固体径迹探测器测量微型反应堆裂变率

利用固体径迹探测器测量处于微型反应堆不同位置的燃料元件内单位体积的裂变率,得到了堆的裂变率分布和总裂变率,并与其它参数相结合,求得了反应堆功率。同时,测量了对应功率下反应堆内辐照座的热中子通量密度,得到了单位功率的热中子通量密度,从而求得了额定中子通量密度下的运行功率。文章给出的测量方法,避免了其它方法测量功率所引入的近似假设。     

固体径迹探测器测量反应堆功率研究

在零功率反应堆上利用固体径迹探测器直接测量燃料元件内的裂变率，可得到反应堆的功率。同时测量反应堆某位置的热中子通量密度，继而可得到单位功率的热中子通量密度。因此，通过测量该点的任何热中子通量密度即可得到反应堆的运行功率。该方法可以减少与能谱测量有关的修正工作。由于辐照所需的中子通量密度低、时间短，因此与活化法等相比具有明显的优点。     

巴基斯坦微堆内辐照座通量密度与堆功率的测定

文章叙述了用4πβγ符合方法,通过测量金箔在堆内照射生成的活性,得到巴基斯坦微型反应堆辐照座内的热中子通量密度。并用积分方法求得裂变率,计算出单位功率的热中子通量密度,建立标准点,最后得到巴基斯坦微堆的功率。     

一种高灵敏度裂变室的研制

介绍了一种高灵敏度裂变室的研制,探讨了其设计方案、制造工艺和性能。这种裂变室灵敏区较宽、热中子灵敏度较高、抗γ能力较强,可作为核反应堆堆外中子注量率测量探测器,可在反应堆启动和不同功率运行时给出功率监测的信号。该裂变室通过了LOCA工况试验测试,可用于事故后监测。     

裂变同位素靶管在300#反应堆的辐照实验

将裂变同位素靶管放入300#反应堆特殊燃料元件盒中辐照.叙述了辐照定位装置的加工以及靶管取放、定位、热电偶导出线固定等详情,测量了轴向中子注量率分布、水隙内和靶管内外壁的中子注量率,刻度了靶管的反应性,分五个功率台阶测量了靶管壁面温度和堆池温度.测量得到的热中子注量率沉降因子与根据生产厂家报告推出的自屏因子基本符合.将计算的和测量的靶管外壁温度进行比较,可认为铀靶生产厂家给出的靶管各热物性参数是准确的.     

铀水栅零功率反应堆的功率刻度

反应堆功率的测量,在堆功率高时一般用热工方法,功率低时,可用各种堆物理方法,如中子源引进法、中子统计法和全堆总裂变率法。 中子源引进法误差较大,中子统计法需知探测器在堆内的效率和堆的β_(aff)值,此二者都较难测量。全堆总裂变率法是由测量堆的总裂变率来求得堆功率,它可避免前面两种方法的缺点,但需依赖裂变率相对分布的     

启明星1#次临界装置的裂变率分布

启明星1#次临界装置是我国为开展加速器驱动的次临界系统(ADS)研究而建立的国际上第1个具有快-热耦合结构的次临界反应堆实验装置。启明星1#次临界装置在确定的装载下、由不同能量的外中子源作用时,利用MCNP程序分别对装置快中子能谱区、热中子能谱区燃料元件的径向及轴向裂变率分布进行模拟计算,所使用外中子源的中子能量分别为2.5、5、14MeV。计算结果表明:在外中子源源强相同的情况下,源中子能量越高,裂变率越大;在源中子能量相同的情况下,次临界反应堆的轴向裂变率分布为中间高、两端低,径向裂变率分布在快中子能谱区先减小后增大,而热中子能谱区则是先增大后减小,然后,随着接近反射层又逐渐增大。该裂变率分布计算结果为后续实验测量和探测器布置提供了参考。     

反应堆中子注量率谱的谱参数法解

按照费米年龄理论,提出包含6个待定参数的数学表达式来描述反应堆堆内空间某点完整的中子注量率谱,并由此使用非线性规划可变容差法建立了新的解谱方法和相应解谱程序SNAIL。对于热中子反应堆内部的中子注量率谱,根据测量的反应率数据计算得到的整个能区中子注量率谱结果很满意,与NEUSPAC解谱程序解得的中子注量率谱符合得很好。对于中能中子场和快中子反应堆,在未使用可裂变材料探测器情况下,计算结果与文献公布的结果基本符合。     

白云母迹径探测器测量宽范围的绝对热中子注量率

我们用白云母径迹探测器测量了几种堆型的绝对热中子注量率,与活化金箔法测量结果在5％内符合。测量范围为10~2～10~8n/cm~2s。 1.原理 在所测的中子场中,裂变材料制成的靶(如~(235)U)受到热中子辐照后产生裂变,当固体径迹探测器与裂变靶贴在一起时,记录下径迹数,即可求得中子场的注量率:     

裂变热电偶的研制

介绍了裂变热电偶研制中一些问题的考虑，以及裂变热电偶的初步性能测试。裂变热电偶中裂变珠的直径为１ｍｍ左右，探测热中子的灵敏度约为３×１０＾９ｎ／ｃｍ＾２·℃，时间响应好于１μｓ。裂变热电偶最明显的应用是描绘堆内和堆周围的中子通量，可作为反应堆诊断学和反应堆控制方面的新工具。     

Estimation of Neutronic Performance of a High Power Density Hybrid Reactor by Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been utilized in the nuclear technology applications since they are fast, precise and flexible vehicles to modeling, simulation and optimization. This paper presents a new approach based on multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNNs) for the estimation of some important neutronic parameters (net ²³⁹Pu production, tritium breeding ratio, cumulative fissile fuel enrichment, and fission rate) of a high power density fusion–fission (hybrid) reactor using light water reactor (LWR) spent fuel. A comparison of the results obtained by the MLPNNs and those found by using the code (Scale 4.3) was carried out. The results pointed out that the MLPNNs trained with least mean squares (LMS) algorithm could provide an accurate computation of the main neutronic parameters for the high power density reactor.     

A Method for Measuring Absolute Reactor Power through Neutron Fluctuation

A new principle is presented for obtaining absolute reactor power by processing the random fluctuation of neutron flux based on the stochastic nature of nuclear reactions. The required combination of instruments to carry out experiments is described, and experimental results obtained in a swimming pool reactor are reported. The power spectral density of the output current of an ion chamber located near the reactor core is determined by reactor kinetic parameters such as delayed neutron yield, life time, ν (mean number of neutrons generated per fission) and counter efficiency as well as by the total number of neutrons in the core, which is a measure of absolute power.

Using either logarithmic amplifier or reactivity meter, absolute reactor power can be measured without any information about detector efficiency. This method has such merits as easiness and simplicity in operation, ability to measure absolute power in the range 0.01～100 W where other methods are inapplicable, and negligible effect of changes in core configuration or in detector position.

The results of actual reactor experiments with this method proved to agree fairly well with those of absolute measurement by gold foil activation.     

Radiochemical Determination of Fission Rate in JRR-4

The fission rate in the core of the Japan Research Reactor 4 (JRR-4) was determined by a method based on radiochemical analysis of ⁹⁹Mo formed in the U samples irradiated in the reactor core.

The contribution of epithermal neutron fission to the total fission rate was evaluated from the Cd ratio for U fission. The contribution was several percent.

For comparison, the thermal neutron flux also was measured, by Au-foil activation. The fission rate determined from the U samples agreed well with the Au-foil data, except at positions in the peripheral region of the reactor core.     

Determination of the neutron flux density at an unknown reactor power

In the present paper, relationships are derived which enable, by using an additional measurement, to calibrate the neutron flux density measured at an unknown low reactor power to the power of 1 MW. The measurements can be carried out with activation detectors using well-known methods, see e.g. (ASTM, 1977, 1980; Zijp, 1984). Constant neutron flux density at a power of 1 MW is assumed during the measurements and a so-called “one-point reactor” model is employed.     

Improvement of Neutron Source Introduction Method for Absolute Measurements of Low Reactor Power

The neutron source introduction method was applied to absolute measurements of low reactor power at the Static Experiment Critical Facility STACY. To obtain the effective neutron source intensity more accurately, which is a key parameter for the source introduction method, the neutron source is newly defined as fission neutrons from the first fission reaction caused by neutrons emitted from the external neutron source. To obtain the newly defined effective neutron source intensity, the probability that a neutron from the external neutron source causes a fission reaction is calculated using the Monte Carlo code MCNP. This calculation took into consideration the three-dimensional complicated core structures. Furthermore, the fission reaction distribution, fundamental mode forward and adjoint flux distribution in a critical state were calculated using the three-dimensional transport code THREEDANT. Following the principle of the neutron source introduction method, an external neutron source was inserted near the STACY core tank and the reactor power was measured. The reactor powers by the neutron source introduction method were in good agreement with the ones from the analyses of the FP activity generated by high power operation.     

超高通量快中子研究堆核燃料概念设计研究

提高中子注量率是高通量研究堆的发展趋势,能够大幅加速反应堆材料研发进程。但若提高中子注量率至1016 cm?2·s?1将导致功率密度峰值相较于现有研究堆高数倍,对反应堆和核燃料设计带来许多挑战。为此,本文从中子学、传热、燃料材料堆内行为等方面半定量分析了提高中子注量率对核燃料性能的影响,并提出应对超高通量和功率密度挑战的设计措施,为发展超高通量快中子研究堆燃料设计提供指导。      

基于蒙特卡罗方法的微型钠冷快堆堆芯物理设计计算

应用MCNP-4C程序为微型钠冷快堆(MFR)概念设计建立了精确的物理计算模型,并对其临界物理特性、中子注量率分布、功率分布和反应性控制进行详细计算.结果表明:MFR的基本物理特性满足堆芯物理设计要求和设计目标,堆芯功率密度和中子注量率分布均匀合理;控制系统能实现安全有效的反应性平衡,满足反应堆长期运行的需要.