Unsteady thermal flow analysis in a heat regenerator with spherical particles

Heat regenerator occupied by regenerative materials improves thermal efficiency of regenerative combustion system through the recovery of sensible heat of exhaust gases. By using one-dimensional two-phase fluid dynamics model, the unsteady thermal flow of regenerator with spherical particles, were numerically analysed to evaluate the heat transfer and pressure drop and to suggest the parameter for designing heat regenerator. It takes about 7 h for the steady state in the thermal flow of regenerator, where heat absorption of regenerative particle is concurrent with heat desorption. The regenerative particle experiences small temperature fluctuation below 10 K during the reversing process. The thermal flow in heat regenerator varies with inlet velocity of exhaust gas and air, configuration of regenerator and diameter of regenerative particle. As the gas velocity increases with decreasing the cross-sectional area of the regenerator, the heat transfer between gas and particle enhances and pressure losses increase. As particle diameter decreases, the air is preheated higher and the exhaust gases are cooled lower with the increase of pressure losses. At the same exhaust gases temperature at the regenerator outlet, the regenerator length need to be linearly increased with inlet Reynolds number of exhaust gases. It is confirmed that inlet Reynolds number of exhaust gases should be introduced as a regenerator design parameter. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Waste heat utilization in a ceramic industry

The scope for energy conservation in a ceramic factory was studied. It was found that the sensible heat of the flue gas from kilns could be used to heat the casting shop. A pebble bed waste heat regenerator was chosen to collect the sensible heat of the flue gas. Experiments were performed on a pilot plant scale pebble bed to study its characteristics using a flue gas stream whose temperature and composition were similar to the factory conditions. The results of the heating cycle showed that 14 500 kcal h⁻¹ of heat can be collected from flue gas in a 0·126 m³ bed. This information was used to design a complete retrofit system. Financial analysis of the proposed project showed that it has a pay-back period of 15 months. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

逆流开式发生器内部的热、质传递规律

针对以太阳能加热的空气为携热介质，以LiBr溶液为工作介质的填料塔型开式发生器，建立热质传递数学模型。对2种系统结构形式进行比较，并分别研究太阳能集热板温度、液气比、环境相对湿度以及填料层高度对溶液再生的影响，以揭示此类发生器内热、质传递的规律，为产品开发、设计提供理论帮助。     

利用Fluent软件建立蓄热体数学模型的研究

利用Fluent软件建立通用性较佳的蓄热体的数学模型,所得到的模拟数据通过可视化处理可清晰直观地显示出蓄热体与流体传热过程中的温度场及流场的变化,弥补了实验手段的不足。     

空心圆柱蓄热体三维非稳态传热与流动的模拟研究

通过对整砌空心圆柱蓄热室的建模研究,对YC与FZ的温度场与流场进行了对比分析,所建模型具有一定的可信度,其反应温度场及流场诸多现象的可视化结果对实际工程应用有一定借鉴作用。     

再生式换热器的实验研究与数值模拟

为了解再生式换热器工作特性,采用Matlab软件计算简化后的模型,对换热器内流体和固体的温度分布进行了数值模拟,并进行了实验验证.研究了蓄热体长度、比表面积、速度和蓄热体材质对换热效果的影响.结果表明,面积和流速对换热效果影响明显,而改变蓄热体材质基本无影响.     

Temperature Distribution and Heat Saturating Time of Regenerative Heat Transfer

In this paper, heat transfer of the ceramic honeycomb regenerator was numerically simulated based on the computational fluid dynamics numerical analysis software CFX5. The longitudinal temperature distribution of regenerator and gas were obtained. The variation of temperature with time was discussed. In addition, the effects of some parameters such as switching time, gas temperature at the inlet of regenerator, height of regenerator and specific heat of the regenerative materials on heat saturating time were discussed. It provided primarily theoretic basis for further study of regenerative heat transfer mechanism.     

600 MW回转式空气预热器传热模型的解析-数值法

传统的数值迭代法只给出了两分仓回转式空气预热器稳态时端面的二维温度变化曲线,并不能直观地反映空气预热器从启停到正常运行时真实的温度分布.对回转式空气预热器的换热机理进行详细分析,提出采用解析-数值混合计算方法求解换热模型的数学方程,并用该方法模拟600 MW回转式空气预热器金属板和介质温度分布场,结果表明,解析-数值混合计算法,不仅克服了传统迭代法的精度不高、不易收敛的缺点,而且它可以真实地反映出空气预热器整个运行工况金属板和介质的温度分布情况,容易发现引起低温腐蚀的金属最低温度位置,因此对回转式空气预热器安全经济运行提供了更加科学的理论依据.     

Performance predictions of a first stage magnetic hydrogen liquefier

This work deals with the study of the first stage hydrogen magnetic liquefier operating through an active magnetic regenerator (AMR) cycle, over the temperature range: 298-233 K. For this purpose, an unsteady and one-dimensional numerical model has been developed for predicting the thermal performances of such a liquefier. The transient energy equations are considered to account for the heat transfer between magnetic refrigerant and hydrogen flowing throughout the regenerator bed. The gadolinium has been chosen as a constitute material for the regenerator bed. Simulation results including mainly the cooling capacity and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the AMR cycle as functions of the cycle frequency, the mass flow rate, and the applied magnetic field, are presented and discussed. The capability of the numerical model of predicting consistent results has been shown.     

Experimental investigations of a gamma Stirling engine

The present work deals with the measurement and performance of a gamma Stirling engine of 500 W of mechanical shaft power and 600 rpm of maximal revolutions per minute. Series of measurements concerning the pressure distribution, temperature evolution, and brake power were performed. The study of the different functioning parameters such as initial charge pressure, engine velocity, cooling water flowrate, and temperature gradient (between the sources of heat) has been analyzed. The engine brake power increases with the initial charge pressure, with the cooling water flow, and with the engine revolutions per minute. The working fluid temperature measurements have been recorded in different locations symmetrically along both regenerator sides. The recorded temperature in regenerator side one is about 252 °C and about 174 °C in the opposite side (side two). It shows an asymmetric temperature distribution in the Stirling engine regenerator; consequently, heat transfer inside this porous medium is deteriorated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

回转式空气预热器传热模型动态仿真

根据回转式空气预热器的传热机理进行了理论分析,给出了相应的传热计算模型.并根据空气预热器的动态平衡过程和结构特性,结合金属蓄热板径向温度场的二维分布假设,提出采用解析-数值混合计算方法求解换热模型的数学方程,并将解析-数值方法与传统的矩阵迭代法分别计算某电厂的实际空气预热器从启动到正常运行阶段蓄热板和工质温度分布,结果表明传统的矩阵迭代法计算对特征值的要求很严格,而解析-数值方法对任意特征值均可以收敛,并且计算结果的工程精度也很高,因此对电厂安全经济运行提供了可靠的理论依据.     

Heat Transfer Analysis of Different Storing Media Using Oil as Working Fluid

Abstract

Thermal analysis of heat transfer through different storing media using oil as working fluid is presented. The storing medium is solid material in spherical shape. Steel, glass, and pebbles are selected as storing media and oil is selected as working fluid. The physical model is a heat exchanger in cylindrical shape, which is packed with each of the selected storing medium. The heat transfer through the heat exchanger is assumed to be one dimensional along its height. The flow of the working fluid is an axial direction from the top to downward. The problem is governed by two partial differential equations for the working fluid (oil) and the storing medium. Finite difference method and Thomas algorithm solver are used to solve the couple of the two partial differential equations along with their associated initial and boundary conditions. The modified computer program is used to obtain the solution of transient temperature distribution of the storing medium and the working fluid. The amount of absorbed heat inside each of the storing medium is obtained. The effect of special operating parameters on the amount of absorbed heat inside the storing medium, such as aspect ratio (the ratio between diameter and length of the heat exchanger), storing media, mass velocity, the number of charging cycles, and void fraction, is discussed. Therefore, the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient parameter (Nusselt number, Nu) provides a measure of the convection and conduction heat transfer at the surface of storing medium when the working fluid (oil) flows over a solid surface of the medium. The numerical results of transient temperature profiles and the amount of absorbed heat inside the storing medium for each system with respect to the operating parameters and the heat exchanger characteristics are illustrated. The results show that steel storing medium is charging by four cycles while the pebble storing medium is charging by two cycles only, this due to the thermal and physical properties of these materials. The absorbed heat inside storing medium, which has aspect ratio equals one (diameter of the heat exchanger equals its length) is higher than others. Increasing mass velocity increases absorbed heat inside the storing medium and decreasing the charging time. Increasing void fraction decreases absorbed heat inside the storing media due to the smaller volume of absorbing medium. The amount of absorbed heat (at certain time) inside the steel > glass > pebble is due to the thermal conductivity of these materials.     

新型回热器结构设计及换热特性研究

回热器作为斯特林热机的关键部件,对于太阳能斯特林热机整机性能有着重要影响。为克服传统金属丝网回热器结构存在的填料单一,制造成本较高,工艺复杂问题,采用实用等温分析法,以回热器的长径比、通流面积、填料种类以及孔隙率各项回热器参数为基础,设计了一种新型斯特林热机回热器,该回热器具有轴向压降小,换热性能高,结构稳定,加工制造简单的特点。开展了新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器的换热性能对比研究,采用振荡条件下的局部热平衡方法研究回热器的传热过程,对比传统金属丝网回热器和新型回热器的温度变化,速度变化以及压力变化。结果表明:在整体孔隙率相同的条件下,新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器相比,整体启动速率相似,但新型回热器压降减少0.04 MPa,速度出现分段式变化,有利于回热器的换热和结构稳定。因此,新型回热器不但在结构上优于传统金属丝网回热器,在换热特性上也优于传统金属丝网回热器。     

Empirical estimation of regenerator efficiency for a low temperature differential Stirling engine

An experimental method of regenerator evaluation is proposed in this paper. The configuration of the experimental equipment used in the method is similar to that of an alpha-configuration Stirling engine with a phase angle of 180°. The temperature of the hot side heat exchanger is controlled by an electric heater, and the heat sink was room air. An air conditioner controlled the temperature of the room air. The temperature and pressure of the working fluid were measured during the piston motion. A #18 stainless steel mesh was used as a regenerator matrix for a low temperature differential Stirling engine (LTDSE). The regenerator efficiency can be calculated based on the measurement results. The product of the swept volume, the density of the working fluid, the specific heat and the difference in the working fluid temperatures between the hot side and the cold side is greater than the amount of the internal energy fluctuation. The reason for this is assumed to be the temperature fluctuation in the region between the two heat exchangers. The walls of the region are made of acrylic resin. The amount of the temperature fluctuation in the region is assumed to be uniform. The regenerator efficiency is calculated as a function of the temperature fluctuation in the region. The evaluation method does not require a fast-response thermocouple. The prediction of the regenerator efficiency is possible basted on some experimental results of same matrix. Polyurethane foam and #18 stainless steel mesh, layered parallel to the stream line of the working fluid, were each tested. These materials can realize a non-rectangular regenerator without the generation of waste. Non-rectangular regenerator includes regenerator that can be installed into narrow gaps. The regenerator efficiency of the stainless steel mesh layered parallel to the stream line of the working fluid was significantly less in comparison to that of the normal mesh layers. In the polyurethane foam case, a pressure loss was observed.     

蓄热介质对太阳能热风发电集热器性能的影响

分别以沙子、石子以及石子与充水黑色密封管的组合作为蓄热介质,搭建了太阳能集热器试验装置并进行了相应的试验研究,得出了不同蓄热介质的吸放热特性及其对集热器内空气进出口温差、集热器效率的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的平均辐射强度下,石子与充水黑色密封管组合集热器的蓄热性能好,且集热器空气进出口温差及集热器效率最大,为太阳能热风发电系统集热器地面蓄热材料的选用提供了依据.     

基于FLUENT的热风炉蓄热室传热及操作制度研究

为获得热风炉蓄热室内气体及格砖温度随时间的变化规律,用FLUENT软件建立了热风炉蓄热室温度场计算的简化模型,并进行了蓄放热过程的模拟计算.在分析不同操作制度下热风炉工作特点的基础上,比较计算了具代表性的三座热风炉在二烧一送、一烧二送和半交叉并联三种操作制度下的风温变化状况和热效率.模拟计算结果表明:该方法可以得到符合设计计算精度要求的模拟结果,可以方便地进行蓄热室传热特征分析,预测热风炉在不同操作制度下的工作特点,为热风炉生产选择优化操作制度提供了便捷有效的方法.     

Constructal design of regenerators

This paper documents the fundamental problem of designing a porous flow architecture that meets the requirements of facilitating flow access while storing and releasing heat to a flowing fluid. Examples of such designs are regenerators that operate cyclically in various types of heating or reheating furnaces. The main geometrical scales are determined for parallel flow channels in a fixed regenerator volume with a fixed porosity, by matching the time scales of convection along the channels and thermal diffusion. In accord with the constructal law, the route to better architectures for maximum heat transfer and minimum pressure losses is the morphing of the regenerator architecture from parallel channels to dendritic channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of performance of heat regenerators: Relation between heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop

Heat regenerators transfer heat from one gas to another, with an intermediate storage in solids. The heat transfer surface for gas flow application should provide at the same time high surface area and low friction factor. Three geometries of heat transfer surface, monolith, stack of woven screens and bed of spheres, have been compared. Their performance was evaluated from the pressure drop of the heat regenerator working at a given heat transfer efficiency. The comparison was performed using numerical simulation and published measurements of heat transfer and flow friction characteristics. By adjusting the length and the period of the exchanger, it is possible to obtain the same heat transfer efficiency with the three geometries. Beds of spheres give very short and compact heat regenerators, working at high pressure drop. At the opposite, monoliths form long regenerators working at low pressure drop. Stacks of woven screens cover a wide range of performance: low porosity woven screens give high heat transfer efficiency and high pressure drop, while high porosity woven screens offer performance similar to that of the monoliths. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental research of high‐temperature regenerative heat transfer

A small‐scale high‐temperature air combustion experimental system was set up. The effects of the switching period on the heat transfer characteristics of a regenerator were discussed, and an optimal switching period was suggested. The temperature distribution in the combustion chamber was analyzed and the emission of NO_X and CO with the operational parameters was summarized. The decomposability of CF₄ was primarily studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(5): 359–368, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20118     

热浮力对球床反应堆内燃料球表面对流传热的影响

采用大涡模拟（LES）方法研究了低雷诺数（Re = 1 015）下热浮力对球床面心立方（FCC）单元内的局部流动和传热的影响。为了精确求解燃料球接触面附近的流场,球间接触点表达为面接触,采用结构化网格处理。研究结果表明：热浮力的存在会抑制球床各层平均速度的波动;靠近燃料球表面处的相对时均速度和相对时均温度受热浮力影响变化较大;在中心流场区域,热浮力的存在会减小流场中速度分布的不对称性,使速度最大降低约10%,时均温度至少升高约20%;球表面上尤其在顶部及接触面附近受热浮力影响明显,努塞尔数Nu最大降低约6%。