Offshore wind farm electrical cable layout optimization

This article explores an automated approach for the efficient placement of substations and the design of an inter-array electrical collection network for an offshore wind farm through the minimization of the cost. To accomplish this, the problem is represented as a number of sub-problems that are solved in series using a combination of heuristic algorithms. The overall problem is first solved by clustering the turbines to generate valid substation positions. From this, a navigational mesh pathfinding algorithm based on Delaunay triangulation is applied to identify valid cable paths, which are then used in a mixed-integer linear programming problem to solve for a constrained capacitated minimum spanning tree considering all realistic constraints. The final tree that is produced represents the solution to the inter-array cable problem. This method is applied to a planned wind farm to illustrate the suitability of the approach and the resulting layout that is generated.     

Greedy robust wind farm layout optimization with feasibility guarantee

This article proposes a method with light data requirements for generating robust wind farm layouts. Robustness in this work is quantified as the lowest energy conversion efficiency of the wind farm across all wind directions. A quadratic integer programming formulation for generating robustness-maximizing layouts is presented. Small instances of the proposed formulation can be solved to optimality using branch and bound. A modified greedy algorithm that guarantees solution feasibility with regards to inter-turbine safety distance is proposed to find solutions to larger problem instances. A series of experiments were conducted using real world wind data collected at two sites to demonstrate the trade-offs in power generation between robust layouts and power output maximizing layouts. The results show a loss of around 1.1% in hourly power generation in return for an increase in minimum power output of 1% to 45% across all directions for robust layouts generated in the experiments. The increase in robustness largely depends on the shape and orientation of the wind farm relative to the dominant wind direction, as well as the difference between the average wind speed at the site of the wind farm and rated wind speed of the turbines.     

Wind farm layout design optimization through multi-scenario decomposition with complementarity constraints

This article presents a multi-scenario decomposition with complementarity constraints approach to wind farm layout design to maximize wind energy production under region boundary and inter-turbine distance constraints. A complementarity formulation technique is introduced such that the wind farm layout design can be described with a continuously differentiable optimization model, and a multi-scenario decomposition approach is proposed to ensure efficient solution with local optimality. To combine global exploration and local optimization, a hybrid solution algorithm is presented, which combines the multi-scenario approach with a bi-objective genetic algorithm that maximizes energy production and minimizes constraint violations simultaneously. A numerical case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

漂浮式风电场的基础形式和发展趋势

阐述了海上风电场的分类,并对漂浮式风电场风电机组的浮式基础作了详细的介绍。随着风电开发技术的成熟,风机容量大型化、垂直轴风机的应用及建立非并网风电多元化应用系统将是以后漂浮式风电场发展的趋势。     

海岸滩涂风电场建设工程保障策略探讨

根据海岸滩涂和浅水海域风电场建设及运行维护工程保障的需求,提出了一系列的工程保障方案,主要包括:适应于潮上带滩涂风电场的系列道路构筑方案、适应于潮间带滩涂风电场的承压浮箱及浮箱栈桥保障方案、适应于潮下带5 m以上水深风电场的浅吃水自升式海上风电场工程平台以及风电场运行维护期间的两栖进入方案,并对这些方案的适应性、可行性及技术要点进行了探讨。提出的系列工程保障方案针对潮上带、潮间带至潮下带不同滩涂区域对施工工程技术的不同要求,以系列技术保障措施分段保障,较好地解决了海岸滩涂及浅水海域风电场建设的工程保障问题。     

A tight upper bound for quadratic knapsack problems in grid-based wind farm layout optimization

The 0-1 quadratic knapsack problem (QKP) in wind farm layout optimization models possible turbine locations as nodes, and power loss due to wake effects between pairs of turbines as edges in a complete graph. The goal is to select up to a certain number of turbine locations such that the sum of selected node and edge coefficients is maximized. Finding the optimal solution to the QKP is difficult in general, but it is possible to obtain a tight upper bound on the QKP's optimal value which facilitates the use of heuristics to solve QKPs by giving a good estimate of the optimality gap of any feasible solution. This article applies an upper bound method that is especially well-suited to QKPs in wind farm layout optimization due to certain features of the formulation that reduce the computational complexity of calculating the upper bound. The usefulness of the upper bound was demonstrated by assessing the performance of the greedy algorithm for solving QKPs in wind farm layout optimization. The results show that the greedy algorithm produces good solutions within 4% of the optimal value for small to medium sized problems considered in this article.     

论我国海上风电场建设重大工程问题

发展海上风电具有重大战略意义,应予高度重视,加大支持力度;发展海上风电面临严峻挑战,应予科学应对,切忌浮躁冒进。我国海上风电发展,必须坚持科学发展理念,坚持高起点上的理性、有序发展,坚持创新和特色结合的跨越式、可持续发展。成本、效益、风险制约海上风电的发展,通过科技进步,风电核心技术掌握和规划建设能力的提高,可以有效解决重大制约发展的因素,确保海上风电健康发展。针对我国海上风电又好又快发展,建设高质量、高效益的海上风电场,提出了若干建议。     

海上风电场建设重大工程问题探讨

三峡集团公司承担了国家"十一五"科技支撑计划项目中近海风电场选址及风电机组运行、维护技术开发和近海风电机组施工、测试专用设备的研制等有关课题的研究工作,在江苏近海和潮间带建设了多台具有自主知识产权的试验风机。通过研究测风、风资源评估、基础结构、运输吊装、运行维护等海上施工关键技术,以及推动大型海上风力发电机组的研发,探索降低海上风电开发成本的措施。以海水淡化为切入点,开展风电的非并网应用研究,寻求解决风电消纳问题的新方法。     

Pricing and location decisions in multi-objective facility location problem with M/M/m/k queuing systems

This article presents a new multi-objective model for a facility location problem with congestion and pricing policies. This model considers situations in which immobile service facilities are congested by a stochastic demand following M/M/m/k queues. The presented model belongs to the class of mixed-integer nonlinear programming models and NP-hard problems. To solve such a hard model, a new multi-objective optimization algorithm based on a vibration theory, namely multi-objective vibration damping optimization (MOVDO), is developed. In order to tune the algorithms parameters, the Taguchi approach using a response metric is implemented. The computational results are compared with those of the non-dominated ranking genetic algorithm and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The outputs demonstrate the robustness of the proposed MOVDO in large-sized problems.     

海上风电场基础形式及配套施工技术

根据不同的水深及地质条件,结合已建成的海上风电场基础形式及施工方法,介绍和研究了重力式、单桩、群桩、设置沉箱、沉井及吸力式筒形基础等几种形式。对不同的基础形式,分别提出了自升式平台、浅吃水半潜驳、打桩船及整体浮运吊装等相应的基础施工方法。根据风机机组类型,对塔筒和风机的安装也做了介绍。     

An innovative method for offshore wind farm site selection based on the interval number with probability distribution

There is insufficient research relating to offshore wind farm site selection in China. The current methods for site selection have some defects. First, information loss is caused by two aspects: the implicit assumption that the probability distribution on the interval number is uniform; and ignoring the value of decision makers’ (DMs’) common opinion on the criteria information evaluation. Secondly, the difference in DMs’ utility function has failed to receive attention. An innovative method is proposed in this article to solve these drawbacks. First, a new form of interval number and its weighted operator are proposed to reflect the uncertainty and reduce information loss. Secondly, a new stochastic dominance degree is proposed to quantify the interval number with a probability distribution. Thirdly, a two-stage method integrating the weighted operator with stochastic dominance degree is proposed to evaluate the alternatives. Finally, a case from China proves the effectiveness of this method.     

海上风机桩式基础结构形式综合模糊优选

针对海上风机基础设计中经常遇到复杂的方案优化选型问题,将多因素、多级模糊优选理论引入到基础的设计选型中。针对影响因素复杂、确定隶属函数主观因素较强的情况,成功引入因素的优先关系法来确定优选矩阵的隶属度,较好地解决了确定隶属函数的人为影响。通过此优选模型成功地将影响基础设计选型的13种主要因素和4种桩基基础设计形式进行了多级模糊综合优选决策,得到了比较理想的决策结果,为海上风机基础设计选型提供了新的思路。     

上海东海大桥海上风电场规划建设关键技术研究

通过对上海东海大桥海上风电场的选址、风电场升压方式、基础选型设计、桩基试验、基础施工、风机安装等技术问题的研究和实践,提出了海上风电场选址原则、接入电网方式、具有防撞能力的高桩混凝土承台基础形式、风机基础结构分析方法、桩的承载力试验手段、高桩承台施工和风机整体吊装方案等,为海上风电场规划建设提供借鉴。     

土基海流耦合条件下海上风电场塔架支撑结构动力特性初探

针对海上风力机塔柱支撑结构受到土基、海洋流体作用的复杂特点,开展多介质耦合条件下塔柱支撑结构动力特性研究。在考虑流固耦合基础上,进一步考虑海床土基弹性条件对塔柱结构动力特性的影响。最后得出了水流、土基与塔柱结构三合一综合动力特性分析结果,初步取得了变化规律。研究结果对海上风电场塔架支撑结构的抗振设计及进一步的研究提供了重要基础性参考依据。     

A combined supply chain optimisation model for the installation phase of offshore wind projects

This paper proposes a combined model for port selection and supply chain optimisation for the installation phase of an offshore wind farm. Two strategic models are proposed where the first model, based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), aims to select the most suitable installation port. The second model is developed using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) in order to determine the optimal transportation schedule of the components from suppliers to the chosen installation port. The proposed models are evaluated for the West Gabbard (UK) offshore wind farm located in southern part of the North Sea. According to the computational results, the AHP model chooses port of Oostende, Belgium as the most suitable installation port for this offshore wind farm whereas the proposed supply chain model shows that the total transportation cost makes up 9% of total supply chain cost.     

基础冲刷对海上风电场塔架支撑系统动力特性的影响分析

针对海上风力机塔柱支撑结构受到土基、海洋流体的复杂作用的特点,建立三维有限元数值模型,开展不同海床冲刷深度条件下支撑系统结构的动态特性,探讨其变化规律,为海上风力机支撑系统的动力稳定设计提供科学依据。     

Design optimization of ironless multi-stage axial-flux permanent magnet generators for offshore wind turbines

Direct-driven ironless-stator machines have been reported to have low requirements on the strength of the supporting structures. This feature is attractive for offshore wind turbines, where lightweight generators are preferred. However, to produce sufficient torque, ironless generators are normally designed with large diameters, which can be a challenge to the machine’s structural reliability. The ironless multi-stage axial-flux permanent magnet generator (MS-AFPMG) has the advantages of ironless machines but a relatively small diameter. The objective of this article is to present the design optimization and performance investigation of the ironless MS-AFPMG. An existing design strategy, which employs two- and three-dimensional static finite element analyses and genetic algorithm for machine optimization, is improved with the aim of reducing the calculation load and calculation time. This improved design strategy is used to investigate the optimal ironless MS-AFPMG. Some intrinsic features of this kind of machine are revealed.     

变风载下风电齿轮箱内部激励规律研究及动态特性优化

风电齿轮箱作为风电机组的关键部件,其动态特性直接影响整个机组的运行。以某兆瓦级风电齿轮箱为研究对象,考虑箱体、行星架的结构柔性后,建立风电齿轮箱耦合动力学模型,并分析了其动态响应。针对单一工况所得的齿轮修形量未必适用于其它工况的问题,对各工况下的风电齿轮箱各级齿轮副内部激励进行了加权处理,以各齿轮内部激励和最小为优化目标,基于遗传算法寻求适用于多工况的最优修形量,并结合齿轮宏观参数优化来改善风电齿轮箱的动态响应。结果表明,通过宏观参数优化及齿轮修形后,各工况下风电齿轮箱的振动加速度及结构噪声均得到了有效改善。研究结果为兆瓦级风电齿轮箱动力学特性优化提供了依据。     

Specification of design wind loads in India

Codes in current use in India for specifying design wind loads for structures are analysed, and shown to be inconsistent with available data on extremes. Thus, it is found that while the National Building Code specifies the highest wind loads on the east coast and western Gujarat, the observed extreme winds are highest in the eastern Gangetic valley. As the consequences of under-specification can be serious, a careful re-examination of the code seems called for. It is argued that although the available data on extremes may not be complete, they provide a more rational basis for formulating a building code; as wind loads become more important in construction engineering a serious effort at generating and analysing the required meteorological data seems highly worthwhile. However, procedures followed elsewhere for predicting extreme winds and the nature of gusts need to be validated for the country. In addition there is also a need to study certain meteorological phenomena peculiar to the Indian subcontinent like the duststorms and the nor’westers of north India. The work reported here was carried out under a project “Design, Fabrication and Testing of a 10,000 litres/hour Windpump”, financed and administered by the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Solving large-scale fixed cost integer linear programming models for grid-based location problems with heuristic techniques

Grid-based location problems (GBLPs) can be used to solve location problems in business, engineering, resource exploitation, and even in the field of medical sciences. To solve these decision problems, an integer linear programming (ILP) model is designed and developed to provide the optimal solution for GBLPs considering fixed cost criteria. Preliminary results show that the ILP model is efficient in solving small to moderate-sized problems. However, this ILP model becomes intractable in solving large-scale instances. Therefore, a decomposition heuristic is proposed to solve these large-scale GBLPs, which demonstrates significant reduction of solution runtimes. To benchmark the proposed heuristic, results are compared with the exact solution via ILP. The experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the exact method in runtime with minimal (and in most cases, no) loss of optimality.