An ontology-based support for product conceptual design

The research presented in this paper is a follow-up of our prior work involving the development of a graphical modeling tool to support designers at the conceptual design stage. To close the loop for supporting designers in generating design concepts flexibly, fast, and easily, an ontology-based approach for knowledge management that works along with the graphical modeling tool is discussed. Ontology and databases for the tool are developed to promote the systematic capture of design knowledge and efficient reuse of the design knowledge selection. In order to locate the proper information and query the data from the databases, the relationship between the ontology and databases, the data analysis process, ontology enrichment, and the ontology-based query engine are built to offer users multiple design results according to users’ requirements. A tire design example is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. The ontology-based method described in this paper can help retrieve and save the complex relations, support the reasoning, integrate heterogeneous data resources and offer users more accurate, proper and comprehensive data.     

Methodology for expert-system-based support of conceptual machine design

The cumulative requirements of design cannot be satisfied without the application of computer-based systems in the conceptual phase of design. The concept of intelligent CAD systems emerged at the beginning of the eighties. A practical implementation of an ICAD system can be based on an expert system with a specialized conceptual design methodology. Design prototypes may be generated by the systematic combination of known atomized building elements. To avoid combinatorial explosion, filtering is done on three levels. In the case of the pilot design expert system PANGEA, now being developed, the geometric modelling of prototypes is based on an extended B-rep scheme.     

Visual knowledge specification for conceptual design: Definition and tool support

Current CAD tools are not able to support the conceptual design phase, and none of them provides a consistency analysis for sketches produced by architects. This phase is fundamental and crucial for the whole design and construction process of a building. To give architects a better support, we developed a CAD tool for conceptual design and a knowledge specification tool. The knowledge is specific to one class of buildings and it can be reused. Based on a dynamic and domain-specific knowledge ontology, different types of design rules formalize this knowledge in a graph-based form. An expressive visual language provides a user-friendly, human readable representation. Finally, a consistency analysis tool enables conceptual designs to be checked against this formal conceptual knowledge.In this article, we concentrate on the knowledge specification part. For that, we introduce the concepts and usage of a novel visual language and describe its semantics. To demonstrate the usability of our approach, two graph-based visual tools for knowledge specification and conceptual design are explained.     

An Intelligent Tool to Support Requirements Analysis and Conceptual Design of Database Design

As an application of artificial intelligence and expert system technology to database design,this paper presents an intelligent design tool NITDT,which comprises a requirements specification language NITSL,a knowledge representation language NITKL,and an inference engine with uncertainty reasoning capability.NITDT now covers the requirements analysis and conceptual design of database design.However,it is possible to be integrated with another database design tool,NITDBA,developed also at NIT to become an integrated design tool supporting the whole process of database design.     

Decision support for sequence generation in an assembly oriented design environment

Traditionally, defining the sequence of assembly tasks is not completed until after the product design phase, thus, missing a crucial opportunity to realise the benefits of simultaneous consideration. This paper proposes an approach, which realises the benefits of this simultaneous consideration. It has its origins in observations of industrial assembly planning processes and is based upon conventional design processes. Tools and techniques provide support for the necessary assembly sequencing and assembly definition decisions, including assistance to construct the sequence, choose the most appropriate parts and define liaison attributes. A constraint-based approach is used to confirm that the resulting assembly sequence is both feasible and practical and also gives guidance on the quality of the sequence. An industrial case study is presented which illustrates the practical implementation of this methodology.     

Decision support or support for situated choice: lessons for system design from effective manual systems

In a number of organisational settings where work is highly skilled but substantially routine, certain entrenched manual systems have resisted digitisation. These systems include card-based systems in emergency despatch, the paper flight progress strips system used in air traffic control, the Kanban system and whiteboard systems used in hospital wards. Research to understand or replace these systems has frequently regarded them as decision support systems (DSS). We report here a detailed case study of a manual whiteboard-based bed allocation system in the ICU of a large general hospital, which shows that the support it provides for users’ action choices cannot be validly conceived as decision support. This system and other effective manual systems may be better understood as a ‘situated choice support system’ (SCSS). Whereas DSS provide actors with a model of the action environment in order to support reasoning about the consequences of alternative actions, SCSS provide actors with structured work environments that reduce possible actions and cue-providing information resources to support a reactive choice between these limited alternatives. The findings warn of the danger of uncritically applying the DSS design paradigm to supporting action choice in skilled routine work, and provide an alternative design theory, which can potentially inform new ICT-based designs.     

A multi-criteria decision framework to support measurement-system design for bridge load testing

Due to conservative design models and safe construction practices, infrastructure usually has unknown amounts of reserve capacity that exceed code requirements. Quantification of this reserve capacity has the potential to lead to better asset-management decisions by avoiding unnecessary replacement and by lowering maintenance expenses. However, such quantification is challenging due to systematic uncertainties that are present in typical structural models. Field measurements, collected during load tests, combined with good structural-identification methodologies may improve the accuracy of model predictions. In most structural-identification tasks, engineers usually select and place sensors based on experience and high signal-to-noise estimations. Since the success of structural identification depends on the measurement system, research into measurement system design has been carried out over several decades. Despite the multi-criteria nature of the problem, most researchers have focused only on the information gained by the measurement system. This study presents a framework to evaluate and rank possible measurement-system designs based on a tiered multi-criteria strategy. Performance criteria for the design of measurement systems include monitoring costs, information gain, ability to detect outliers and impact of loss of information in case of sensor failure. Through including conflicting criteria, such as cost of monitoring and information gain, the optimal measuring system becomes a Pareto-like choice that ultimately depends on asset-manager preference hierarchies. Several potential preference scenarios are generated and results are compared using a full-scale test study, the Exeter Bascule Bridge. The framework successfully supports an informed design of measurement systems by providing an extensive set of alternatives, including the best solution defined probabilistically and for specific conditions when other near-optimal solutions might be preferred.     

Decision support for management

Decision support systems (DSS) are tools for providing and sharing information, together with the means of using the information to assess the benefit of a decision. An example of a simple DSS system is a financial modelling package available on a microcomputer. However, in large businesses adequate DSS requires backup from a full-scale data processing system. Integrating personal computing and corporate DP is a solution to the problem of providing adequate DSS. Advances in program writing, the use of relational databases, query languages and specific applications all enhance the advantages of such decision support systems.     

Constraint-based functional design verification for conceptual design

In the early stages of mechanical product design, designers not only need to determine the physical structure of the design, but also need to verify that the design functions properly with the allowable values or ranges of values of the relevant design attributes. Existing work on design verification is either aimed at specific design problems, which are generally carried out at the downstream design stages, or aimed at deriving design behavior using a behavioral simulation approach. Functional design verification has largely been neglected by the research society. To tackle this problem, we propose a generic constraint-based approach that is based on a comprehensive functional design model. A number of strategies are proposed for the approach, including strategies for design variables reduction, variable dependency graph development, constraint propagation, and dynamic verification of a design over an assigned set of attributes (variables). The approach is implemented as part of a functional modeling design environment. A simple design verification case is presented to illustrate our approach.     

Decision support method for the design of embedded energy in autonomous microsystems

We propose a decision support method in embodiment design, dedicated to embedded autonomous microsystems design. The main objective of our work is to go beyond battery configurations by supporting the design of autonomous microsystems, namely systems able to harvest and use available energy from their environment. The main challenge of our approach consists of supporting the designer’s decisions from qualitative representation to physical models. We have thus developed instruments, both based on flows and effect analysis and behavioral component modeling. The method decreases the number of potential alternatives to obtain the best solution and the associated models. To validate our method, we focus on a marketed wired road sensor.     

A conceptual framework for society-oriented decision support

Inspired by the operation of human social organisation, this paper presents a new architecture—a pyramid-committee—for developing society-oriented intelligence, whose structure imitates the organisation of human society in its decision making. The system takes a pyramid-like hierarchical structure with links in the pyramid forming a semi-lattice, which relate not only to nodes in the same layer, but also to others in different layers. The output of the system is a result of the negotiation and balancing of different interests. For such a system to function, the main difficulties concern the complicated relationships between different factors or agents. Focussing on the airport environment audit, we discuss the development of a model framework and the role of neural networks.     

Decision support for manufacturing management

Historically, information systems have been used to improve efficiency through such means as clerical automation, inventory status reporting and transactional processing systems. Today, however, to reduce costs, increase return on investments, and achieve competitive advantage, businesses need to have information systems that support managerial decision-making and result in improved effectiveness. To meet this requirement, new approaches are needed in order to define the right problem and work the problem right. By using such techniques as critical success factor analysis followed by a top down system development approach, developing systems through prototyping and using end-user oriented software, these needs can be met.This article describes several company experiences of using a management systems planning and development process. This process in one company presented an opportunity to test the feasibility of developing an alignment between business goals and events critical to the success of the business. Management believed that to succeed in the future they must be forward thinking in their identification and use of information systems to improve managerial effectiveness. Their questions were “What should we do?” and “How should we do it?” By applying these techniques they were able to achieve outstanding results in a very short period of time.     

Decision support for emergency situations

Emergency situations occur unpredictably and cause individuals and organizations to shift their focus and attention immediately to deal with the situation. When disasters become large scale, all the limitations resulting from a lack of integration and collaboration among all the involved organizations begin to be exposed and further compound the negative consequences of the event. Often in large-scale disasters the people who must work together have no history of doing so; they have not developed a trust or understanding of one another’s abilities, and the totality of resources they each bring to bear have never before been exercised. As a result, the challenges for individual or group decision support systems (DSS) in emergency situations are diverse and immense. In this contribution, we present recent advances in this area and highlight important challenges that remain. This article is part of the “Handbook on Decision Support Systems” edited by Frada Burstein and Clyde W. Holsapple (2008) Springer.     

Decision support for risk analysis

Risk analysis requires the analyst to estimate at least the value of assets and annual likelihood of threats materializing. In some cases he has firm benchmarks to which to anchor these estimates. They include information from company books of account, historical records, and the opinions of experts in various fields.Firm benchmarks are not always available, however. Nevertheless, we still can make useful estimates. This is called decision making under uncertainty.     

Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design

An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.     

Decision support for Cybersecurity risk planning

Security countermeasures help ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information systems by preventing or mitigating asset losses from Cybersecurity attacks. Due to uncertainty, the financial impact of threats attacking assets is often difficult to measure quantitatively, and thus it is difficult to prescribe which countermeasures to employ. In this research, we describe a decision support system for calculating the uncertain risk faced by an organization under cyber attack as a function of uncertain threat rates, countermeasure costs, and impacts on its assets. The system uses a genetic algorithm to search for the best combination of countermeasures, allowing the user to determine the preferred tradeoff between the cost of the portfolio and resulting risk. Data collected from manufacturing firms provide an example of results under realistic input conditions.     

Decision support for network disruption mitigation

Our increasing reliance on networks of all types, coupled with their increasing vulnerability to disruption, makes it critical to better understand risks associated with natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and other incidents. However, choosing how to best protect, reinforce, and improve a network given a limited budget is a complex problem. We have developed an integrated approach that examines the effects of different network disruption scenarios for a variety of performance measures. The developed decision support methodology allows for comprehensive exploration of disruption impacts, statistically and visually, and facilitates examination of “what-if” planning scenarios.     

Decision support for integrated cash management

Cash management has attracted the increasing attention of both academicians and practitioners in recent time. The expanding role and responsibilities of cash managers and corporate treasurers is likely to increase the focus on cash management as a vital organizational function. Academic research, however, has primarily focused on providing analytical tools to solve well structured problems that are relatively isolated in nature. Conspicuously, no attempt has been made to integrate the various sub-problems of cash management explicitly recognizing interrelationships among the sub-problems as well as between the sub-problems and other financial decisions. More importantly, there is an even greater need to provide a framework that in addition to recognizing the above interrelationships will enable the cash manager to recognize a more inclusive set of dependencies that exist in practice.Decision support systems have the potential to overcome the above deficiencies to a significant extent. This paper is aimed at providing a conceptual framework for designing an effective model-based decision support system (DSS) for integrated cash management. The framework should form a useful basis for any attempts at designing computer-based support systems for cash management.     

Decision support systems

Decision support system (DSS) has almost become a generic term for anything that helps a manager's decision making. This paper reviews developments that have taken place both in theory and practice and assesses the prospects for DSS over the next ten years.