器的设计方案。理论分析表明,该方案能够克服系统中不确定参数的影响,保证了系统全局稳定和所有信号全局有界,并且位置输出渐近跟踪参考信号;仿真结果也证实该控制器具有快速、稳定、无超调等优点,而且能够保证位置跟踪误差很快趋近于零,实现了控制精确度的要求。     

永磁同步电机最小损耗的直接转矩控制

针对面装永磁同步电机(PMSM),提出一种最小损耗的十二扇区直接转矩控制(DTC)策略.利用PMSM的铜损和铁损模型,求得最优励磁电流,然后给出最优的定子磁链指令值ψs*.仿真实验说明,与传统的直接转矩控制策略相比,新策略不仅提升运行效率,而且保持良好的性能.     

（23期已送排）表面式永磁同步电动机新型转矩控制

永磁同步电动机的反推控制通常采用电流作为虚拟变量,不适用于转矩需要精确跟踪的场合。本文介绍了一种以转矩和磁链为虚拟变量的反推算法,可以使永磁同步电动机输出转矩和负载转矩的差值在全局范围内快速收敛于零,并且在忽略粘滞摩擦的情况下,控制变量将不受负载的转动惯量变化的影响。该方法适用于负载转矩和转动惯量经常变化的场合,具有一定的参考价值。     

表面-内置混合式永磁同步电机性能与转子参数影响

为研究表面-内置混合式永磁同步电机表面磁极和内置磁极的作用,采用有限元方法建立该电机仿真模型,通过对其空载特性和负载特性的分析可知该电机的空载特性受表面磁极影响较大,而其负载特性受内置磁极影响较大。进一步以表面-内置混合式永磁同步电机的转矩性能为参考指标,对转子表面磁极、内置磁极以及隔磁桥三部分的参数进行分析。结果表明改变表面磁极参数对改善气隙磁场,减小转矩波动有着较好的效果,而改变内置磁极参数对转矩波动影响较小,但对转矩幅值影响较大。此外受表面磁极的影响,内置磁极两端隔磁桥1处的漏磁随其宽度变化较小,因此可适当放宽隔磁桥1处的宽度,以改善电机转子机械强度,提高电机整体性能。