Distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio refers to an intelligent radio with the capability of sensing the radio environment and dynamically reconfiguring the operating parameters. Recent research has focused on using cognitive radios in ad hoc environments. Spectrum sensing is the most important aspect of successful cognitive radio ad hoc network deployment to overcome spectrum scarcity. Multiple cognitive radio users can cooperate to sense the primary user and improve sensing performance. Cognitive radio ad hoc networks are dynamic in nature and have no central point for data fusion. In this paper, gradient-based fully distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is proposed for ad hoc networks. The licensed band used for TV transmission is considered the primary user. The gradient field changes with the energy sensed by cognitive radios, and the gradient is calculated based on the components, which include energy sensed by secondary users and received from neighbors. The proposed scheme was evaluated from the perspective of reliable sensing, convergence time, and energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

认知无线电协作频谱感知机制的优化

频谱感知的目标是在尽量避免对主用户造成干扰的条件下为感知用户提供尽可能多的频谱接入机会。由于单用户频谱检测算法的局限性,协作频谱感知被提了出来。在满足对主用户干扰限度的条件下,为了使单个授权信道的频谱感知效率达到最大,引入一种新的协作频谱感知机制,联合优化包括感知时间、传输时间、参与协作的感知用户数目在内的感知参数,并通过穷尽搜索算法得到最优解。在此基础上研究了多个授权信道情况下的频谱感知效率问题,提出了一种授权信道选择分配方案。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

RAC: Range Adaptive Cognitive Radio Networks

In recent years, cognitive radio has received a great attention due to tremendous potential to improve the utilization of the radio spectrum by efficiently reusing and sharing the licensed spectrum bands, as long as the interference power inflicted on the primary users of the band remains below a predefined threshold level. Cognitive radio allows the secondary users in the cognitive radio network to access the licensed spectrum of the primary users opportunistically. In this paper, an autonomous distributed adaptive transmission range control scheme for cognitive radio networks which is called the RAC is proposed. The RAC considers the QoS requirements of both the primary and the secondary users simultaneously. The cognitive user's maximization of its achievable throughput without interfering the primary user by adapting transmission range of the secondary users dynamically is the key feature of the RAC. One of the advantages of using the proposed scheme is its implementation simplicity. The RAC is compared to other cognitive radio schemes in a simulation environment by using ns2. Simulations indicate that, the RAC can well fit into the mobile cognitive radio ad hoc networks and improve the network performance. Having compared to the other schemes utilizing contemporary cognitive radio technology, the RAC provides better adaptability to the environment and maximizes throughput and minimizes data delivery latency.     

异构无线网络的认知节点位置分析

针对异构无线网络的协同频谱感知的检测能力问题,提出了一种基于信号相关特性的协同判决策略,采用环状对称的认知节点预布置方法来提高预定区域内主用户的检测能力.通过对称布置认知节点对之间的协同检测来减少隐藏终端误判概率,解决双工状态的主用户检测问题并实现对处于接收状态的异构网络主用户的非协议解析.数值仿真验证了该认知节点预布...     

基于噪声估计的加权协同频谱感知技术

频谱感知是认知无线电研究的关键技术之一,能量检测法是典型的频谱感知方法。针对传统的能量检测法和协同频谱感知存在的局限性,提出一种基于估计噪声的加权协同频谱感知方法,不同认知用户分别通过估计被测频段相邻保护（过渡）频带的噪声特性,近似作为授权用户频带内的噪声特性,以此估计噪声作为信任度进行加权协同数据融合。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效提高频谱检测性能。     

认知无线电网络中基于智能天线的空间频谱接入机会

认知无线电技术可以动态使用授权频段进行传输,因此如何有效利用这些频谱接入机会成为一个研究重点。本文研究在认知无线电网络中使用智能天线,使认知用户在时域上获得频谱接入能力外,还具有增强的空间复用能力。当前频段出现活跃授权用户时,认知用户可以优化天线波束模式,避免干扰授权用户同时保持在该频段上的传输。本文对波束调整的策略进行分析,并给出了使用这些策略时认知用户可以获得的空间共享概率。理论分析和仿真结果均表明,使用智能天线可以使认知用户获得更多的频谱接入机会,频段的利用率大幅提高。     

Optimal user scheduling and power control in multi-user cognitive broadcast systems

Cognitive radio systems should not only have the ability to sense and exploit "frequency spectrum holes",but also the ability to sense and utilize "spatial spectrum holes".In this paper,we consider the issue of maximizing the throughput of the cognitive systems by fully utilizing "spatial spectrum holes" brought in by multiple cognitive users,in the scenario where a pair of licensed users and a cognitive broadcast system share multiple spectrum bands.By exploiting the channel reciprocity under the premise that the licensed system adopts the time-division-duplexing (TDD) mode,we propose a more practical cognitive access scheme that can sense the interference at the licensed user caused by the cognitive transmitter,based on the existing feedback signals from the licensed user to the licensed base station.Taking both interferences from the licensed base station to the cognitive receiver and from the cognitive transmitter to the licensed user into consideration,we investigate the optimal user scheduling and power allocation scheme that can maximize the ergodic sum rate of the cognitive system.We show that scheduling the user whose channel gain to interference and noise ratio (CGINR) is the largest for each frequency band is optimal.We also derive the dynamic power allocation scheme meeting the three practical constraints,i.e.,the transmitter’s average transmission power constraint,the power amplifier’s instantaneous transmission power constraint,and the interference power constraint at the licensed user.The result shows that in different coherent time intervals and different frequency bands,the power allocation has a multi-level waterfilling structure.Theoretical analysis shows that the strategy scheduling user with the largest CGINR introduces significant performance improvement compared with the traditional strategy scheduling user with the largest channel gain to noise ratio (CGNR).We also illustrate the impact of power constraints and the number of users on system performance by simulation.     

基于频谱感知的认知Ad hoc网络分簇算法

为了提高认知Ad hoc网络频谱感知效率,解决认知Ad hoc网络分簇问题,本文提出一种基于频谱感知的认知Ad hoc网络分簇算法。通过引入检测因子,综合考虑多个主用户信号交叠与阴影衰落的情况,将认知Ad hoc网络中的次用户节点与需要检测的主用户信道建模为二部图模型,使得分簇问题简化为最大权边二部图（Constraint maximum-weight edge biclique, C-MWEB）分解问题,并设计一种贪婪算法对其求解。仿真结果表明,在多个主用户信号交叠与阴影衰落并存的情况下,相较于传统算法,本文算法分簇更为合理,具有更好的有效性与可靠性。     

动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法

随着通信技术的提高和通信应用的增多,无线频谱资源越来越匮乏.许多分配到资源的主用户利用率很低,认知无线电技术希望没有分配到资源的次用户合理使用主用户频谱来提高频谱的利用率.频谱感知技术关系到认知无线电中次用户对空闲频谱的使用机会,是认知无线电的关键技术之一.就是在已有的感知技术的基础上,提出了新的感知手段.在认知无线电网络中,不同的次用户由于与主用户距离以及自身所处环境的噪声影响不同,它们的信噪比一般是不一样的.这里采用的动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法,是对传统双门限能量感知方法的改进,通过充分考虑次用户之间的差异性来提高感知的性能.首先,根据对检测和虚警概率的要求,过滤掉一部分检测能力不满足条件的次用户.同时,每个次用户的用于能量感知的双门限会根据它们各自信噪比的不同而动态变化.通过与单门限能量感知以及传统双门限能量感知方法进行比较,可以看出本文提出的感知方法一定程度上提高了系统整体感知的性能.     

基于信誉度的合作式频谱感知

认知无线电网络中存在阴影和多径衰落效应等问题,从而导致单认知用户感知结果不准确。为此,提出一种基于二重双向信誉度的合作频谱感知算法。每个次用户有自己的自私信誉度,用于判定次用户是否为恶意用户。不同地区的次用户又有不同的位置信誉度,可反映出该地域是否受阴影和多径衰落的影响。基于用户之间的互动反馈,实时更新2种信誉度,并根据不同的信誉度给出不同的权重以用于合作式频谱感知。仿真结果表明,该算法在恶意用户存在的情况下仍能取得较高检测率。     

认知无线电网络中的一种新型协作频谱感知方法

提出一种能够应用于认知无线电网络中的新型协作频谱感知方法--双阚值能量检测,该方法同时利用了次要用户的接收信号能量和局部判决结果两种信息,由判决中心结合次要用户的局部判决结果和接收信号能量,做出最终判决从而确定主要用户存在与否.该方法在通信流量增加不多的情况下能够充分提升检测性能.仿真结果表明当接收信号能量落入延迟判决区间的概率较大时,该算法能够显著地改善认知无线电网络的协作频谱感知能力.     

认知信道容量的归一化分析

认知用户使用信道时,主用户信号的检测率、空闲信道的检测率以及两次感知之间主用户信号的离开或到来都对系统性能有着重要的影响。针对这一问题,分析了认知用户容量、感知时间、主用户信号变化率之间的关系。研究发现：在主用户对信道利用率一定的条件下,认知用户的最佳感知时间只取决于认知信号的帧长和主用户信号的信噪比,而与主用户信号的变化率无关;此外认知用户的容量随着主用户信号变化的增快而呈现出减少的趋势。     

基于权值自适应优化的协作频谱认知算法

提出一种基于权值自适应优化的协作频谱认知算法。根据各协作认知节点的信噪比分配合适的权值向量,反映对检测统计量的贡献大小。基于最小均方误差原则,权值向量可根据实际的各节点信噪比向量进行自适应优化,从而提高认知网络中存在低信噪比节点时的检测性能。仿真结果表明,与传统协作算法相比,该算法无论在节点高信噪比或低信噪比条件下均有更优的检测性能,且收敛速度较快。     

非完美感知条件下认知网络的性能分析

通过对非理想频谱感知下的认知无线电网络(CognitiveRadioNetwork,CRN)建模,分析了认知网络的主要性能参数。由于漏检的存在,可能造成主次级用户业务之间的碰撞,从而引起用户业务的中断或阻塞;另一方面,由于虚警,认知用户将放弃接入可用的空闲频段,从而降低了频谱资源的利用率,无论哪种情形都将导致系统的QoS性能降低。通过将认知网络建模成一个二维马氏链,推导了系统的主要QoS参数。结果表明,尽管误检的存在,认知网络仍能显著提高频谱资源利用率;而主用户的QoS需求也可以通过控制认知业务的接入量来得到保证。     

CDCSS: cluster-based distributed cooperative spectrum sensing model against primary user emulation (PUE) cyber attacks

In cognitive radio network, the secondary users (SUs) use the spectrum of primary users for communication which arises the security issues. The status of SUs as legitimate users is compulsory for the stability of the system. This paper addresses the issue of delay caused by a band-selection decision process that directly affects the security and performance. The model cluster-based distributed cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed. In this model, cluster heads (CHs) exchange control information with other CHs and ordinary nodes. This model significantly reduced the delay, sensing, convergence, routing, in band-selection process. This also reduces the energy consumption while sensing the spectrum which seriously leads to performance upgradation. The simulated results show the improved performance of cognitive radio networks in terms of delay, packet loss ratio and bandwidth usage as compared to cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing model. The opportunity for primary user emulation attacker is minimized as the overall delay is reduced.     

认知无线电网络中安全的协作频谱检测算法

在认知无线电网络中,当认知用户存在虚假感知信息SSDF时,协作频谱感知的性能会受到巨大影响。为了确保频谱感知的鲁棒性,提出了一种基于信誉度加权序贯频谱检测算法来识别恶意用户并减轻他们造成的影响。该算法通过使用认知用户的近期感知信息计算本地信誉度函数,再综合考虑其信誉值与感知过程中表现的稳定程度以消除恶意用户对主用户的传输效率带来的影响。仿真结果表明,在恶意攻击环境下,新算法优于现有典型协作频谱感知算法。     

基于BP神经网络的协作频谱感知技术

认知无线电技术可以利用主用户未使用的频谱资源来有效地提高频谱利用率。单用户感知技术虽然简单但可靠性较低,协作频谱感知技术可以显著地提高频谱感知的性能。现有的大部分协作感知都是在假设各认知用户的信噪比相同的前提下进行研究。然而在实际环境中,由于每个认知用户所处的环境不同,其信噪比不同,对融合中心判决的影响也不同。如何在提升检测性能的同时提升系统的能量效率是关键问题。提出一种基于BP(Back Propagation)神经网络的协作频谱感知技术,它利用频谱环境的历史信息,通过BP神经网络提高频谱感知性能。仿真结果表明,该算法可以在保证协作感知性能的同时减少参与协作的认知用户数,从而减少能量消耗。     

混合模式下认知无线电网络的能效优化算法

认知无线电网络中,协作频谱感知利用多个节点同时感知可提高频谱感知检测性能。然而随着感知的次用户(SU)个数增加,导致能耗增高、能效(EE)降低。为解决这一问题,本文结合机会频谱接入和衬垫式频谱共享2种共享模式,构造基于混合频谱共享模式的能效模型,同时考虑3种不同的融合规则、主用户(PU)的再占据概率和报告信道误差,以最大化SU系统的EE为目标,使用拉格朗日乘子法与次梯度下降算法对感知时间、参与感知个数、次用户发射功率进行迭代优化求解。仿真结果表明,在最低服务质量要求(QoS)和发射功率的约束下,该能效优化算法能够实现更高的吞吐量和更高的能量效率。     

A cross-layer protocol of spectrum mobility and handover in cognitive LTE networks

Cognitive radio technique is the next step toward efficient wireless bandwidth utilization. While some of the spectrum bands (unlicensed band) have been increasingly used, most of the other spectrum resources (licensed band) are underutilized. This drives the challenges of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum access concepts, which allows unlicensed users (or called secondary users, SUs) equipped with cognitive radios to opportunistically access the spectrum not used by licensed users (or called primary users, PUs). Most existing results mainly focus on designing the lower-layer cognitive radio problems. In the literature, this is the first result to investigate the higher-layer solution for cognitive radio networks. In this paper, we present a cross-layer protocol of spectrum mobility (layer-2) and handover (layer-3) in cognitive LTE networks. With the consideration of the Poisson distribution model of spectrum resources, a cross-layer handoff protocol with the minimum expected transmission time is developed in cognitive LTE networks. Performance analysis of the proposed handoff protocol is investigated. Finally, simulation results illustrates the proposed handoff protocol significantly reduces the expected transmission time and the spectrum mobility ratio.     

Cooperative detection of primary user emulation attacks in CRNs

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) can improve the utilization of the spectrum by making use of licensed spectrum in an opportunistic manner. With such purpose, coexistence mechanisms among CRN nodes or secondary users and legitimate users of the spectrum or primary users are defined. However, due to the particular features of CRNs, new security threats arise, such as the primary user emulation (PUE) attack, which is the most challenging among all. With the aim of detecting such kind of attacks, in this paper we propose a cooperative localization method specifically suited to CRNs which relies on TDoA measurements and Taylor-series estimations. Simulations results show the goodness of the proposed method and its suitability to typical CRN scenarios.