Preparation of conductive fire retardant and its application in Li-ion battery

锂离子电池内短路是诱发电池热失控的主要原因,适当的安全性添加剂可以阻止电池热失控的发生。本文通过界面聚合法在聚乙烯蜡表面生成适量的导电聚苯胺,制备了一种具有良好导电性能的PTC材料（PANI-PEW）,并对PANI-PEW的微观形貌、电导率以及添加至LiFePO₄正极中的电化学性能进行了对比分析。测试结果表明,PANI-PEW在常温下的电导率为1.08×10^-3 S/m,在90~120℃时,其电阻值急剧增大。在0.5 C和1 C倍率下,PANI-PEW的加入对LiFePO₄电池的阻抗和循环性能影响较小,而经过120℃热处理后的含15%（质量分数） PANI-PEW的极片,其电池的阻抗大幅增加且首次放电比容量只有35.3 mA·h/g,在第12次循环后,放电比容量接近于0。以上结果表明,PANI-PEW是一种性能优异的PTC材料且能在120℃时阻止电池热失控的发生。     

Spherical mesophase soft carbon materials with micro-nano composite structure and their applications in lithium-ion batteries

This paper is to investigate the mesophase sphere soft carbon material with micro-nano composite structure and its application in the energy-storage Li-ion battery and electrochemical performance of the battery through experimental tests. The results show that the ball diameter is below 10 μm. For button half-cell, the first coulombic efficiency at 0.1C rate is about 87.1%, the ratio that charging capacity of 2C divided by the charging capacity of 1C is 84.8%, and the charging capacity retention rate after 50 cycles at 0.5C rate is 99.9%. For a full battery of 50 Ah, the discharge capacity can still maintain at 80% or more at the 2C or 3C discharging rate, its discharge rate can still reach more than 80% at a temperature of ?20℃, and the capacity retention is 97.7% after 500 cycles.     

Heat dissipation analysis and optimization of the pure electric bus lithium-ion battery pack based on CFD

针对某纯电动客车电池箱散热效果不佳的问题,本文基于CFD技术以该车的电池箱散热系统为研究对象,建立了估算锂离子电池生热速率数学模型,采用三维软件UG建立电池箱的几何模型,并利用软件Star-ccm+对该模型的速度场和温度场进行仿真和分析。通过添加导流板等措施,对电池箱的结构进行了优化改进,并进行了正交仿真实验,确定了电池箱导流散热的最优方案,结果表明,导流板能够降低电池箱内单体电池的最高温度,使电池组温度分布更加均匀。     

锂离子电池组风冷结构设计与优化

本文运用正交试验法设计电池组风冷结构参数优化试验方案,研究电池组间距递减幅度、上集流板倾斜角度、下集流板倾斜角度等结构参数的变化对电池组温度场、流场以及进出口压差的影响,确定了电池组最优结构：间距递减幅度0.3 mm、上集流板倾斜0°、下集流板倾斜5°;运用实验和仿真的方法,研究具有最优结构的电池组分别在0.5 C、1 C、2 C倍率放电过程的温度变化特性,电池组的最高温度及温度场一致性均能满足要求。     

Influence of cycling on the heat-release and thermal runaway of the lithium ion battery under adiabatic condition

随着锂离子电池能量、寿命的提升,对安全性需求也越来越高,温度对电池的寿命和安全有着重要影响。以钴酸锂/中间相碳微球体系电池为研究对象,采用加速量热仪研究了不同工作电流、不同循环老化周期电池的产热特性和热失控行为,电池的发热量随着充放电倍率的增加而增大。通过比较不同循环老化周期电池的产热速率,发现容量衰减速度与直流内阻、产热量之间存在很强的关联性。从热失控行为研究发现,自放热起始温度为105.4℃,随后发生连续自放热,直到温度达到149.7℃热失控起始温度,发生内短路,最终导致电池热失控。循环后电池的热失控过程中自放热和热失控起始温度稍有变化,热失控时间大大缩短。     

Research on heat dissipation performance and flow characteristics of air‐cooled battery pack

With the depletion of fossil fuels and the aggravation of environmental pollution, the research and development speed of electric vehicles has been accelerating, and the thermal management of battery pack has become increasingly important. This paper selects the electric vehicle battery pack with natural air cooling as the study subject, conducts simulation analysis of the heat dissipation performance of battery packs with and without vents. Then this paper researches on the influence of internal flow field and external flow field. Field synergy principle is used to analyze the effect of velocity field and temperature field amplitude. The results show the following: it is found that the maximum temperature rise and the internal maximum temperature difference of the battery pack with vents are reduced by about 23.1% and 19.9%, raising speed value can improve the heat dissipation performance, and raising temperature value can decrease the heat dissipation performance. Reasonable design of the vents can make the inner and outer flow field work synergistically to achieve the best cooling effect. Then the reference basis for the air cooling heat dissipation performance analysis of electric vehicle, battery pack structure arrangement, and air‐inlet and air‐outlet pattern choosing are offered.     

Heat dissipation analysis of different flow path for parallel liquid cooling battery thermal management system

As the main form of energy storage for new energy automobile, the performance of lithium-ion battery directly restricts the power, economy, and safety of new energy automobile. The heat-related problem of the battery is a key factor in determining its performance, safety, longevity, and cost. In this paper, parallel liquid cooling battery thermal management system with different flow path is designed through changing the position of the coolant inlet and outlet, and the influence of flow path on heat dissipation performance of battery thermal management system is studied. The results and analysis show that when the inlet and the outlet are located in the middle of the first collecting main and the second collecting main, respectively; system can achieve best heat dissipation performance, the highest temperature decrease by 0.49°C, while the maximum temperature difference of system decreases by 0.52°C compared with typical Z-type BTMS under the discharge rate of 1 C. Then an optimization strategy is put forward to improve cooling efficiency compared with single-inlet and single-outlet symmetrical liquid cooling BTMS; the highest temperature of three-inlet and three-outlet is 27.98°C while the maximum temperature difference of three-inlet and three-outlet is 2.69°C, decrease by 0.7 and 0.67°C, respectively.     

Experimental investigation on mini‐channel cooling–based thermal management for Li‐ion battery module under different cooling schemes

The performance of Li‐ion battery depends on the temperature. Active liquid cooling system can keep the battery temperature within an optimal range, but the system itself consumes energy. This paper reported the experimental work on the thermal performance of liquid cooling system for the battery module under different cooling schemes. It was hoped that energy consumption could be reduced as much as possible. Meanwhile, liquid cooling system could provide effective cooling for the battery module. Two identical real battery modules including 18 cylindrical cells (with and without cooling system) were manufactured for the validity of comparison. The 2 battery modules discharged at the discharge rates of 1C and 1.5C. Charge and discharge cycle test was also carried out. The results indicated that a simple hysteresis control cooling scheme could reduce the energy consumption effectively. The energy consumption was saved by 83.2% and 49% at the discharge rates of 1C and 1.5C, respectively. Meanwhile, the temperature of battery module was still kept within the optimal range. The maximum temperature appeared on different cells in the battery module during the process of charge and discharge. Thus, the temperature dynamic comparison mechanism was very necessary.     

Numerical investigation on integrated thermal management for lithiumion battery pack with phase change material and liquid cooling

为满足3 C放电倍率下电池组散热要求,提出了PCM\液冷复合式散热方案,利用有限元分析了液体流速、流道排列方式、铝制框架鳍宽和环境温度对电池组温度的影响。结果表明,增加流速可优化电池组散热性能,但当流速大于0.08 m/s时,流速的增加对散热系统无明显优化;各流速下Type I散热方式效果均为最优且电池组满足散热要求;鳍宽为2 mm时可将电池组最高温度进一步降低1.6℃;当环境温度从38℃增至42℃时,复合式散热系统体现了良好的热稳定性能。     

Thermal analysis and management of lithium-titanate batteries

Battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles demand batteries that can store large amounts of energy in addition to accommodating large charge and discharge currents without compromising battery life. Lithium-titanate batteries have recently become an attractive option for this application. High current thresholds allow these cells to be charged quickly as well as supply the power needed to drive such vehicles. These large currents generate substantial amounts of waste heat due to loss mechanisms arising from the cell's internal chemistry and ohmic resistance. During normal vehicle operation, an active cooling system must be implemented to maintain a safe cell temperature and improve battery performance and life. This paper outlines a method to conduct thermal analysis of lithium-titanate cells under laboratory conditions. Thermochromic liquid crystals were implemented to instantaneously measure the entire surface temperature field of the cell. The resulting temperature measurements were used to evaluate the effectiveness of an active cooling system developed and tested in our laboratory for the thermal management of lithium-titanate cells.     

Influence of graphite anode binder on the high power Li-ion battery performance

本文研究了油性体系的聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）和水溶性体系的丁苯橡胶和羧甲基纤维素钠（SBR-CMC）对于动力锂离子电池性能的影响。通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）测试了PVDF、SBR以及CMC的玻璃化转变温度,结果分别为-51.7℃、-42.18℃和-55.82℃。通过软包装试验电池,对比了两种黏结剂对于动力锂离子电池性能包括化成分容、大倍率放电、低温放电以及循环性能等的影响。结果发现,两种黏结剂体系的试验电池在常温下的容量发挥、功率性能以及循环寿命没有明显区别,但是在低温（-40℃）的放电性能的差别较大,并且随着放电电流加大,这种差别会进一步增大。分别在20℃和-40℃下以0.5 C放电、在-40℃下1 C放电,水性黏结剂体系电池与油性体系电池放电容量比分别为1.004、0.706和0.589。     

Air cooling strategy of power battery based on minimum energy consumption

针对目前电动汽车动力电池风冷散热能耗高、散热滞后的问题,提出一种基于最小能耗的动力电池风冷控制策略,根据车载导航系统预报的工况信息预测动力电池的未来温升,在满足动力电池散热需求的前提下以风机能耗最少为目标,运用分段式动态规划算法确定风机在未来路段的开启时机与最优风速。以添加了坡度信息的ARB02、HWFET和UDDSHDV的组合工况为测试工况,对动力电池未来温升的精度进行了硬件在环试验,得出实际路况试验温度与预报工况试验温度的最大差值为0.3℃,最大偏差率为0.7%。与其他两种控制策略进行了Fluent仿真对比,结果表明基于最小能耗控制策略下动力电池的最高温度为39.87℃,最大温差为1.1℃;风机能耗是全程开启型控制策略的77.2%,是温度开关型控制策略的53.7%。该策略能有效控制动力电池的温度且风机能耗最小。     

Analysis of Heat Dissipation Performance between a Horizontal and Longitudinal Battery Pack Based on Forced Air Cooling

A battery pack is the main energy storage element, and directly affects the performance of an electric vehicle. Battery thermal management system research and its development for a modern electric vehicle is required. This paper selects the forced air cooling of battery pack as the research object, and uses simulation methods to research the heat dissipation performance with different structures of battery packs. The results indicate that according to the four types of transient state conditions, the rising temperature of both battery packs are significantly higher than the temperature difference, the maximum temperature rise and temperature difference of a horizontal battery pack are lower than a longitudinal battery pack. When an electric vehicle begins to decrease speed, the curves of temperature rising and temperature difference increase. This shows the internal heat is continuously rising, so even in a electric vehicle beginning to decrease speed, the fan must work. The reference basis for choosing battery pack type and an analysis of heat flow field characteristics, including fan run‐time control, are offered.     

Identification of spatial temperature gradient in large format lithium battery using a multilayer thermal model

The spatial resolving of temperature gradient is a key but challenging issue for the loading performance, aging evaluation, and safety guarantee of large format lithium battery, while the internal temperature cannot be measured directly in field. Notable temperature difference of large format battery emerges in heavy load applications. This paper tries to solve spatial-distributed temperature gradient by proposing a novel method. The multilayer thermal model and the real-time method based on this model are firstly proposed to noninvasively identify the spatial temperature gradient of the battery. And the thermal conduction resistance of the battery along aging are estimated by the extended lumped-parameter model and forgetting factor recursive least square algorithm, while the convection resistance and heat capacity can be estimated by the lumped parameter model and least square algorithm. The relation between the temperature sensor number and total thermal nodes is then derived by the experiment. Finally, the proposed method is systematically verified through the simulation and experiment. Both the spatial distribution and the highest node of the battery temperature are obtained with promising accuracy and robustness. And it can be implemented in battery management systems for various online applications such as electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.     

Instantaneous estimation of internal temperature in lithium-ion battery by impedance measurement

Due to the various drawbacks of collecting temperature using embedded or patch thermocouple sensor, the internal temperature estimation is getting more and more attention in the field of lithium power battery. In this paper, the commercial 18650 LiFePO4 battery is selected to analyze the characteristic of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) from 0°C to 55°C of 0.1 to 10 000 Hz. The results reveal that there exists intrinsic relationship between the alternating current (AC) impedance phase shift and the internal temperature in the range of 10 to 100 Hz from 5 to 55°C. And the intrinsic relationship is not interfered with the State-of-Charge (SOC) and the State-of-Health (SOH). Subsequently, the relationship is described with a modified Arrhenius equation under the excitation frequency of 12, 44, and 79 Hz. Finally, a novel internal temperature estimation method is proposed by the AC impedance phase shift. The applicability and accuracy of the method are further verified via 10 temperature points. The results indicate that the estimation error is within 1°C in the common operating temperature range (15-45°C), suggesting that the proposed method can be applied to estimate battery internal temperature. Finally, the implementation system of real-time estimation for engineering application is constructed.     

Experimental researches on thermal runaway in cylindrical LiFePO4 batteries during nail penetration

锂离子电池在发生针刺之后会造成内部短路,进而产生大量热量和浓烟以至引发热失控。本文通过模拟实验剖析圆柱型磷酸铁锂电池针刺后的内部结构,结合理论分析探究针刺热失控产热机理。以自行设计搭建的磷酸铁锂电池针刺热失控实验平台为基础,在初始20℃室温下采用Φ5 mm的钨钢针刺穿电池,观测电池的热失控发展情况以及电池电压、表面温升变化规律。根据实验结果得到以下结论：①针刺对圆柱型磷酸铁锂电池造成的热失控剧烈情况带有随机性;②电池电压在针刺后下降至0V,若破坏过程中电池内部热反应气体泄漏甚至发生爆炸则电压下降更迅速;③电池温度在被刺破后迅速上升,其温升趋势总体随破坏程度增加而加快。综合来看,针刺对磷酸铁锂电池的损坏是不可逆且通常会并发热失控,因此建议在设计电池结构时应当充分考虑防针刺及对电池进行额外保护。     

Thermal analysis of rapid charging nickel/metal hydride batteries

A two-dimensional thermal model was presented to predict the temperature distribution of cylindrical 8-Ah Ni/MH battery. Under the forced convection, the temperature rise of the battery is up to about 37, 42 and 51 °C, and the temperature profiles become non-uniformed at the end of 1C, 2C and 4C rate charge, respectively. It is indicated that the increase of the convection coefficient can decrease the battery temperature, however, lead seriously to the less uniform temperature profile across the battery. The numerical studies indicate that the increase of thermal conductivity can improve the uniformity of temperature profile to some extends. The battery temperature increases obviously when charged at higher rates. Overcharge can result in an increasingly higher temperature rise and a steeper temperature gradient within a battery.     

Simulation analysis of the influence of internal surface morphology of mini-channel on battery thermal management

Lithium-ion batteries, as the only source of driving force for electric vehicles (EV), directly determine the vehicle's power performance, driving mileage, and working stability. The performance, safety, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries are related to battery temperature. In this article, surface topography has been added in mini-channel liquid cooling plate, the influence of different shapes, different heights, different diameters, and different numbers of surface topography on the cooling effect of mini-channel liquid cooling plate were researched by using CFD method. This article revealed that the addition of surface topography in mini-channel can affect the flow trajectory of coolant and improve the cooling capacity of the cold plate. When five cylindrical surface topography with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 1.5 mm were added in each channel, the highest temperature of the battery can be suppressed to 42.01°C and the maximum temperature difference can reach 15.78°C under 3C discharge rate, compared with the smooth mini-channel, decreased by 1.02°C and 0.85°C, respectively.     

Modeling and validation of temperature changes in a pouch lithium-ion battery at various discharge rates

This paper deals with the thermal modeling of temperature rise in a pouch lithium-ion battery with LiFePO₄ (also known as LFP) cathode material. The developed model represents the main thermal phenomena in the cell in terms of temperature change. The proposed model is validated with the collected experimental data from a module composed of 11 cells. In the conducted experiments, the different charge and discharge rates of 1/2C, 1C, 2C and 2.5C are applied. It is seen that, the increased discharge rates result in increased temperature on the surface of the battery. When the discharge rate is doubled, from 1C to 2C, cell temperatures have risen by 3.5 times. A simplified model for determining the heat generation is developed and validated with the test results.     

Thermal behavior of a weatherproof power supply system with built-in nickel-metal hydride batteries developed for stationary use

The thermal design of weatherproof power supply system has been evaluated by experiments and simulation. Nickel-metal hydride batteries developed for stationary use were employed in the system due to their high charge/discharge performance in high-temperature environments. As the weatherproof power supply system has a sealed cabinet, we evaluated the temperature characteristics of the battery in a 40 °C environment. In order to predict the temperature of the power system, it was necessary to obtain the rate of heat generation from the battery. For this purpose, we developed an estimation method in which the measured temperature of the battery is approximated as a function of cubic spline interpolation. The temperatures of critical items mounted in the system were calculated on the basis of the experimental results. This paper describes the procedure for estimating the heat generation rate of the battery and the temperature of the system. Our results show that the weatherproof power system is useful for operation in high-temperature environments.