反渗透技术在超超临界直流锅炉补给水处理的工程应用

为节约淡水资源,广东惠来电厂1 000 MW超超临界机组直流锅炉补给水处理工艺中采用了反渗透海水淡化(SWRO)技术并取得成功,系统出力、出水水质、脱盐率均达到设计要求,证明反渗透技术能很好满足海域电厂大型机组锅炉水处理的使用要求。介绍SWRO系统及其各设备运行情况;探讨了典型SWRO系统的关键问题:预处理系统加药量的调整,能量回收装置的应用,反渗透膜产水的取样以及反渗透浓水排放等。     

反渗透海水淡化系统中的能量回收技术及装置研究进展

反渗透法是海水淡化的主要方法之一，能量回收是降低其淡化成本的主要手段。综合介绍了反渗透海水淡化系统中的主要能量回收技术，并对相应的能量回收装置的原理、性能以及应用等做了介绍和比较。     

Potentials of wind energy development for water desalination in Jordan

The potential of the development of water desalination using wind energy in Jordan was studied. Eleven wind solar sites were considered. The results show that these sites can be divided, in terms of the yearly total amount of desalinated water, into three categories. One is considered favourable, which includes Ras Muneef, Mafraq, and Aqaba. Their water production adds up to about 75% of all water produced from all 11 sites combined. Others are considered to be promising (about 24% in total), which include H-5, Irbid, and Ma'an. The rest of sites considered are found to be very poor, which include H-4, Amman, Queen Alia Airport, Shoubak, and Deiralla, with traces of water produced (less than 1%). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design recommendations for solar organic Rankine cycle (ORC)-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination

This paper deals with the design recommendations for solar reverse osmosis (RO) desalination based on solar organic Rankine cycles (SORC). This technology can be the most energy-efficient technology for seawater and brackish water desalination within the small to medium power output range (up to 500 kW) of the power cycle if the system is properly designed. However, theoretical studies, design proposals and experimental works are very scarce and only very few solar reverse osmosis systems driven by ORC has been either implemented or analysed in the past. In this paper, those systems are outlined and general design recommendations from previous detailed analysis already publish are given for future RO desalination system to be designed based on SORC. Useful information is given about the selection of the working fluid and boundary conditions of the ORC, operation temperature and configuration of the solar field, suited solar collector and thermal energy storage technology, etc. Recommendations are exemplified with well selected numerical cases based on recommended working fluids and solar cycle configuration with proper values of design point parameters. Recommendations given in this paper could be helpful in future initiatives regarding the research and development of this promising solar desalination technology.     

Potential for economic solar desalination in the Middle East

Fresh water forms only about 1% of the total water available on earth. Technologies for the desalination of seawater have considerably matured in the last decade. However, the energy required for the desalination is usually expensive in arid areas where fresh water is required. Renewable energy provides a clean, free, and low-maintenance source of energy for desalination, limited only by their initial cost, and the variability of the available energy. In this paper the potential use of solar energy for the desalination of seawater in the Middle East is evaluated. Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination requires large amounts of energy, while Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination is more energy efficient. Solar distillation is a very simple and direct method that may be used, requiring only large flat areas of land, having no running energy costs and being very suitable for remote areas. Photovoltaics is another promising renewable energy source for seawater desalination in the Middle East. It is best suited for the RO and Electrodialysis (ED) methods. The desalination plant doesn't need to run continuously, and therefore no storage batteries are required. Diesel and / or natural gas may be used as a backup energy.     

海水淡化能量回收装置系统设计

目的 能量回收装置作为反渗透法海水淡化系统中的重要节能设备,其系统设计至关重要。 方法 从设计原则、工作原理、设计计算、设备配置与选择等方面,对三种最常用的能量回收装置系统设计进行了详细的比较。 结果 系统设计比较后得出了三种能量回收装置的优、缺点,供设计人员选择。 结论 为设计人员提供了具有针对性且有效的设计指导,提高了设计效率。     

On site experimental evaluation of a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle system for RO desalination

The paper presents the on site experimental evaluation of the performance of a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle system (SORC) for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. This work is a research step forward to the experimental evaluation of the SORC under laboratory conditions, where the system was tested using an electric brake as load and an electric thermal heater as heat supply. The difference is that solar collectors have been applied as heat supply and there has been a realistic investigation of the performance of the system under the conditions implied by solar energy. The thermal energy produced by the solar collectors’ array evaporates the refrigerant HFC-134a in the pre-heater-evaporator surfaces of the Rankine engine. The superheated vapour is then driven to the expander, where the generated mechanical work produced from expansion drives the high-pressure pump of the RO desalination unit. The superheated vapour at the expander’s outlet is directed to the condenser and condensates. Finally, the saturated liquid at the condenser outlet is pressurized by a positive displacement pump and the thermodynamic cycle is repeated. A special energy recovery system of Axial Pistons Pumps (APP) has been integrated into the RO unit to minimise the specific energy consumption. The results prove that the above concept is technically feasible and continuous operation is achieved under the intermittent availability of solar energy. However, considerably low efficiency has been observed, in comparison with the results taken under controlled thermal load. Nevertheless, it becomes apparent that further optimisation work is required to improve the system efficiency. The research work has been done within the framework of COOP-CT-2003-507997 contract, partly financed by EC.     

Identification of behaviour and evaluation of performance of small scale,low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle system coupled with a RO desalination unit

This paper presents the detailed laboratory experimental results of a low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) engine coupled with a Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit. In a previous work, the identification of performance of the scroll type expander was presented. At that primary experimental phase an electric brake was co-axially connected to the expander to act as the mechanical load of the ORC engine. The identification of behaviour of the integrated ORC–RO system is a research step ahead since the electric brake is replaced by the RO desalination unit representing the actual system's mechanical load. Several characteristic quantities of both energy supply (ORC) and demand (RO) side have been measured and are illustrated in the current paper. The results show that ORC can be effectively used to exploit low-temperature thermal sources (i.e. in the range from 40 to 70 °C) for desalination of sea or brackish water through the RO process. Such low-temperature values can be available from excess industrial heat, solar collectors and geothermal fields making the ORC–RO process an alternative desalination variant. However, it becomes clear that the system performance strongly depends on the corresponding operation point.     

反渗透水处理技术及其应用前景

介绍了反渗透水处理技术的原理,运行系统及其应用前景。     

中水回用装置膜污染分析与治理

大连石化公司中水回用装置采用＂深度生化＋混凝＋气浮过滤（DAF）＋超滤（UF）＋二级反渗透（RO）＋真空除气＂的工艺路线,生产炼油化工装置使用的一级除盐水和循环冷却补充水。该中水回用装置随着运行周期延长,存在生化出水水质差、膜系统微生物污染严重、一级反渗透系统回收率高等问题。通过对预处理、有机物污染、微生物污染、颗粒和胶体污染、化学结垢等影响膜污堵的因素进行分析,提出了解决措施：对一期生化池进行改造,使其出水水质达到COD小于20mg/L、NH3-N小于3mg/L的要求;增加非氧化性杀菌剂投加设施,采取定期或连续地向膜系统投加非氧化性杀菌剂的措施;将一级反渗透系统阻垢剂（MDC151）的投加量控制在1～3mg/L,进水pH值控制在6.0～6.5,回收率从80%～82%降至75%～77%。     

The viability of hydrogen storage to supplement renewable energy when used to power municipal scale reverse osmosis plant

This paper investigates the viability of using hydrogen energy storage to supplement renewable energy when used to meet a significant and fundamental human need, in this case, large-scale drinking water supplies for around 50,000 people in Newhaven, in South East England, and in Massawa in Eritrea.     

膜技术在电厂水处理中的应用

反渗透(RO)技术已在我国许多电厂获得广泛应用,而电除盐(EDI)技术是一种新的膜分离技术,它们同是膜技术,但工作机理不同。介绍了反渗透 电除盐在电厂水处理中的应用,解决了传统离子交换处理工艺产生酸碱废液的问题。     

Assessment of a stand-alone gradual capacity reverse osmosis desalination plant to adapt to wind power availability: A case study

Desalination driven by renewable energies is an interesting technology in isolated coastal areas. Its feasibility and reliability are guaranteed by innumerable designs implemented and experiences carried out, mainly focused on small capacity systems. However, only mature and efficient technologies are suitable for medium or large scale desalination. In the case of seawater desalination, wind-powered reverse osmosis is the most efficient, mature and cost-effective technology. This paper assesses the most suitable design for seawater reverse osmosis desalination driven by off-grid wind energy systems. A high innovative design based on gradual capacity with nominal production of 1000 m³/d is compared to a conventional fixed capacity desalination plant. Due to the intermittent wind resource, the gradual capacity desalination plant is able to fit the available energy and maximize the annual water production.     

Small scale photovoltaic desalination for rural water supply - demonstration plant in Gran Canaria

A small reverse osmoisis (RO) plant supplied by a photovoltaic (PV) power supply has been installed at the island of Gran Canaria. On behalf of this system the feasibility of small PV-RO systems (1 m³/d) is investigated. The RO-plant is described in detail concerning its technical specifications, its operation constraints and its energy demand. Furthermore the photovoltaic power supply is described in detail. With simulations it is shown how the system is designed to guarantee a reliability of more than 96% in the water supply. A brief economic analysis shows that the water production costs are still high (about 16 $/m³) but can be lowered in future.     

反渗透工艺高压浓水能量回收新技术应用

本文讨论了反渗透工艺的能量消耗和能量回收方式,详细分析了不同的能量回收方法。重点介绍了新型能量回收专利技术原理及其技术特点。     

太阳能海水淡化技术的经济性模型与影响因素分析

对太阳能海水淡化系统进行精细的投资和效益分析,总结各部件的投资构成和维护费用对系统经济性的影响,在考虑银行利息和能源价格上涨条件下,分析计算各部件的收益及与系统运行环境的关系,得到各部件的收益方程。最后,以建立在天津和南海的2个中小型太阳能海水淡化系统为实例,分别计算得到总收益随水价的关系方程,给出2个系统的最低水价分别为13.5￥/t和11.6￥/t。最后,对当前太阳能淡化系统的缺陷进行分析和讨论,指出系统改进的方向。     

Application of the concept of a renewable energy based-polygeneration system for sustainable thermal desalination process—A thermodynamics' perspective

Fossil fuel-powered thermal desalination processes have many harmful environmental effects including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and high-salinity brine discharge resulting in biological damages, in addition to energy losses because of the high temperatures of the streams leaving the desalination unit. In this study, a solar energy-based polygeneration approach has been proposed to address these issues. In the proposed system, concentrated solar parabolic trough technology is used to drive a multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination unit for production of fresh water. To recover the waste heat carried by the produced clean water, an organic Rankine cycle is integrated to produce electricity. In addition, to recover the waste heat carried by brine, an absorption cooling system is employed to provide cooling. In order to mitigate the effects of high-salinity brine, a pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) unit is installed, which reduces the salinity of the discharge and produces additional electrical energy. To ensure stable nighttime operations, a thermal energy storage (TES) system is also added to the system. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis is conducted through mass, energy, and entropy, as well as exergy balances along with energetic and exergetic efficiencies to assess the overall performance of the system. The attained results show that at reference conditions with an overall parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) area of 100 000 m², the system produces 583.3 kW of electricity, approximately 4284 kW of cooling, and 1140 m³ of freshwater daily. Furthermore, the effects of changing operational conditions on the overall performance of the system are investigated. At design conditions, the overall energetic and exergetic efficiencies of the system are found to be 34.54% and 14.55%, respectively.