世界钽粉生产工艺的发展

论述了国内外电容器级高压钽粉、中压钽粉、高比容钽粉的生产工艺发展过程。在钽粉生产工艺发展过程中,各种先进的装备被应用,各钽粉生产厂家围绕着钽粉比容的提高,杂质含量的降低,物理性能的优化等综合性能的改善,不断开发出新工艺、新技术,使钽粉适应并推动着钽电容器的发展。     

还原氧化钽制备钽粉工艺研究进展

评述了几种由氧化钽还原制取钽粉的新工艺。并阐述了不同方法的工艺原理、特点和产品特性。钠还原法反应时间短,还原温度范围广,能过得到高纯度高比表面的钽粉。FFC法具有工艺简单,污染小,成本低的特点,可以用来制备电容器级粉末。SOM法电解速度快,具有很好的发展前景。采用镁蒸汽还原能够得到性能好的钽粉,但是还原时间长,还原装置复杂。     

钽及钽合金的工业应用和进展

主要介绍了近几年内钽及钽合金工业的发展概况,及其在电子、高温合金、武器系统等的新发展和应用,指出钽的应用领域将继续开发.同时,随着钽电容器的发展,钽的需求也将大幅发展.     

溅射钽靶材用高纯钽粉工艺研究

分析了高纯钽粉生产的技术特点,介绍了一种改进的钽靶材用高纯钽粉的生产方法。采用高温脱氢(900~950℃)和低温脱氧(700~800℃)分步进行的工艺,有利于钽粉氧、氢、镁含量及粒度的控制,所得样品兼具低氧和小粒度的特点。采用真空热处理(700~800℃)工艺可以有效除去脱氧后残余的金属镁、酸洗带入的H、F等杂质,确保颗粒不长大,同时使杂质含量得到了很好的控制。     

电容器用金属钽粉

为提高钽电容器用金属钽粉的CV值（静电容量×电压儋），生产钽粉的中间原料逐渐从钽氟化物转变为固体氧化物。H·C·Stark公司在德国和日本的生产厂，用固体氧化物原料生产出CV值在10万以上的产品，并逐渐增加产量。CABOTSUPERMETAL公司也开始上马可提高CV值的固体氧化物为原料的钽粉制造设备。[第一段]     

废硫酸回收用钽管的加工研究

研究了废硫酸回收用钽管的加工工艺.通过改进挤压管坯镗内孔的工艺,实现了挤压管坯不中断,用较长的挤压管坯生产Φ25×0.9×11 000 mm 的长钽管,减少了管材切头尾的长度,提高了管材成品率.在确定成品管前一道次管坯的尺寸时,要综合考虑LD30轧机最大装料长度、钽材的变形程度和减径量与减壁量的比值.用本工艺所制备的钽管已用于废硫酸回收的钽蒸发器的制造,获得良好的应用效果.     

2200℃片式钽电容器真空烧结炉的研制

介绍了2200℃片式钽电容器真空烧结炉的基本结构、工作原理及烧结试验数据，并对该设备在片式钽电容器制造行业的作用进行了阐述。     

钽

据TIC(Tantalum &;amp; Niobium International Study Center)推测，2003年钽制品供应量1899t(以五氧化二钽计，下同)，比上年增长7％。另据《新金属协会钽分会》。统计，日本国内的钽需求也在顺利地增长，到达542t，增长20％。     

钽材轧制和再结晶织构演变研究进展

钽作为一种稀有难熔金属,耐化学腐蚀、电子迁移率低、延展性好、价格昂贵,常用在具有特殊性能要求的苛刻环境中。近些年来,钽材的生产工艺逐步改进,性能不断提高,但生产过程中其晶粒不可避免地会出现择优取向,即织构。织构能明显影响钽材的性能,不同用途的钽制品对织构的要求也不同,深冲时要求有强烈的{111}织构,溅射时需要织构均匀分布。轧制工艺和再结晶退火作为改变晶体材料各向异性的主要手段,前者可影响滑移系的激活和晶粒的转动状态,形成不同的轧制织构,后者能使特定取向的晶粒优先形核并快速长大,形成再结晶织构。国内外对金属材料的织构进行了大量研究,然而主要集中于钢铁和面心立方晶粒材料,对于钽这样的稀贵金属的织构研究较少。主要综述了钽材在轧制和再结晶过程中织构的变化规律,重点介绍了钽材冷轧和再结晶织构演变的研究现状及最新进展。     

三工位片式钽电容器真空预烧炉的研制

介绍了三工位片式钽电容器真空预烧炉的基本结构、工作原理及钽电容器阳极块真空预烧的工艺过程,并对该设备在片式钽电容器制造行业的意义进行了阐述。     

A model for simulating the grinding and classification cyclic system of waste PCBs recycling production line

Crushing and separating technology is widely used in waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) recycling process. A set of automatic line without negative impact to environment for recycling waste PCBs was applied in industry scale. Crushed waste PCBs particles grinding and classification cyclic system is the most important part of the automatic production line, and it decides the efficiency of the whole production line. In this paper, a model for computing the process of the system was established, and matrix analysis method was adopted. The result showed that good agreement can be achieved between the simulation model and the actual production line, and the system is anti-jamming. This model possibly provides a basis for the automatic process control of waste PCBs production line. With this model, many engineering problems can be reduced, such as metals and nonmetals insufficient dissociation, particles over-pulverizing, incomplete comminuting, material plugging and equipment fever.     

A system tradeoff model for processing options for household plastic waste

With the "Containers and Packaging Recycling Law", Japan has shown a firm conviction towards the promotion of recycling. Waste can be "recycled", i.e. resource value of waste material can be recovered, in many ways, from material recycling to energy recycling. Alternatively, waste can be reduced or disposed of in landfills. A system tradeoff model is developed from component process technology models of six different recycling and disposal options for household plastic waste processing: plastic pellet production, refuse derived fuel production, oil production, waste incineration to produce electricity, use of waste plastic as a coke substitute, and incineration for volume reduction. These technologies are compared with the case where all waste plastic is land filled. Models based on plant data, laboratory experiments, and theoretical considerations of scale effects and mass balances are developed to calculate the cost, energy consumption, CO₂ emission, and land fill occupancy. The models also calculate the valued products of each technology and convert them into cost, energy, CO₂, and landfill occupancy using life cycle inventory data. These values are subtracted from the outputs of the waste processing models to obtain overall performances for each technology. The overall tradeoff system model is then used to evaluate several scenarios of plastic recycling and disposal technologies in Tokyo. Electronic Publication     

生物粘合剂在废旧沥青材料再生应用中的研究进展

为充分利用道路行业以及建筑行业每年产生的大量废旧沥青材料,改善传统路面再生技术对旧料利用率低且对环境造成的不良影响,介绍了一种将生物粘合剂用于废旧沥青材料再生的方法。重点阐述了由猪粪热解得到的生物粘合剂对回收的废旧沥青材料和回收沥青瓦的改性再生方法,以及再生后材料的路用性能,指出存在的问题和未来进一步研究建议。现有研究表明,生物粘合剂加入到废旧沥青材料中能有效降低其粘度,改善其和易性,显著提高废旧沥青材料含量大的混合料的低温抗裂性和抵抗疲劳开裂性能,且其水稳定性和抗车辙性能均能满足规范要求,相比传统沥青路面旧料的再生利用方法具备优良的环境、经济和实施效益。将生物粘合剂用于废旧沥青材料再生行业具有广阔的发展前景,可以为在我国铺面工程中的研究应用提供参考。     

Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: a review

The production of electric and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the fastest growing areas. This development has resulted in an increase of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). In view of the environmental problems involved in the management of WEEE, many counties and organizations have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal. Recycling of WEEE is an important subject not only from the point of waste treatment but also from the recovery of valuable materials.WEEE is diverse and complex, in terms of materials and components makeup as well as the original equipment's manufacturing processes. Characterization of this waste stream is of paramount importance for developing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly recycling system. In this paper, the physical and particle properties of WEEE are presented. Selective disassembly, targeting on singling out hazardous and/or valuable components, is an indispensable process in the practice of recycling of WEEE. Disassembly process planning and innovation of disassembly facilities are most active research areas. Mechanical/physical processing, based on the characterization of WEEE, provides an alternative means of recovering valuable materials. Mechanical processes, such as screening, shape separation, magnetic separation, Eddy current separation, electrostatic separation, and jigging have been widely utilized in recycling industry. However, recycling of WEEE is only beginning.For maximum separation of materials, WEEE should be shredded to small, even fine particles, generally below 5 or 10mm. Therefore, a discussion of mechanical separation processes for fine particles is highlighted in this paper.Consumer electronic equipment (brown goods), such as television sets, video recorders, are most common. It is very costly to perform manual dismantling of those products, due to the fact that brown goods contain very low-grade precious metals and copper. It is expected that a mechanical recycling process will be developed for the upgrading of low metal content scraps.     

乡村废弃蛋壳资源设计再造应用研究

目的 废弃蛋壳属于典型乡村废弃物,而乡村废弃物的累积会导致生态环境问题。因此,对此类资源进行有效利用是乡村生态文化建设的重要内容。方法 本文通过对乡村废弃蛋壳资源设计的再造工艺进行研究,将废弃蛋壳转化为一种新型塑合物材料。同时,本研究对该材料的可加工性能、稳定性能,以及外观表现效果进行了初步的测试,以研究材料的产品设计应用方向。在此基础上开展设计应用,并以问卷的形式,调研用户对设计成果的使用满意度。结果 开展基于乡村场景的设计应用实践,将废弃蛋壳设计再造为装饰品和生活用品。结论 设计再造的工艺将废弃蛋壳制成易于加工的新材料,使其具有独特的外表肌理、透光性、一定的稳定性,且能够自然地降解。设计应用流程简单,不需要专业设备,成本低、能耗少、对环境友好,适合于乡村场景下的小批量手工艺产品,展现乡土美感,具有一定应用前景。     

Evaluation of cleaner production audit in pharmaceutical production industry: case study of the pharmaceutical plant in Dalian,P. R. China

The pharmaceutical industry in China makes an important contribution to the national economy. However, the associated pollution problems cause gradual deterioration of the environment and impact adversely on the local community. Cleaner production (CP) technology, an effective way to reduce waste emission and save resources, has been widely employed in the pharmaceutical industry in the developed countries. Such technologies have been applied in a number of factories in China, although there is no integrated assessment and implementation procedure for implementing CP technologies in pharmaceutical plants. To solve such problems, a series of CP options are proposed and assessed here. CP is a powerful tool for decreasing waste production, limiting environmental pollution and natural resource depletion. Moreover, the return on investment in CP is quick, so it would seem that CP activities should be very much in demand by enterprises. Reality is less optimistic: frequently only limited interest is expressed, even after an explanation; business people hesitate to become actively involved. The processes in the pharmaceutical production industry produce a vast amount of waste, including wastewater with high concentrations of organic substances (the principal component), solid waste, and organic off-gas. To solve such problems, a series of CP options are proposed and assessed in this study. Having consideration to environmental impacts and economic efficiency, four groups of medium/high cost CP options were screened in an integrated assessment. To verify the proposed options, a case study was conducted in Degussa Luyuan, Northeast China. The characteristics of resource consumption and waste emission during the production process were identified. The proposed options were evaluated according to different aspects. An integrated CP system based on the proposed options was designed and then implemented in the factory. In three years of practical use, the productivity and quality of alcohol product were improved, with a reduction in waste and pollution and a marked increase in water/energy savings. This study provides theoretical and practical support for the extensive application of CP technologies and sustainable development in China’s pharmaceutical industry. These methods include ways to clean up production that are incorporated in the process design, reforming present production technologies, updating the equipment, exploiting new producing flowcharts, using cleaner energy, building recycling into the manufacturing process, recycling waste, enhancing management, developing environmental protection technology, and ensuring satisfactory end-of-pipe disposal.     

探究聚氨酯废弃软泡的资源化利用技术(上)

软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料废旧物的回收利用无疑对环境保护和资源利用是有利的,由于聚氨酯的用量较大,而近期原料价格居高不下,其废弃物回收资源化利用市场前景看好。针对废旧聚氨酯软泡塑料的循环利用形势所迫,分别论述了废旧聚氨酯软泡塑料的物理回收利用技术;废旧聚氨酯软泡塑料的化学回收利用技术;废旧聚氨酯软泡回收利用的粘结加压成型和挤出成型技术,以及废旧聚氨酯软泡回收利用热解法制作填料技术等的工艺特点、加工方法,同时指出其社会效益、经济效益和市场前景。     

塑料包装废弃物的化学回收技术研究进展

目的 以聚烯烃和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)为研究对象综述近5年来塑料包装废弃物的化学回收技术,以期为塑料包装废弃物的资源化技术发展趋势提供参考。方法 通过收集与整理相关文献,阐述聚烯烃类以及PET包装废弃物的化学回收方法、常用催化剂、反应装置等,分析催化剂、反应装置、反应温度等条件对产物收率、成分的影响。结论 未来短期内柔性包装材料仍然会以聚烯烃、聚酯等传统石油基材料为主。化学回收是废塑料资源化的一种重要手段,传统催化剂的改良、新型催化剂的开发以及反应装置的优化将是该领域未来的研究重点。     

包装废弃 PET 瓶的处理及再生资源化技术 研究进展

废弃 PET 作为生活与工业中随处可见的固体废弃物之一,因其具有 稳定的物理化学特性而难以在自然界中降解,是目前需要回收处理的重要固 体废弃物之一。概括了废弃 PET 主要有三种回收技术,即物理回收法、化学 回收法和生物回收法,并分别简述三种回收法的原理、优缺点和研究现状。 可见,回收废弃 PET 主要采用物理回收法,化学回收法作为辅助技术,生物 回收法仍处于研究阶段。化学回收法能有效实现废弃 PET 资源的高效利用, 因而我国在废弃物处理技术发展进程中的关键是通过化学回收法将废弃 PET 进行高效率降解转化,再将产物用于制备新型的高纯度化工原料,以提高废 弃 PET 的再生资源化利用率,使利用率达到 90% 以上。