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1.
Awareness systems have attracted significant research interest for their potential to support interpersonal relationships.
Investigations of awareness systems for the domestic environment have suggested that such systems can help individuals stay
in touch with dear friends or family and provide affective benefits to their users. Our research provides empirical evidence
to refine and substantiate such suggestions. We report our experience with designing and evaluating the ASTRA awareness system,
for connecting households and mobile family members. We introduce the concept of connectedness and its measurement through
the Affective Benefits and Costs of communication questionnaire (ABC-Q). We inform results that testify the benefits of sharing
experiences at the moment they happen without interrupting potential receivers. Finally, we document the role that lightweight,
picture-based communication can play in the range of communication media available.
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2.
The European Union co-funded COMUNICAR (communication multimedia unit inside car) project designed and developed an integrated multimedia human–machine interface (HMI) able to manage a wide variety of driver information systems (from entertainment to safety). COMUNICAR proposed an innovative information provision paradigm, in which the on-vehicle HMI is able to tailor the delivery of the information in real time according to the actual driving context and the drivers workload. COMUNICAR adopted a user-centred design process involving an iterative development based on extensive user tests since the early phases of the project. This approach was particularly useful to define and improve the layout of the user interface and specify the rules that decide the scheduling and the modalities of the delivery of the information messages to the driver. This paper introduces the COMUNICAR concept and the user-centred flow of design. Then, a concrete case of user-test driven, iterative improvement of a systems functionality is presented. We also briefly describe two software tools that we have designed to enhance the development process in a user-centred perspective. Finally, the future evolution of the concept of smart and safe information scheduling is sketched and discussed. 相似文献
3.
Documents and authors can be clustered into “knowledge communities” based on the overlap in the papers they cite. We introduce
a new clustering algorithm, Streemer, which finds cohesive foreground clusters embedded in a diffuse background, and use it
to identify knowledge communities as foreground clusters of papers which share common citations. To analyze the evolution
of these communities over time, we build predictive models with features based on the citation structure, the vocabulary of
the papers, and the affiliations and prestige of the authors. Findings include that scientific knowledge communities tend
to grow more rapidly if their publications build on diverse information and if they use a narrow vocabulary.
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4.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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5.
Insecticide resistance management (IRM) programme was launched in 26 cotton-growing districts of India in 2002 to rationalize
the use of pesticides. The IRM strategy is presented within a full Integrated Pest Management (IPM) context with the premise
that unless full-fledged efforts to understand all aspects of resistance phenomenon are made, any attempt to implement IPM
at field level would not bear results. Unlike earlier IPM programmes, this programme is directly implemented by the scientists
of state agricultural universities; thus the information flow is directly from research subsystem to farmers. The extension
methodology is different from IPM-farmer field school model, but much the same information is provided in didactic form, through
active participation of the farmers throughout the cotton-growing season, by deploying scouts in villages. The knowledge gain
of the farmers covered under IRM programme was measured by employing before/after quasi-experimental research design. The
overall knowledge gain was significant in terms of identification of insect pests and natural enemies of cotton crop, proper
use of insecticides and timely sowing of the crop, but farmers did not reach the desired level of knowledge with respect to
other cultural practices, which result in suppression of pest buildup. In the absence of any effective bio-agents, the level
of IPM integration is limited to cultural practices, thresholds, agro ecosystem analysis and use of insecticides according
to good agricultural practices.
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6.
Wealth distribution based on classic sugarscape model leads to a population increase and the Gini coefficient decrease when
cooperation and communication parameters are taken into account. In another study, this model was developed by implying a
receipt of one-fifth of the assets of the population and derived utilization for poor people. The results showed a relation
between mortality decrease, population increase, and Gini coefficient decrease (equality increase). In a synergic process,
the wealth adjustment based on sugarscape model underwent some experiments by implying communication and cooperation, and
the mechanism of receiving and utilizing the assets. The results show that the population increase and the Gini coefficient
decrease play an important role in wealth adjustment.
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7.
Ohne Zusammenfassung
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8.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
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9.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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10.
The paper reflects on the unique experience of social and technological development in Lithuania since the regaining of independence
as a newly reshaped society constructing a distinctive competitive IST-based model at global level. This has presented Lithuanian
pattern of how to integrate different experiences and relations between generations in implementing complex information society
approaches. The resulting programme in general is linked to the Lisbon objectives of the European Union. The experience of
transitional countries in Europe, each different but facing some common problems, may be useful to developing countries in
Africa.
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11.
This viewpoint argues that the introduction of most computer-based system to an organization transforms the organization and
changes the work patterns of the system’s users in the organization. These changes interact with the users’ values and beliefs
and trigger emotional responses which are sometimes directed against the software system and its proponents. A requirements
engineer must be aware of these emotions.
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12.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
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13.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Backfitting of fuzzy rules is an Iterative Rule Learning technique for obtaining the knowledge base of a fuzzy rule-based
system in regression problems. It consists in fitting one fuzzy rule to the data, and replacing the whole training set by
the residual of the approximation. The obtained rule is added to the knowledge base, and the process is repeated until the
residual is zero, or near zero. Such a design has been extended to imprecise data for which the observation error is small.
Nevertheless, when this error is moderate or high, the learning can stop early. In this kind of algorithms, the specificity
of the residual might decrease when a new rule is added. There may happen that the residual grows so wide that it covers the
value zero for all points (thus the algorithm stops), but we have not yet extracted all the information available in the dataset.
Focusing on this problem, this paper is about datasets with medium to high discrepancies between the observed and the actual
values of the variables, such as those containing missing values and coarsely discretized data. We will show that the quality
of the iterative learning degrades in this kind of problems, because it does not make full use of all the available information.
As an alternative to sequentially obtaining rules, we propose a new multiobjective Genetic Cooperative Competitive Learning
(GCCL) algorithm. In our approach, each individual in the population codifies one rule, which competes in the population in
terms of maximum coverage and fitting, while the individuals in the population cooperate to form the knowledge base.
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15.
This paper presents the experience of good practices and bench learning in the EU for sustainable development in transitional
economies. In exploring key issues of ICT development for economic growth in African countries, it will showcase how information
and experience from different geographical/economic sectors within the EU have been collated into a comprehensive knowledge
system, and shared among users, using both electronic and traditional methods—see The BEEP Project . It will then discuss how this good practice model could be developed further as a Pan-African Initiative, as part of the
IST Africa Programme for participating countries, to enable them share experience and information in their attempt to narrow
the digital divide for sustainable growth.
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16.
Assumptions are frequently made during requirements analysis of a system about the trustworthiness of its various components
(including human components). These trust assumptions, whether implicit or explicit, affect the scope of the analysis, derivation
of security requirements, and in some cases how functionality is realized. This paper presents trust assumptions in the context
of analysis of security requirements. A running example shows how trust assumptions can be used by a requirements engineer
to help define and limit the scope of analysis and to document the decisions made during the process. The paper concludes
with a case study examining the impact of trust assumptions on software that uses the secure electronic transaction specification.
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17.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
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18.
The article explores approaches to discourses concerning age, with different agendas and national contexts. The Dialogue Seminar
Method is introduced, as a means of facilitating reflection and access to tacit knowledge. Democratic dialogue requires orchestration,
and enables horizontal communication and collective reflection.
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19.
As computer infrastructures become more complex, security models must provide means to handle more flexible and dynamic requirements.
In the Organization Based Access Control (OrBAC) model, it is possible to express such requirements using the notion of context.
In OrBAC, each security rule (permission, prohibition, obligation or dispensation) only applies in a given context. A context
is viewed as an extra condition that must be satisfied to activate a given security rule. In this paper, we present a taxonomy
of different types of context and investigate the data the information system must manage in order to deal with these different
contexts. We then explain how to model and evaluate them in the OrBAC model.
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20.
The Stanford Event Heap has been shown to provide appropriate support for constructing interactive workspace applications.
Given this success it is natural to consider the Event Heap as a platform to support other classes of Ubiquitous Computing
applications. In this paper we argue that the distributed, spontaneous nature of these applications places additional demands
on the Event Heap that require extensions to both the engineering and API. Suitable extensions are described and their use
to support a typical Ubicomp application is discussed.
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