The application of the conjugate gradient method for the solution of electromagnetic scattering from arbitrarily oriented wire antennas

The method of conjugate gradients is applied to the analysis of radiation from thin-wire antennas. With this iterative technique, it is possible to solve electrically large arbitrarily oriented wire structures without storing any matrices as is conventionally done in the method of moments. The basic difference between the proposed method and Galerkin's method, for the same expansion functions, is that for the iterative technique we are solving a least squares problem. Hence, as the order of the approximation is increased, the proposed technique guarantees a monotonic decrease of the least squared error (parallel AI - Yparallel^{2}), whereas Galerkin's method does not. Even though the method converges for any initial guess, a good one may significantly reduce the time of computation. Also, explicit error formulas are given for the rate of convergence of this method. Hence, any problem can be solved to a prespecified degree of accuracy. It is shown that the method has the advantage of a direct solution as the final solution is obtained in a finite number of steps. The method is also suitable for solving singular operator equations in which case the method monotonically converges to the least squares solution with minimum norm. Numerical results are presented for the thin-wire antennas and are compared with the solution obtained by the method of moments.     

分区变分法和固体能带的计算

本文简要介绍了分区变分法和Ⅳ族半导体能带的计算,给出了金刚石、硅和锗的能带.在此基础上又讨论了自洽能带计算和经验调整能带计算方法,从而给出了分区变分法的一个完整的概貌.用新的合金能带计算模型计算了锗硅合金的能带,对无序体系电子态的计算进行了一次初步的尝试.最后从计算方法、势场特性和波函数衔接等方面对现有能带计算方法进行了分析和比较,从中看出分区变分法的优点.     

Subspace regularization method for the single-trial estimation ofevoked potentials

A method for the single-trial estimation of the evoked potentials is proposed. The method is based on the so-called subspace regularization approach in which the second-order statistics of the set of the measurements is used to form a prior information model for the evoked potentials. The method is closely related to the Bayesian estimation. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using realistic simulations. As a specific application the method is applied to the estimation of the target responses in the P300 test.     

平板缝隙天线的计算机辅助设计

基于边值积分方程方法的小型平面缝隙阵的机助设计方法。这种计算方法是严格的。但即使对于小型阵，计算量也相当大。对小型阵提出缝列与耦合分支分别设计的方法，并给出模型实验结果。实验结果表明，对于一般指标的方阵，这种方法是可行的。对于低分瓣和超低旁瓣阵，尤其大型阵，还需以严格计算代替大量实验，去寻求简化计算的经验方法，建立一种半经验的机助设计方法。     

Validation,off-line programming and optimisation of industrial control logic

This article proposes a classification of different methods for validation, off-line programming and optimisation of control logic. The classification is an overview of different methods available and includes advantages and disadvantages for each method. The method overview points out a superior method, control system emulation, which is the most cost-effective and flexible method. The control system emulation method is also general and may be applied to validate and optimise control logic in various applications. Further, the method is compared with several other methods for validation of industrial control systems. However the method requires a standardised system architecture. This article proposes such architecture for the control system emulation method. Here, a control system emulator has also been implemented with the specific system architecture described in this article. An application case is also provided to demonstrate an approach to the integration of a control system emulator into a virtual manufacturing system.     

Numerical diffraction coefficients for surface waves

The numerical uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) is extended to include surface waves. A method for extracting surface wave diffraction coefficients from moment method data is given and Prony's method is applied to the problem of determining surface wave propagation constants. The method is validated through comparison with the exact solution of the problem of surface wave diffraction by a truncated dielectric slab recessed in a conducting surface. Examples are given for scattering from dielectric slabs and frequency-selective surfaces and for radiation from a conformal microstrip antenna with a truncated substrate. The accuracy obtained is demonstrated by comparison with moment method calculations     

RF Capacitance Extraction Utilizing a Series Resistance Deembedding Scheme for Ultraleaky MOS Devices

An accurate extraction method for series resistance and capacitance based on RF S-parameter measurement in ultraleaky MOS devices is presented in this paper. The method is proven by using a three-element equivalent circuit model for a capacitor and a well-known microwave theory. The proposed method improves the measurement accuracy and significantly reduces the frequency-dependence of capacitance. This method is demonstrated for a 1.5 nm SiO₂ dielectric NMOSFET.     

An efficient heuristic for standard-cell placement

A new method is presented for optimization of the one and two-dimensional quadratic assignment problem. The method is suitable for placement problems as they appear in sea-of-gates and standard-cell layout styles for VLSI design. The method is based on recursive partitioning and is a generalization of the method introduced by Kuh et al. It is more flexible than Kuh's method because it does not require a special distribution of the external connections on the boundary of the chip. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(_n Iog²_n). A numerical evaluation of the method is presented, which shows its efficiency for generating near optimal solutions for the quadratic assignment problem as well as for practical standard-cell placement problems.     

Model-Based Satellite Image Fusion

A method is proposed for pixel-level satellite image fusion derived directly from a model of the imaging sensor. By design, the proposed method is spectrally consistent. It is argued that the proposed method needs regularization, as is the case for any method for this problem. A framework for pixel neighborhood regularization is presented. This framework enables the formulation of the regularization in a way that corresponds well with our prior assumptions of the image data. The proposed method is validated and compared with other approaches on several data sets. Lastly, the intensity-hue-saturation method is revisited in order to gain additional insight of what implications the spectral consistency has for an image fusion method.     

Correction to effective index method for rectangular dielectricwaveguides

A new method for obtaining the propagation characteristics of dielectric waveguides is presented. The method is based on a linear combination of three approximations. A comparison with a rigorous analytical method shows that the method presented is very accurate, even in the cutoff region. The method is easy to implement and requires minimal computational effort     

一种新的遗传神经网络组合方法在近红外光谱分析中的应用

近红外光谱分析技术中波长点的选择和建模方法的选取对建立预测分析模型至关重要.在传统相关系数法的基础上,提出了一种基于遗传算法的相关系数阈值优化方法.该方法以决定系数最大为优化目标,寻找最佳阈值.校正时用径向基神经网络来建立定标模型,选取中心时采用正交最小平方法.采用新方法预测了汽油中的碳酸二甲酯含量,把预测结果与偏最小二乘法的实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,新方法的预测精度更高,决定系数可达到0.9993.     

A two-dimensional time-domain finite element formulation for periodic structures

A formulation is presented for a two-dimensional time-domain finite-element method (FEM-TD) that incorporates periodic boundaries. The specifics of the method are shown for scattering problems, but it should be straightforward to extend it to radiation problems. The method solves for a transformed field variable (instead of solving directly for the electric field) in order to easily enable periodic boundary conditions in the time domain. The accuracy and stability of the method is demonstrated by a series of examples where the new formulation is compared with reference solutions. Very accurate results are obtained when the excitation (frequency range) and the geometry are such that no higher order Floquet modes are present. The accuracy is degraded in the presence of higher order modes due to the rather simple absorbing boundary condition that is used with the present formulation. The method is found to be stable even for angles of incidence close to grazing.     

The effective index method and its application to semiconductor lasers

By the effective index method a two-dimensional field problem is transformed to a problem for a one-dimensional effective waveguide. This method is applied to semiconductor lasers having a gradual lateral variation in the complex permittivity. For the special case of a parabolic variation, analytical formulas for the required gain in the center and the half width of the intensity distribution are derived. The results are compared with a numerical method and very good agreement is found except in some cases where convergence problems occur for the numerical method. This agreement is taken as evidence for the validity of results obtained using the effective index method for analysis of semiconductor laser structures.     

Stability of full-wave PEEC models: reason for instabilities and approach for correction

The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is a widespread numerical method for creating full-wave models of interconnection structures in the frequency and time domains for use in modeling EMC problems. The possible instabilities of time domain solutions-so-called late time instabilities-can complicate the use of the method. Several attempts to improve the stability of time domain solutions have been made in the literature. A new mathematically correct approach for analyzing the stability of PEEC circuits is presented in this paper. The reason for instabilities is discovered, and a method for stability improvement is developed and tested.     

A reciprocity method of analysis for printed slot and slot-coupled microstrip antennas

A method is presented for the analysis of slot-type discontinuities in microstripline. The approach is based on the reciprocity theorem and uses the exact Green's functions for the grounded dielectric slab in a moment method solution for the unknown antenna currents. The method is applied to two specific geometries: a radiating slot in the ground plane of a microstripline, and an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna. Results for antenna impedance are compared with measurements, and far-zone patterns are calculated. The method is shown to be quite versatile, and should find application to related problems.     

A control method for a nonlinear multivariable system: applicationto interstitial laser hyperthermia

An original adaptive control method is presented for controlling a nonlinear multivariable system. The method, which could be described as a modified quasi-linear approach, involves dividing the source excitation into a series of pulsing rounds and is implemented as a control algorithm on a computer. The theory underlying the method is developed with reference to an application involving temperature control in interstitial laser hyperthermia. In this application, the method is both successful and necessary to achieve optimally uniform elevated temperatures in a ground beef phantom. Apart from variable and parameter definitions, the method is otherwise general and might be useful for controlling a nonlinear system in which no prior exact characterization of the system is possible. Simulations were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the method in systems for which the unit excitation response changes by factors ranging from zero to three over the total period of excitation. In each case the method has proven stable.     

Direct Measurement of Small Antenna Radiation Efficiency by Calorimetric Method

A novel method for radiation efficiency measurement of small-size radiators such as mobile phones and other handheld wireless devices is presented. The method is based on the accurate determination of the power which is dissipated in the antenna under test using a calorimetric approach. The principle of the method, some of its variants, and the experimental setup are described. Application of the method is demonstrated for several test objects with different efficiencies. Accuracy is validated by comparison of calorimetric radiation efficiency against numerical estimates and independent measurements using the reflection efficiency method, a generalized variant of the Wheeler cap method, whose basic limitations are briefly discussed. Due to the calorimetric principle employed in the proposed new method, it qualifies equally well as a highly accurate reference method for radiation efficiency measurements and as a low-cost alternative to three-dimensional pattern integration and Wheeler cap type efficiency estimates.     

基于混沌搜索的故障测试集最小化方法

针对集成电路故障测试集最小化问题的具体特点，利用混沌序列来控制搜索过程变量的变化规则，并引入对同一测试矢量所能覆盖的故障同时更新的特殊机制，提出了一种基于混沌搜索的测试集最小化方法，该方法具有很好的全局搜索能力。实验结果验证了该方法的高效性与实用性。     

Optimal reduced-rank estimation and filtering

This paper provides a unified view of, and a further insight into, a class of optimal reduced-rank estimators and filters. An alternating power (AP) method for computing the optimal reduced-rank estimators and filters is derived and analyzed. The AP method is a generalization of the conventional power method for subspace computation, which is shown to be globally and exponentially convergent under weak conditions. When the rank reduction is relatively large, the AP method is computationally more efficient than the conventional methods. The AP method is useful for adaptive computation of the canonical components of a desired reduced-rank estimate, which in turn facilitates the detection of a time-varying rank. The study shown in this paper is particularly useful for applications that involve a large number of sources and a large number of receivers, where rank reduction is either inherent in the multivariate system or required to reduce the model complexity and/or the computational load     

Determining Q using S parameter data

A method is presented for determining frequency selectivity (Q) of a network using scattering (S) parameter data, data that is readily available from network measurements or analysis. The approach is based on a formulation for Q that uses the change in reactance of the resonant circuit with frequency. The method yields accurate Q results for both high and low Q resonators. Furthermore, the method is easy to implement and to understand. An example is given for calculating the Q of a tapped-stub resonator. Using this example, the new method is compared to the critical points (CP) method, an approach based on a Foster network type of formulation