Venting process of lithium-ion power battery during thermal runaway under medium state of charge

以电动汽车用方壳型镍钴锰（NCM）锂离子动力电池为研究对象,以氮气为惰性保护,采用高速摄影的方法,在密闭容器内开展了电池热失控产物喷发过程的试验研究。检测压力突变表明,中等荷电状态下的电池热失控后的喷发过程出现了2次剧烈喷射,分别导致了喷发物射流区温度的突然降低和快速升高。借助辅助光源,捕捉到了热失控产物首次喷发演变过程的高速影像,进一步分析发现,首次喷发经历了初期的带状和锥形喷发,然后进入较长时间的无定形喷发和后期的倒锥形喷发;同时,在影像中还观察到了气-液-固三相共存的特征。     

Recent progress on evolution of safety performance of lithium-ion battery during aging process

安全性是制约锂离子电池规模应用的重要技术问题。锂离子电池的安全性能不仅仅与材料体系、电芯设计相关,还会随着使用过程而发生变化。锂离子电池安全性能在全生命周期内的演变规律需要重点展开研究,以保障电池在使用过程中的安全性。本文对锂离子电池全生命周期安全性演变问题的国内外研究进展进行了综述,分析了国内外关于电池安全性能在循环老化和储存老化两种工况下的演变规律的研究,总结了电池老化衰减机理与安全性能变化之间的关系,指出负极析锂是影响电池全生命周期安全性能的重要因素,最后对锂离子电池全生命周期安全性演变研究进行了展望。     

Research on thermal runaway test platform design for energy-storage lithium-ion batteries

介绍了锂离子储能电池热失控研究的目的和意义,探讨了储能电池与动力电池在热失控检测实验研究关注上的异同,从理论分析和实验研究两方面归纳了影响储能电池热失控的促发条件及对应的关键阈值.在此基础上,完成了模拟热失控促发条件和满足阈值要求的检测实验平台设计及功能验证,并对此平台的应用前景进行了展望.     

Thermal runaway propagation mitigation of lithium ion battery by epoxy resin board

动力电池热失控扩展阻隔是抑制大规模电池火灾的重要途径。本文采用环氧树脂板（ERB）阻隔锂离子电池的热失控扩展,分析不同厚度ERB对串联及并联模组的热失控阻隔作用。结果表明,ERB可降低热失控电池模组的最高温度,减轻电池热失控剧烈程度,避免喷射火焰的产生;对于并联的电池模组,采用2 mmERB的锂电池模组的电池间热失控扩展平均时间间隔为198 s,为无ERB时的2.29倍,采用4 mm ERB时平均时间间隔延长至无ERB时的5.57倍;对于串联的电池模组,采用2 mm ERB时电池热失控扩展平均时间间隔延长至无ERB锂电池模组的2.09倍,采用4 mm ERB时可完全阻止热失控扩展;研究发现并联的电池模组相对于串联模组更容易扩展,其原因为并联模组单个电池热失控时会形成电回路并产生焦耳热。     

动力汽车用锂电池热管理系统仿真分析

为了研究动力汽车用锂电池温度场分布,建立了单体电池及电池组仿真模型,通过实验与FLUENT软件模拟验证的方式分析单体电池温度场。通过仿真分析讨论电池组温度场,采用三种不同的进出风方式进行空气强制冷却电池组,分析了进出风口有倾角与无倾角的不同温度控制效果,结果表明带有倾角的进出风方式有利于降低电池组最高温度。采用电池组壳体侧面开孔方式进行电池组热管理,可有效改善电池组放电过程的温度分布均匀性。     

A comprehensive study on thermal conductivity of the lithium-ion battery

The reliable thermal conductivity of lithium-ion battery is significant for the accurate prediction of battery thermal characteristics during the charging/discharging process. Both isotropic and anisotropic thermal conductivities are commonly employed while exploring battery thermal characteristics. However, the study on the difference between the use of two thermal conductivities is relatively scarce. In this study, the isotropic and anisotropic thermal conductivities of the four commercially available lithium-ion batteries, ie, LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiFePO₄, and Li (NiCoMn)O₂, were reviewed and evaluated numerically through the heat conduction characteristics inside the battery. The results showed that there are significant differences in the temperature distribution in the battery caused by the isotropic and anisotropic thermal conductivities, which could affect the layout and cooling effectiveness of battery thermal management system. Furthermore, the effective thermal conductivities of porous electrodes and separator were determined to establish thermal conductivity bounds of lithium-ion batteries combined with the thicknesses of battery components. The thermal conductivity bounds could be applied to evaluate the rationality of the thermal conductivity data used in battery thermal models.     

Research of leaked toxics from Li-ion battery electrical heat triggering thermal runaway

为探究锂离子电池电热触发热失控过程,本工作在研究和建立电热触发锂离子电池热失控方法的基础上,对不同荷电状态下18650锂离子电池进行电热触发热失控,分析了电热触发18650锂离子电池热失控现象,对热失控过程中泄露的气体进行采集与分析。研究结果表明,电热方法可以触发18650锂离子的热失控,该热失控过程中会产生有毒气体,同时伴随浓烟和高温,防护不当将对人体和环境造成伤害。     

Recent progress in lithium-ion battery thermal management for a wide range of temperature and abuse conditions

Lithium-ion batteries are important power sources for electric vehicles and energy storage devices in recent decades. Operating temperature, reliability, safety, and life cycle of batteries are key issues in battery thermal management, and therefore, there is a need for an effective thermal-management system. This review summarises the latest research progress on lithium-ion battery thermal management under high temperature, sub-zero temperature, and abuse conditions. Heat generation mechanisms are characterised under both normal and abuse conditions. Different cooling methods, which include air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change cooling, heat pipe cooling, and their combinations are reviewed and discussed. Thereafter, features of different battery heating methods such as air/liquid heating, alternate current heating, and internal self-heating are discussed. An improvement in battery safety under abuse conditions is discussed from the perspective of battery material modification and thermal management design. The research progress in recent investigations is summarised, and the prospects are proposed.     

The review of thermal management technology for large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage system

大容量锂离子电池储能系统对完善传统电网和高效利用新能源都具有非常重要的作用。为了实现大容量锂离子电池储能系统的高倍率化、长寿命化以及高安全性,高性能电池热管理系统的研发刻不容缓。本文总结了温度对锂离子电池性能的影响规律,综述了空冷、液冷、热管冷却、相变冷却这4种典型热管理技术的研究概况,分析了热管理技术在锂离子电池储能系统中的应用与研究状况。随着锂离子电池储能系统工作倍率的提高,产热量随之增大,对热管理系统的要求也越来越高。下一步的研究工作应围绕空冷系统优化、基于新型冷却介质的液冷系统、经济型热管及多目标优化设计这4方面展开。     

Effects of reciprocating liquid flow battery thermal management system on thermal characteristics and uniformity of large lithium-ion battery pack

To investigate the thermal characteristics and uniformity of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack, a second-order Thevenin circuit model of single LIB was modeled and validated experimentally. A battery thermal management system (BTMS) with reciprocating liquid flow was established based on the validated equivalent circuit model. The effects of the reciprocation period, battery module coolant flow rate and ambient temperature on the temperature and the temperature imbalance of batteries were studied. The results illustrate that the temperature difference can be effectively reduced by 3°C when the reciprocating period is 590 seconds. The reciprocating coolant flow rate is 11.5% and 33.3% that of the unidirectional flow BTMS for cooling and heating when same thermal effects are to be achieved. Under the same ambient temperature condition, the maximum temperature and average temperature difference can be reduced by 1.67°C and 3.77°C, respectively, at best for the battery module investigated with a reciprocating liquid-flow cooling system. The average temperature difference and heating power consumption could be reduced by 1.2°C and 14 kJ for reciprocating liquid flow heating system with period of 295 seconds when compared with unidirectional flow. As a result, the thermal characteristics and temperature uniformity can be effectively improved, and the parasitic power consumption can be significantly reduced through adoption of a reciprocating liquid flow BTMS.     

Overview of research on thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries

随着锂离子电池在生活和工作中的普及,锂离子电池的安全事故逐年增加,锂离子电池的安全研究逐渐引起学术界的关注。研究锂离子电池的热安全性,可以有效分析锂离子电池发生起火和爆炸的内在原因,指导锂离子电池安全性研究的开展。本文介绍了锂离子电池工作过程中产热的来源和影响因素,以及锂离子电池热失控发生时的内部反应和反应对应的温度,并对电池热失控时的热特性参数进行了总结。     

Research progress on capacitive lithium-ion battery

锂离子电池具有高的能量密度,而超级电容器则以高功率密度和长循环寿命为突出优势。电容型锂离子电池是在锂离子电池的正极中加入部分电容炭材料,在不显著降低能量密度的情况下,大幅度改善锂离子电池的功率特性和循环寿命,从而实现电容与电池技术的融合。本文综述了国内外近年来在电容型锂离子电池领域的最新研究进展,介绍了主要的电容型锂离子电池体系及其性能特点,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

A review on lithium-ion power battery thermal management technologies and thermal safety

Lithium-ion power battery has become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles because of superior performance compared with other power sources.In order to ensure the safety and improve the performance,the maximum operating temperature and local temperature difference of batteries must be maintained in an appropriate range.The effect of temperature on the capacity fade and aging are simply investigated.The electrode structure,including electrode thickness,particle size and porosity,are analyzed.It is found that all of them have significant influences on the heat generation of battery.Details of various thermal management technologies,namely air based,phase change material based,heat pipe based and liquid based,are discussed and compared from the perspective of improving the external heat dissipation.The selection of different battery thermal management (BTM) technologies should be based on the cooling demand and applications,and liquid cooling is suggested being the most suitable method for large-scale battery pack charged/discharged at higher C-rate and in high-temperature environment.The thermal safety in the respect of propagation and suppression of thermal runaway is analyzed.     

Numerical study on thermal behavior and a liquid cooling strategy for lithium-ion battery

Investigation on the thermal behavior of the lithium-ion battery which includes the temperature response, heat contribution and generation, is of vital importance for their performance and safety. In this study, an electrochemical-thermal cycling model is presented for a 4 Ah 21700 type cylindrical single cell and 3× 3 battery pack and the model is validated by experiment on a single cell. Thermal behavior on a single cell is first analyzed, the results show that the heat generated in the charge is smaller than the discharge, and the polarization heat contributes the most to total heat, especially under higher rate. It can also be concluded from the battery pack that the temperature of the cell inside the battery pack is significantly greater than the external battery, while the temperature difference exists the opposite regular due to the worst heat dissipation of the central cell. Finally, after taking the enhanced liquid cooling strategy, the maximum temperature is 320.6 K that is reduced by 9.38%, and the maximum temperature difference is 4.9 K which is reduced by 69.6% at 2C, meeting the requirements of battery thermal management system.     

Three-dimensional thermal finite element modeling of lithium-ion battery in thermal abuse application

In order to better understand the thermal abuse behavior of high capacities and large power lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle application, a three-dimensional thermal model has been developed for analyzing the temperature distribution under abuse conditions. The model takes into account the effects of heat generation, internal conduction and convection, and external heat dissipation to predict the temperature distribution in a battery. Three-dimensional model also considers the geometrical features to simulate oven test, which are significant in larger cells for electric vehicle application. The model predictions are compared to oven test results for VLP 50/62/100S-Fe (3.2 V/55 Ah) LiFePO₄/graphite cells and shown to be in great agreement.     

A review on thermal management techniques for lithium-ion battery

随着新能源汽车的广泛使用,动力锂离子电池的热安全性问题日益突出。本文以Bernardi生热机理为基础,耦合不同物理量,分别从电化学-热耦合模型、电-热耦合模型和热滥用模型来介绍单体电池的热特性。由于电池能量密度的增加与行驶工况复杂程度的提高,动力锂离子电池容易发生热量堆积,甚至造成热失控,对此,文中梳理了商用动力电池包的常用冷却方式。最后,根据对影响电池模组安全性的热失控蔓延机理及实测结果,介绍了阻断单体及基本模块热失控传播的有效方法。     

Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO4/graphite aged batteries under overcharge

In this paper, the overcharge tests of 25 Ah LiFePO₄/graphite batteries are conducted in an open environment and the overcharge-to-thermal-runaway characteristics are studied. The effects of current rates (C-rates: 2C, 1C, 0.5C, and 0.3C) and states of health (SOHs: 100%, 80%, 70%, and 60%) on thermal runaway features are discussed in detail. The overcharge process can be summarized into five stages based on the experimental phenomena (C-rate ≥ 1 and SOH ≥ 80%): expansion, fast venting after safety valve rupture, slow venting, intense jet smoke, and explosion, while the battery cannot explode at lower C-rates and SOHs. The maximum pressure increases with the increase in C-rate or SOH. There are five obvious inflection points in the voltage curve during overcharge process. The V₁ (point B) of aged battery, corresponding to lithium plating on the anode, changes little with C-rates. It is slightly lower than that of the new battery. A sharp drop in voltage (point E) is probably due to the internal short circuit (ISC), caused by the local melting and rupture of the separator. It takes more than 2 minutes from the moment of ISC to thermal runaway regardless of the SOH, indicating that there are a few minutes to take safety measures if the voltage is an indication parameter. The onset temperature of thermal runaway decreases first and then increases as the SOH decreases from 100% to 60% during 1C constant overcharge tests. These results can provide guidance for the thermal management of the whole battery life cycle and the reuse of retired batteries.     

Review on heat generation theory model of lithium-ion battery

本文根据近年来锂离子电池产热特性方面的研究,详细阐述了锂离子电池产热的基本原理,并总结了国内外锂离子电池产热模型的研究现状。重点针对电化学-热耦合模型、电-热耦合模型以及热滥用模型进行了详细综述,并在此基础上对锂离子电池热效应的研究和产热模型的建立进行了展望。     

Recent progress in electrode materials for aqueous lithium-ion batteries

水系锂离子电池是以水溶液为电解质的二次电池,它克服了传统有机体系电池电解液昂贵,有毒,易燃,离子电导率低,制作成本高等缺点,成为继风能,太阳能后最具发展潜力的绿色能源之一.本文归纳了近年来国内外水系锂离子电池正负极材料的研究进展,介绍了各种电极材料存在的主要问题(如电极材料在电解液中的溶解,电解液中质子活性大导致电极材料发生副反应等)以及改性方法,并提出对电极材料进行修饰是水系锂离子电池未来的发展趋势.     

Experimental study on fire extinguishing of large-capacity lithium-ion batteries by various fire extinguishing agents

为研究不同灭火介质对大容量动力锂离子电池火灾的有效性,搭建了适用于多种灭火介质的灭火测试平台。在灭火测试平台上以功率为300 W的电热管作为外热源引发单电池热失控,通过改变灭火介质,研究了不同灭火介质的灭火行为及灭火效率。研究结果表明,对于38 A·h单体动力电池火灾,ABC干粉、七氟丙烷（HFC）、水、全氟己酮和CO₂灭火剂均能快速熄灭电池明火,但CO₂灭火剂灭火后电池出现了复燃;电池灭火过程中,不同的灭火剂在抑制电池温度上升表现出明显差异,其中,抑制温升效果优劣依次为水、全氟己酮、HFC、ABC干粉和CO₂。本研究的结果可为工程应用及电池灭火规范制定提供实验支撑。