不同类型降水对毫米波传播特性的影响研究

为了提高复杂降水条件下毫米波传播衰减的评估精度,通过分析多个地区的降水谱特征,得出具有代表性的层状云降雨、积层混合云降雨、积雨云降雨以及干雪、湿雪的谱分布参数,然后结合降水粒子的形状、相态、介电模型,计算降水体目标在毫米波波段的散射特性.结果表明,降水强度不是唯一影响毫米波传播衰减的因素; 降水粒子相态、谱分布、入射波频率和温度等对毫米波传播特性均有不同程度的影响,其中谱分布和数密度是影响降雨对毫米波衰减的主要因素; 冰水构成比例是影响降雪对毫米波衰减的主要因素; 不同相态的降水,尤其是干雪、湿雪和雨对毫米波传播影响的差异较大; 而温度的影响较小.并建立了考虑谱分布和温度的降水衰减模型.     

降水对Ku/Ka频段星地链路衰减特性的影响研究

近年来,Ku和Ka卫星在广播、通信和军事等领域应用数量越来越多,传统的Ku和Ka波段星地链路降水衰减预报模型基于经验关系和理想假设,考虑降水微物理特性不足,针对此问题,在实测降水粒子微物理特征的基础上定量分析了降水垂直分布、粒子形状、粒子取向、粒子相态等对Ku和Ka频段信号衰减的影响特性.结果表明,与考虑降水非均匀垂直分布的计算结果相比,ITU和SAM模型是基于降水分布均匀的假设,无法代表降水垂直分布不均匀时的衰减情况;降水粒子形状和取向对衰减的影响较小,在13GHz和32GHz频段,球形和非球形粒子衰减值的平均绝对偏差均在0.01dB以下,不同粒子取向时衰减系数的平均绝对偏差最大值为0.00098dB/km和0.0207dB/km;不同相态的降水引起的衰减差异较大,衰减值从大到小依次是湿雪、水和冰.研究结果可以为Ku和Ka波段星地链路传播特性评估及降雨反演新方法提供基本的理论支撑和数据参考.     

云雾对THz波传播的衰减研究

基于云雾的粒子尺寸分布,利用Rayleigh近似和Mie理论计算了不同能见度和含水量的云雾对THz波的传播衰减.结果表明:THz波段的云雾衰减较微波、毫米波段的衰减严重得多;THz波段的云雾衰减随能见度的减小和含水量的增加而增大,对于相同能见度和含水量的云雾衰减并非随频率的提高而单调增加;同时温度对THz波段的云雾衰减影响不大,在整个THz波段并不存在明显的规律.     

Ka及毫米波段大气传输衰减特性研究

由于Ka及毫米波频段电磁波频率极高,大气传播特性不同于低频,受大气气体、降雨等大气环境的影响非常大。本文重点考虑大气中的氧气和水蒸气对电磁波的吸收衰减作用,分别从电磁波频率、大气含水量和温度三个方面具体分析大气对Ka及毫米波频段电磁波的衰减特性,并得出相关结论。     

基于射线分层算法的电磁波大气吸收衰减特性分析

针对电磁波在大气中传播的衰减问题,给出了基于大气温度、密度、压强及吸收谱线 强度等经验公式的大气吸收衰减系数模型,提出了基于射线分层算法的传播吸收衰减模型, 弥补了传统算法在处理非均匀大气及等效积分路径的不足,提高了算法在非均匀大气条件下 的计算精度,扩大了算法的适用范围。通过数值计算分析了电波频率、传播仰角、观测距离 等因素与大气吸收衰减之间的关系,并给出典型情况下的图表计算结果,可为后续工作提供 理论依据和数据支撑。     

对流层大气环境对电磁波吸收衰减的影响分析

为了准确估计对流层大气环境对电磁波能量吸收衰减的影响,为电磁波发射测量装备进行作用距离估算、测控布设及辐射安全区设定提供理论基础,重点研究了对流层大气吸收气体对电磁波能量传播的衰减影响。依据国际电信联盟Rec.ITU-R P.676-9的建议及GJB/Z 87-97《雷达电波折射与衰减手册》给出的1～54 GHz电磁波大气衰减率近似估算模型、等效高度计算模型和等效路径折射模型,修订并完善了在对流层范围内跨等效高度的电磁波倾斜路径衰减量计算模型。仿真分析研究了不同大气压力、温度和水蒸气密度对衰减率的影响,以及不同传播仰角、温度和相对湿度对电磁波相同传播距离能量衰减的影响。     

激光在大气中传输衰减特性研究

激光在大气中传输特性的研究是激光探测与制导、激光通信等光电系统设计中的一个主要问题.利用衰减的经验模型和Mie理论,分别计算了不同大气能见度下的霾粒子对激光大气传输产生的衰减,并对这两种方法计算的结果进行比较分析;再根据Mie理论和云雾的尺度分布模型计算了云雾的激光衰减.结果表明,在近红外波段对于对流层大气中霾粒子的衰减预测应用Mie理论计算更合理;云雾引起的衰减一般较大,并且随着能见度的减小,衰减增加较快.因此,当Vb＜15km时,霾引起的衰减需要考虑;当Vb较小时,云雾的激光衰减是限制系统性能的主要因素.     

微波毫米波大气衰减和天空噪声温度的计算

微波毫米波大气传输特性是微波毫米波系统设计和应用的理论基础。依据国际电信联盟的ITU_R P.676-9建议,给出了微波毫米波大气衰减的近似估算模型。计算了标准大气条件下不同仰角下的大气衰减曲线,研究了微波毫米波大气衰减的传输特性。计算了不同大气压力、大气温度和水蒸气密度情况下,频率1~300 GHz天顶方向的大气衰减。分析了大气压力、大气温度和水蒸气密度对大气衰减传输特性的影响。给出了天空噪声温度的计算公式,计算分析了不同仰角的天空噪声温度。对地空链路计算以及微波毫米波技术应用具有参考价值。     

沙尘暴多重散射对毫米波衰减影响研究

根据随机介质中电波传播理论,应用等效介电常数法和Mie理论,研究毫米波在沙尘暴中传播的衰减;并应用Monte Carlo方法,研究沙尘暴大气中毫米波多重散射对衰减的影响.分别得到了单次散射和多重散射时沙尘暴引起的毫米波段几个大气窗口频率的特征衰减,及随沙尘大气能见度和沙尘粒子水含量的变化关系.结果表明,当能见度小于1 km时,随着能见度的减小,特征衰减增大很快,多重散射的影响也愈来愈大.衰减随含水量的增加而增加,尤其当沙尘粒子水含量大于1%时增加较为显著.因此,对于预测自然沙尘暴大气对毫米波的衰减,当能见度小于1 km时,必须考虑粒子的多重散射效应.当沙尘粒子的水含量超过1%时,需要考虑水含量的影响.这些研究对民用和军用通信、遥感等系统的开发和应用均具有重要的实际意义.     

海洋大气气溶胶粒子谱分布及其消光特征分析

为研究海洋大气气溶胶粒子数浓度时空分布和粒径谱分布特征,2014年8月至2016年3月期间,利用光学粒子计数器和自动气象站等设备在广州茂名海边、东海和南海海域、三亚近海海域以及太平洋和印度洋海域对海洋大气气溶胶粒子数密度谱及大气温度、湿度、气压、风速等进行了测量。对不同海域不同气象条件下的谱分布特征进行了统计分析,并对谱分布进行了拟合。结果表明海洋大气气溶胶粒子谱分布是由一个细粒模和一个中间模组成,但近海的粒子数浓度大于远海。远海气溶胶粒子谱型稳定,海面风力是引起粒子数浓度变化的主要原因。东海和南海的粒子谱分为二段,小于0.5 m时用Junge谱的指数分布来描述,0.5~4 m段用对数正态分布来描述。大风天气下海洋气溶胶的消光系数明显增加,且在1~3 m波段的消光特征基本不受波长的影响。     

Millimeter-wave attenuation and delay rates due to frog/cloudconditions

Propagation properties of suspended water and ice particles which make up atmospheric haze, fog, and clouds were examined for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Rates of attenuation α (dB/km) and delay τ (ps/km) are derived from a complex refractivity based on the Rayleigh absorption approximation of Mie's scattering theory. Key variables are particle mass content and permittivity, which depends on frequency and temperature both for liquid and ice states. Water droplet attenuation can be estimated within a restricted (10±10°C) temperature range using a simple two-coefficient approximation. Experimental data on signal loss and phase delay caused by fog at four frequencies (50, 82, 141, and 246 GHz) over a 0.81-km line-of-sight path were found to be consistent with the model     

电磁波传播的云雾衰减特性研究

研究了云雾对电磁波传输的衰减特性,在云雾衰减理论模型基础上,给出了云雾衰减工程计算模型,该模型所需参数少、计算简便,且误差符合工程计算要求,仿真分析了电波频率、温度、发射角度及成雾类型等参数对雾特征衰减率的影响。当无线电波的频率高于10GHz时,需要考虑云和雾对电波的衰减;当频率高于50GHz时,云、雾对电波的衰减才显得重要。云雾对电磁波传播的衰减随着电波频率、温度、发射角及水汽含量的增大而增大。     

Research on the Sub-millimeter Wave Hydrometeors Attenuation Characteristic

In the sub-millimeter wave propagation process, attenuation is mainly due to the effects of atmospheric particles, such as water vapor. It’s also caused by absorption and scattering by hydrometeors. This paper focuses on the effects of hydrometeors on sub-millimeter wave propagation. The formula for calculating the attenuation cross-section of raindrops is given, as well as the distance formula of sub-millimeter wave radiometers. Finally, this paper mentions the effects of some weather phenomena on detection distance of sub-millimeter wave radiometers. Taking cloud attenuation as an example, the relation between distance and temperature or moisture content is analyzed.     

Microwave attenuation measurements in satellite-ground links: thepotential of spectral analysis for water vapor profiles retrieval

The authors address the problem of estimating vertical profiles of atmospheric water vapor by means of attenuation measurements simultaneously made at different frequencies along a vertical satellite-ground link. The operating frequencies selected are those around the spectral absorption lines of water vapor at 22.235 GHz. A simulation is presented of multifrequency attenuation measurements, based on an atmospheric propagation model and on radiosonde data providing true profiles of temperature, pressure, and water vapor. The results indicate that such multifrequency measurements are correlated to variations of the vertical profiles of water vapor. It is therefore expected that vertical detail of such profiles depends on number and position of the frequencies utilized     

One-dimensional variational retrieval algorithm of temperature, water vapor, and cloud water profiles from advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU)

The measurements from satellite microwave imaging and sounding channels are simultaneously utilized through a one-dimensional (1-D) variation method (1D-var) to retrieve the profiles of atmospheric temperature, water vapor and cloud water. Since the radiative transfer model in this 1D-var procedure includes scattering and emission from the earth's atmosphere, the retrieval can perform well under all weather conditions. The iterative procedure is optimized to minimize computational demands and to achieve better accuracy. At first, the profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water are derived using only the AMSU-A measurements at frequencies less than 60 GHz. The second step is to retrieve rain and ice water using the AMSU-B measurements at 89 and 150 GHz. Finally, all AMSU-A/B sounding channels at 50-60 and 183 GHz are utilized to further refine the profiles of temperature and water vapor while the profiles of cloud, rain, and ice water contents are constrained to those previously derived. It is shown that the radiative transfer model including multiple scattering from clouds and precipitation can significantly improve the accuracy for retrieving temperature, moisture and cloud water. In hurricane conditions, an emission-based radiative transfer model tends to produce unrealistic temperature anomalies throughout the atmosphere. With a scattering-based radiative transfer model, the derived temperature profiles agree well with those observed from aircraft dropsondes.     

A broadband microwave radiometer technique at X-band for rain and drop size distribution estimation

Radiometric brightness temperatures below about 12 GHz provide accurate estimates of path attenuation through precipitation and cloud water. Multiple brightness temperature measurements at X-band frequencies can be used to estimate rainfall rate and parameters of the drop size distribution once correction for cloud water attenuation is made. Employing a stratiform storm model, calculations of the brightness temperatures at 9.5, 10, and 12 GHz are used to simulate estimates of path-averaged median mass diameter, number concentration, and rainfall rate. The results indicate that reasonably accurate estimates of rainfall rate and information on the drop size distribution can be derived over ocean under low to moderate wind speed conditions.     

太赫兹波段信号在雾中的传输特性研究

太赫兹（THz）波提供的通信带宽和容量远大于毫米波。与可见光和红外光相比,THz脉冲的波长较长,在随机介质中传播时,不但会发生时域和空域的形变,介质中的粒子还会对入射波发生散射,这些都会使得脉冲信号发生衰减。根据Mie理论与随机离散分布粒子的波传播与散射理论,计算了THz波信号入射下雾滴粒子的消光系数,分析了不同THz波波长下,雾滴粒子消光系数随粒子尺寸的变化。结合雾滴粒子谱分布,考虑粒子群的平均体系散射特性,得到了不同波长下的平均反照率与相函数。最后分析了THz波段信号在不同能见度雾中的传输特性。结果表明:大气环境中,雾对THz波产生的吸收和衰减不容忽视,不同THz信号的水的折射率虚部的变化严重影响了THz信号在雾中的传输。     

Measurments of attenuation and refractive dispersion due to atmospheric water vapor at 80 and 240 GHz

Field line-of-sight propagation experiments were made at 80 and 240 GHz on a horizontal path of 810 m. The measured attenuations showed quadratic dependences on atmospheric water vapor density, and absorptions in excess of theoretical predictions were observed at both frequencies, while the measured refractive dispersion between these two frequencies showed a linear dependence on water vapor density and was in good agreement with theoretical prediction. Liebe's model for water vapor attenuation including empirical continuum absorption is confirmed to be effective for 80 and 240 GHz.     

Influence of microphysical cloud parameterizations on microwavebrightness temperatures

The microphysical parameterization of clouds and rain cells plays a central role in atmospheric forward radiative transfer models used in calculating microwave brightness temperatures. The absorption and scattering properties of a hydrometeor-laden atmosphere are governed by particle phase, size distribution, aggregate density, shape, and dielectric constant. This study investigates the sensitivity of brightness temperatures with respect to the microphysical cloud parameterization. Calculated wideband (6-410 GHz) brightness temperatures were studied for four evolutionary stages of an oceanic convective storm using a rive-phase hydrometeor model in a planar-stratified scattering-based radiative transfer model. Five other microphysical cloud parameterizations were compared to the baseline calculations to evaluate brightness temperature sensitivity to gross changes in the hydrometeor size distributions and the ice-air-water ratios in the frozen or partly frozen phase. The comparison shows that enlarging the raindrop size or adding water to the partly frozen hydrometeor mix warms brightness temperatures by as much as 55 K at 6 GHz. The cooling signature caused by ice scattering intensifies with increasing ice concentrations and at higher frequencies. An additional comparison to measured Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) brightness temperatures shows that in general all but two parameterizations produce calculated T_Bs that fall within the CAMEX-3 observed minima and maxima