Potential evaluation of energy supply system in grid power system,commercial, and residential sectors by minimizing energy cost

If the economic activity in the commercial and residential sector continues to grow, improvements in energy conversion efficiencies of energy supply systems is necessary for CO₂ mitigation. In recent years, the electricity driven hot water heat pump (EDHP) and the solar photovoltaic (PV) have been commercialized. The fuel cell (FC) of co‐generation system (CGS) for the commercial and residential sector will be commercialized in the future. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The aim is to indicate the ideal energy supply system of the users sector, which manages both the economical cost and CO₂ mitigation, considering the grid power system. In this paper, cooperative Japanese energy supply systems are modeled by linear programming. It includes the grid power system and energy system of five commercial sectors and a residential sector. The demands of sectors are given by the objective term for 2005 to 2025. Twenty‐four‐hour load for each three annual seasons are considered. The energy systems are simulated to minimize the total cost of energy supply, and to mitigate the CO₂ discharge. As a result, the ideal energy system at 2025 is shown. The CGS capacity grows to 30% (62 GW) of the total power system, and the EDHP capacity is 26 GW, in commercial and residential sectors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20361     

Evaluation of the plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle considering learning curve on battery and power generation best mix

The plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a technology intended to reduce CO₂ emissions in the transport sector. This paper presents scenarios that show how widely used PHEVs will be in the future, how much CO₂ emissions will be reduced by the introduction of PHEVs, and whether there will be serious effects on the power supply system. PHEVs can run on both gasoline and electricity, and therefore we evaluate CO₂ emissions not only from gasoline consumption but also from electricity consumption. Consideration of the distribution of daily trip distances is important for evaluating the economical benefits and CO₂ emissions resulting from the introduction of PHEVs. Also, future battery costs are very important in constructing PHEV growth scenarios. The growth of the number of PHEVs will make battery costs lower. Thus, we formulate an overall model that combines the passenger car sector and power supply sector, taking account of the distribution of daily trip distances and incorporating a learning curve for battery costs. We use the iteration method to provide a learning curve that is nonlinear. Therefore, we set the battery cost only in the first year of the simulation: battery costs in the later years are calculated in the model. We focus on a 25‐year time period in Japan, starting from 2010, and divided into 5 parts (1st to 5th). The model selects the most economical combinations of car types and power sources. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(2): 31–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21098     

How would real-time electricity pricing affect the Saudi power sector in the long-run?

This paper shows the effects of real-time electricity pricing (RTP) on the long-run marginal costs of power generation in Saudi Arabia. To do this, it links a multi-sector energy system model with a residential electricity use model. The energy system model contains an economic power dispatch optimization component. The residential framework embeds households, whose decisions are governed by microeconomic principles, in a physical building energy model. The analysis entails liberalizing fuel prices for the power utilities and setting the dynamic prices of electricity equal to the long-run marginal electricity supply costs. The electricity prices are solely offered to households. The key takeaways from this analysis are:

• •RTP, a form of dynamic electricity pricing, reduces the variability of the marginal costs for Saudi power utilities throughout the day.
• •Lowered capital spending by the Saudi power sector results from RTP and consequently lower power loads. Moreover, the curtailed investment in power plants would more than cover the costs of residential smart meter replacements.

     

Proposals to improve the demand response in Brazil

The gradual commercial opening of electricity markets to keep pace with technological evolution and promote the active participation of players to increase their efficiency is recognized as one of the best practices in most developed markets in the world. The same principle applies to the Brazilian electricity sector, which increasingly demands intelligent mechanisms that serve as instruments to optimally face the increasingly complex challenges. Demand response (DR), a mechanism not widely used in Brazil, can offer many advantages to the electric system, such as increasing its competitiveness and improving the reliability of the electric energy supply through the active participation of the energy consumer. This study presents different paths and proposals by which the load side can contribute to increased energy security and avoid the increase in the system operating costs in Brazil. This study tracks the progress of the DR programs adopted in several international markets, observing their remuneration for the services provided to the electricity system, as well as the motivation of the operator, utilities, or market administrator to offer programs that allow the participation of consumers, resulting in benefits for the participant, programs, and system.     

基于清洁能源可获得量违约分析的电力规划

合理的电力生产规划,对提高电力行业能效具有重要的意义。针对电力系统中的复杂性及参数的多种不确定性,建立了基于低端达到度的电力生产不确定机会约束模型。该模型从系统角度出发,综合考虑能源的供应、发电技术的选择、发电系统的改扩建、电力生产、污染削减以及电力消费等一系列过程,为电力系统能源优化配置奠定了基础;通过概率水平P_pi,定量化表征清洁能源可获得量约束被违约水平,分析不同违约水平下能源资源供应、电力生产、容量扩充以及污染物消减方案,揭示系统效益与可靠性之间的权衡关系,为维护电力系统发电侧安全提供了技术支持。     

Comprehensive assessment of the effective scope of modernization of thermal power plants to substantiate the rational structure of the generating capacities for the future until 2035

The article deals with issues of technical and economic substantiation of priorities and scopes of modernizing the existing thermal power plants (TPPs) in Russia to work out long-term forecasts of the development of the industry. The current situation in the TPP modernization trends is analyzed. The updated initial figures of the capital and operation costs are presented and the obtained estimates of the comparative efficiency of various investment decisions on modernization and equipment replacement at gas-and-oil-burning and coal-fired TPPs with regard to the main zones of the national Unified Power System (UPS) of Russia are cited. The results of optimization of the generating capacity structure underlie a study of alternative TPP modernization strategies that differ in the scope of switching to new technologies, capital intensity, and energy efficiency (decrease in the average heat rate). To provide an integral economic assessment of the above strategies, the authors modified the traditional approach based on determination of the overall discounted costs of power supply (least-cost planning) supplemented with a comparison by the weighted average wholesale price of the electricity. A method for prediction of the wholesale price is proposed reasoning from the direct and dual solutions of the optimization problem. The method can be adapted to various combinations of the mechanisms of payment for the electricity and the capacity on the basis of marginal and average costs. Energy and economic analysis showed that the opposite effects of reduction in the capital investment and fuel saving change in a nonlinear way as the scope of the switch to more advanced power generation technologies at the TPPs increases. As a consequence, a strategy for modernization of the existing power plants rational with respect to total costs of the power supply and wholesale electricity prices has been formulated. The strategy combines decisions on upgrade and replacement of the equipment at the existing power plants of various types. The basic parameters of the strategy for the future until 2035 are provided.     

Maintaining the security of supply in the Australian national electricity Market with higher levels of renewable energy

This paper examines security of supply concerns in an Australian electricity market under transition and considers potential policy pathways to address them. It details the current state of Australia’s electricity industry, considers the extent to which supply security in the electricity sector may be considered a public good, and examines the features likely to impact on the efficacy of current and potential future market designs.     

配售电公司的不对称监管框架设计

中国电力零售市场的监管仍然处于不健全不完备阶段。随着售电环节的快速放开以及增量配电业务向社会资本的有序放开,新兴的配售电公司既经营增量配电区域的配电业务,又与独立售电公司开展零售竞争,形成了纵向一体化的垄断市场地位,亟须对配售电公司及其关联售电业务进行不对称监管,以利于独立售电公司的生存与发展。分析了配售电公司区别于传统供电企业的业务特点与业务板块变化,结合具体业务分析探讨了配售电公司纵向垄断可能出现的资源补贴、价格歧视、非价格歧视等6类不公平竞争行为。随后,基于不对称监管理论依据,从财务、资费、供电服务、基础设施、业务隔离等5个方面设计了配售电公司及其关联售电业务的不对称监管框架及内容。     

基于碳减排效益的西藏绿色水电外送上网电价定价机制研究

我国主要呈现由北至南、由西至东的跨区送电格局。从长景规划建设看,西藏水电将成为"西电东送"的中流砥柱。虽然新一轮电改提出发、售电环节市场化,但西藏厂网未分、水电建设成本高和远距离外送等特殊性决定了其不具备实行市场化的基础。由于缺乏配套上网电价定价机制,藏电外送面临极大挑战。为了进一步促进西藏水电开发及跨区送电的发展,本文统筹考虑水电的环境成本和在受电区的清洁能源价值,结合碳交易市场机制,并以综合因素法权衡现有上网电价定价机制的优缺点,提出基于碳减排效益的西藏绿色水电外送上网电价定价机制,为西藏清洁水电外送提供新定价参考。     

关于架空网络中几种供电模式的探讨

本文探讨了几种经典的 10kV网络供电模式 ,并对其工作原理、动态时序、使用环境、优缺点等逐一做了分析 ;提出了一种新型的环网供电模式 ,并对其做了较详细的分析     

社会发展对电能消费的定量分析

20世纪80年代以来社会用电量快速增长，为了研究其对电力需求的特点，分别分析了构成社会系统用电量的城镇公共设施用电量和居民生活用电量与主要影响因素的关系，建立了两者用电量与主要影响因素的回归分析模型。研究结果表明：1987年以来城镇公共设施用电量与城市化率紧密相关，根据此模型结合我国全面建设小康社会的目标，对2010年和2020年城镇公共设施需电量进行了预测。1985年以来影响居民人均生活用电量的2个主要因素是电价和居民人均可支配收入。与国外对比，定量分析了我国居民人均生活用电的电价弹性和收入弹性。分析结果表明，我国居民人均生活用电量对电价和收入弹性的绝对值都大于1，即皆富有弹性。     

安全供电与电气节能在净水厂中的实际应用

主要阐述了安全供电及电气节能对于水行业可持续发展的重要性,以天津经济技术开发区净水厂工程的实例可以清晰地反映出提高供电可靠性和采取节能措施在各个行业中都是势在必行的。这些措施更好地保证了各行业稳步发展的需求,有利于节能降耗,降低建设投资和运行成本,符合国家节能减排的要求。     

基于委托-代理理论的负荷率可选择电价最优合约设计

首先以综合成本定价法为基础,分析了考虑负荷特性的不同电压等级用户的供电成本;在此基础上,应用经济学委托-代理理论,建立了考虑负荷率的两部制可选择电价委托-代理模型;经过严谨的数学推导给出了该制度安排问题的数学解析解,即求得最优合约函数,能够有效解决选择性定价中的逆向选择问题;算例验证表明该激励机制既能反映不同负荷率和电压等级用户的真实成本,实现公平定价,又能给予用户选择权并鼓励用户合理用电;且当选项数目为4-5项时,该套餐的定价效果能够接近完全非线性价格形式。     

电力市场中基于情景分析的电网规划方案适应性

对电网规划方案进行适应性评估是电网规划工作的一个重要补充。在市场环境下,原有的电网规划方案是否适应未来市场交易的要求,是评估工作面临的新挑战。鉴于电力系统以及电力市场中诸多不确定性因素的影响,本文基于电力市场模拟的原理,将情景分析引入到电力市场环境下电网规划方案的适应性评估之中,并以电价不确定性的分析为例,详细描述了电力市场中对不确定性因素进行情景分析的基本思想、方法、流程。文中采用了情景出现概率及其重要程度两个指标来衡量各个情景的评估次序,为从大量情景中进行高效的筛选提供了一个便捷的途径。将该整体思路应用于东北电网规划方案的评估中,结合东北区域电力市场运营规则,进行了2010年电网规划的市场化模拟与评估。实际应用表明,所提出的评估方法能够很好地筛选出电力市场中的重要情景,为市场环境下电网规划方案适应性评估提供了一个有力的工具,具有较大的实用价值。     

Portfolio optimization of electricity generating resources in Kenya

Affordable and reliable electricity is a development priority, but many people in low-income countries continue to live without it. The main challenge to ensuring universal access to electricity is the energy trilemma: striking a balance between costs, security, and environmental sustainability. Kenya is one of the countries that face energy trilemma as the electricity demand expands. We use modern portfolio theory (MPT) from the finance sector to address this challenge by deriving a theoretical efficient frontier for electricity generation in Kenya. The study finds that although the current portfolio of electricity generation in Kenya is not optimal, it is possible to shift to an efficient portfolio that has lower costs, is diversified, and environmentally sustainable. We conclude that MPT addresses the energy trilemma and therefore, it can help in the planning of electricity generation in countries whose electricity sectors are still developing. Our study adds to the literature about the applicability of MPT in the electricity sector and proposes ways for Kenya to improve the electricity-generating portfolio. We anticipate that the results will encourage electricity sector planners to consider portfolio planning for electricity generation.     

中国售电市场发展动态及关键问题

中国售电侧改革快速推进,随着《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》及配套文件下发,发电企业、工业园区、社会资本等纷纷成立售电公司,竞争态势初步显现。系统分析中国售电市场发展动态,结合国际经验从竞争格局、交易方式、业务开展、竞争手段等方面研判售电市场发展趋势;针对售电市场发展中面临的售电主体构建、用户选择权实施、保底供电服务、售电市场监管等问题提出相关措施建议,为完善售电侧改革相关政策、推进售电市场建设提供参考。     

The electricity spot market: Is it future-proof?

Are electricity spot markets in their current form sustainable in a future of renewable, volatile generation that has low or zero operational marginal cost and high fixed costs? This examination concludes that, where storage of generation fuel and electricity are common, these markets may continue their role of coordination of real-time supply and demand. Together with the hedge market for longer-term transactions, these markets deliver an efficient wholesale market for electricity.     

安全供电与电气节能在净水厂中的应用

阐述了安全供电及电气节能对于水行业可持续发展的作用。以天津经济技术开发区净水厂工程为例,分析了提高供电可靠性和采取节能措施在各个行业中的重要性。这些措施更好地保证了各行业稳步发展的需求,有利于节能降耗,降低建设投资和运行成本,符合国家节能减排的要求。     

How can energy storage catalyze GCC electricity policy? Issues and options

Saudi Arabia and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members have a parallel agenda of electricity market reforms together with ambitious goals of renewable energy deployment. The motivation for this agenda is multifaceted and extends beyond increasing economic efficiency. Renewable integration raises market and regulatory design issues for countries transitioning to markets and high levels of renewables though. This difficulty or perhaps even incompatibility may undercut both policies’ objectives. This paper analyses the implications of deploying new energy storage in this context. Although storage services would facilitate the integration of renewables and market restructuring policies, deploying this novel technology would raise additional regulatory issues in the electricity sector. Ignoring these regulatory challenges could not only lead to unnecessary costs of transition but also make it more difficult to obtain the full benefits of other economic policy objectives such as the removal of subsidies to relieve public finances and the release oil for sale in international markets.     

促进低碳转型的微网灵活性资源协同效应及经济性分析

随着可再生能源的发展,如何提升电力系统的灵活性以保障电力供应的稳定性是一个关键问题。考虑煤电机组、可再生能源、电化学储能和电解水制氢系统,通过混合整数线性规划方法模拟微网一年的运行情况,探究了如何配置电化学储能和电解水制氢系统（灵活性负荷）这两种灵活性资源以更好地促进可再生能源发展及提升系统经济性,并分析了碳交易价格以及风光资源禀赋差异对微网系统灵活性资源配置的影响。最后,探究了电化学储能和电解水制氢这两种灵活性资源技术进步对及系统经济性的影响。结果显示,灵活性资源协同可以使微网系统的净成本降低22.17%;而且随着碳交易价格提升,将促进电解水制氢系统的发展。