Hot deformation behaviors and flow stress model of GCr15 bearing steel

The hot deformation behaviors of GCr15 bearing steel were investigated by isothermal compression tests, performed on a Gleeble-3800 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures between 950℃ and 1150℃ and strain rates between 0.1 and 10 s^-1. The peak stress and peak strain as functions of processing parameters were obtained. The dependence of peak stress on strain rate and temperature obeys a hyperbolic sine equation with a Zener-Hollomon parameter. By regression analysis, in the temperature range of 950-1 150℃ and strain rate range of 0.1-10 s^-1, the mean activation energy and the stress exponent were determined to be 351kJ/mol and 4.728, respectively. Meanwhile, models of flow stress and dynamic recrystallization （DRX） grain size were also established. The model predictions show good agreement with experimental results.     

316LN热变形行为及动态再结晶晶粒的演变规律

采用热压缩试验研究了316LN不锈钢在温度1250℃-900℃,应变速率0．005s^-1～0．5s^-1,变形程度50％条件下的变形行为和组织演变;分析了变形参数对应力-应变曲线的影响规律,计算获得了该钢热变形应力指数和激活能;并通过动态再结晶晶粒演变规律的研究,建立了该钢热变形动态再结晶图,以及动态再结晶晶粒演变规律模型。研究结果可为316LN不锈钢锻造过程晶粒细匀化的控制提供科学的依据。     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950-1200℃,应变速率为0.1-10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明：在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为：ε=2.41×1016[sinh（0.012σs）]3.91exp （-436000/RT）。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

37Mn5钢高温变形抗力模型及动态再结晶动力学模型研究

通过Gleeble热模拟试验获得不同变形条件下37Mn5钢的应力应变试验数据,采用不同模型对试验数据进行回归,找到适合37Mn5钢高温变形时的变形抗力模型。同时,通过计算得到了该钢的动态再结晶动力学方程和动态再结晶体积分数表达式。将以上模型的计算值与实测值进行比较,结果表明,计算值与实测值非常接近。     

Constitutive Modeling and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms of an Ultralow-carbon Microalloyed Steel During Hot Compression Tests

The hot deformation behavior of an ultralow-carbon microalloyed steel was investigated using an MMS-200 thermal simulation test machine in a temperature range of 1 073-1 373 K and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s~(-1).The results show that the flow stress decreases with increasing deformation temperature or decreasing strain rate.The strain-compensated constitutive model based on the Arrhenius equation for this steel was established using the true stress-strain data obtained from a hot compression test.Furthermore,a new constitutive model based on the Z-parameter was proposed for this steel.The predictive ability of two constitutive models was compared with statistical measures.The results indicate the new constitutive model based on the Z-parameter can more accurately predict the flow stress of an ultralow-carbon microalloyed steel during hot deformation.The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation mechanism at different deformation temperatures was observed and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),and strain-induced grain boundary migration was observed at 1 373 K/0.01 s~(-1).     

Q345B钢动态再结晶动力学模型研究

在Gleeble1500热模拟机上进行Q345B钢单道次压缩变形实验,得到其真应力-真应变曲线,结合加工硬化率曲线,确定了Q345B钢动态再结晶临界应变εc、峰值应变εP和稳态应变εs。根据实验结果得到Zener-Hollomon方程和动态再结晶状态图,利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami（JMA）方程法得到再结晶体积分数实际值,采用3种不同的再结晶体积分数预报模型对实验数据进行回归,并对再结晶体积分数实测值和预报值进行对比。结果表明,Epsilon-S／Epsilon-C模型精度最高,Epsilon-S模型精度次之,Epsilon-P模型精度最差。     

超低碳钢低温变形流动应力模型的比较

超低碳钢铁素体在低温变形条件下,变形金属很难发生动态再结晶。一般可用常规流动应力模型、神经网络模型或者动态回复模型来描述该种变形条件下的金属流动应力。通过一种Ti—IF超低碳钢低温变形热模拟实验,对上述3种流动应力模型进行对比分析。结果表明,动态回复模型具有最高的预报精度。在超低碳钢低温变形模拟计算和实际设定计算时,应优先选用动态回复模型。     

82B高碳钢热变形行为研究

采用单道次热压缩实验方法,在Thermomaster-Z型热模拟试验机上模拟高碳钢高速线材热轧变形过程动态再结晶行为,测定82B高碳钢在变形温度为800～1 100℃、变形速率为0.1～50 s-1、变形程度为0～0.60条件下的真应力-应变曲线,利用曲线特征值确定高应变速率下的变形激活能,根据实验结果分析动态再结晶变形条件,建立动态再结晶状态图。     

PCrNi3MoVA钢动态再结晶临界条件试验研究

本文利用Formastor-Press型热模拟试验机,研究了PCrNi_3MoVA钢热变形过程中主要工艺参数对该钢动态再结晶过程中力学行为的影响。建立了试验用钢的动态再结晶临界条件回归方程。求得了发生动态再结晶时的形变热激活能为259kJ/mol,应力指数为4.46。研究了温度补偿应变速率系数Z对热变形流变特性的影响及对流变应力的影响规律,得到了峰值应力σ,与Z之间的关系式。     

Research on constitutive equation of DIWA353 steel used in hemisphere head of power station nearby recrystallization temperature

To simulate the DIWA353 steel used in boiler nearby recrystallization temperature accurately by using finite element,the high temperature constitutive model of this material must be researched firstly....     

Mg-9Gd-3Y合金热变形行为与本构关系

为了解决Mg-9Gd-3Y合金在热塑性变形过程中的本构关系问题,对Mg-9Gd-3Y合金进行了不同变形温度（653～753K）下采用不同应变速率（0.01～10s-1）的热压缩试验,利用载荷/位移数据建立真应力/真应变曲线和本构方程.结果表明：动态再结晶在晶界处较易发生,流变曲线显示出典型的动态再结晶特征,以及应力水平与变形温度和应变速率的关系.本构方程预测出的流变应力数据与相应的试验结果较一致.     

碳钢高温流变应力模型研究

建立简洁、包含动态再结晶信息、具有普遍性的碳钢高温流变应力模型,分析应力-应变曲线的可能形态,提出了模型必须满足的基本条件.从基本条件入手,结合现有研究成果,通过数学推导,提出了包含动态再结晶信息的碳钢高温流变应力模型,实现了从数学和物理上对应力-应变曲线的描述.利用Gleeble-1500实验机对Q235B进行单道次压缩实验,通过实验数据的非线性拟合构建了Q235B对应的流变应力模型.应用结果表明:模型能很好地描述Q235B的高温力学行为,合理且准确,为高温流变应力模型的建立提供了新的思路.     

09CuPTiRE钢动态再结晶的热模拟实验与有限元模拟

以热模拟实验为基础，建立09CuPriRE钢的动态再结晶模型．应用有限元软件DEFORM模拟热压缩变形并提取模拟信息，编程实现动态再结晶体积百分数分布的可视化．模拟结果表明，增大变形量、提高变形温度以及减小变形速率，都能促进动态再结晶发生，其中变形量及变形温度影响显著．这与实验曲线反映的特征相符，从而证明了模型及模拟的有效性．     

Determination of the dynamic recrystallization kinetics model for SCM435 steel

The flow stress behavior of SCM435 steel was studied by using a MMS-200 thermal simulation machine, under the conditions with deformation temperatures of 1023–1323 K and strain rate of 0.01–10 s^?1. The experimental results indicated that the critical strain would get smaller with the increment in temperature and the decrement in strain rate, leaving the dynamic recrystallization easier to occur. The peak stress constitutive equation of SCM435 steel under high temperatures was established by the form of hyperbolic sine, and the activation energy of deformation under high temperature was obtained by regression equation. The critical strain ? _c for dynamic recrystallization was accurately derived from the θ-σ curve containing strain hardening rate θ and flow stress σ. Then the correlation between peak stress, peak strain, critical stress, critical strain and the parameter Z was further obtained. The Avrami kinetic equation of dynamic recrystallization for SCM435 steel was developed from stress-strain curve, and the Avrami exponent m was abstracted. Observations also indicated that the Avrami constants would decrease with increments in temperature, but increase with increments in strain rate. The Avrami constant took small influence from the deforming temperature, but significant influence from strain rate, and the correlation between Avrami constant and the strain rate was obtained by regression equation.     

Hot deformation behavior of Super304H austenitic heat resistant steel

The hot compression tests of Super304H austenitic heat resistant steel were carried out at 800-1200℃and 0.005-5 s~(-1) using a Gleeble 3500 thermal-mechanical simulator,and its deformation behavior was analyzed.The results show that the flow stress of Super304H steel decreases with the decrease of strain rate and the increase of deformation temperature;the hot deformation activation energy of the steel is 485 kJ/mol.The hot deformation equation and the relationship between the peak stress and the deforma...     

基于偏好多目标优化和遗传算法的输电网架重构

提出一种基于偏好多目标优化和遗传算法的输电网架重构方法,考虑对于不同优化目标的偏好,制定网架重构方案。计及系统中机组、线路以及负荷的影响,提出3个评价指标作为优化目标,构建一个偏好多目标优化模型。考虑到所建优化模型的偏好性和离散性,提出一种基于偏好的非支配排序遗传算法。提出基于偏好的支配关系、种群规模控制技术以及重复个体过滤技术,用于提高算法的效率,获得解数目可控的偏好Pareto最优解集。仿真结果表明,所提模型能够有效平衡网架重构的不同影响因素,所提算法对于网架重构优化问题有较高的求解效率。     

Flow stress behavior and processing map of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy during hot compression

The hot deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag was studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 573-773 K and strain rate range of 0.001-1 s^-1 on a Gleeble 1500 D thermal mechanical simulator. The results show the flow stress of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate and temperature, the flow stress equation is estimated to illustrate the relation of strain rate and stress and temperature during high temperature deformation process. The processing maps exhibit two domains as optimum fields for hot deformation at different strains, including the high strain rate domain in 623-773 K and the low strain rate domain in 573-673 K.     

Deformation Behavior of 6063 Aluminum Alloy During High-Speed Compression

The deformation behavior characteristics of 6063 aluminum alloy were studied experimentally by isothermal compression tests on a Gleeble- 1500 thermal-mechanical simulator. Cylindrical specimens of 14mm in height and 10mm in diameter were compressed dynamically at temperatures ranging from 473 to 723K and at higher strain rntes from 5 to 30s^-1. It is fouud that the flow curves not only depend on the strain rate and temperature but nlso on the dynamic recovery aud recrystallization behavior. The results show that the flow stress decreased with the increase of temperature, while increased with the increase of strain rate. The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization （DDRX） may take place at a high strain rate of 20s^-1 under the tested conditions. At 30s^-1 , the flow curve can exhibit,flow softening due to the effect of temperature rise that raised the temperature by aboat 32K in less than 0.05s.     

37Mn5钢热变形行为与流变应力模型研究

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机研究37Mn5钢在变形温度为800～1150℃、变形速率为0．1～10s^-1条件下的热压缩变形行为。采用应变硬化率-应力曲线图较精确地获得峰值应力,并用双曲正弦方程描述37Mn5钢热压缩变形过程中的峰值应力与Zener—Hollomon参数的关系。回归分析得到方程中变形激活能及各材料常数的值,获得37Mn5钢在高温条件下的流变应力本构方程。结果表明,采用该本构方程计算出的流变应力值与实验所得应力值非常接近。     

Al-1Mn-1Mg合金热变形过程中的动态软化行为研究

研究了Al-1Mn-1Mg合金不同变形下的流变应力曲线和微观结构特征,探讨了该铝材在热变形过程中的动态软化行为。结果表明,应变速率为0.1 s-1时,若变形温度较低,则发生了动态回复;若变形温度高于723 K,产生明显的动态再结晶;变形温度为673 K时,在低应变速率条件下,产生动态再结晶,应变速率高于0.1 s-1,软化过程具有动态回复和动态再结晶的混合特征。当应变速率高于5.0 s-1时,产生几何动态再结晶。