反季节水位变动背景下的护岸功能型生态结构设计研究

三峡大坝的修建在取得航运、防洪、发电等社会经济效益的同时,也给库区消落带生态环境造成了不利影响。以生态学思想为指导的景观基塘系统、湖岸生态缓冲带、林泽系统和生境岛屿结构设计,有助于汉丰湖城市护岸水质净化、景观优化,及生物生境等综合生态服务功能的实现,并促进汉丰湖湿地景观建设与人居环境的协同共生。以重庆开县汉丰湖消藩带为对象,研究了反季节水位变动背景下的湖城共生复合生态系统的恢复重建模式与方法。本研究是对城市消落带生态护岸结构设计思路与方法的全新探索,将为库区沿岸其他城市消落带相关研究和工程实践提供参考。     

“以小控大”古镇水体景观空间塑造技巧探索——以四川省邛崃市汉风酒城景观规划设计为例

文章从布局形态和园林小品大小两个层次,以及“环、线、点”三个方面综合分析了汉风酒城古镇水体景观空间的塑造手法,探讨理水技巧。由于其水体景观空间塑造手法的实用性和鲜明性十分突出,在当下古镇泛滥建设和水资源匮乏的环境下,这种塑造手法尤其值得我们学习和思考。     

输水钢管在沼泽地段的应用

本文根据沼泽地的特点 ,理论结合实践分析研究了钢管应用于输水管线时设计与施工的特点 ,提出了一种钢管基础处理方法———大坡度开挖法 ,并证明了其可行性及实用性     

双水源对置供水管网中三卤甲烷变化规律浅析

为有效控制供水管网中的三卤甲烷浓度,考察了以太湖和阳澄湖为双水源的管网水中三卤甲烷的变化趋势。采集S市分别经过A水厂(以太湖为水源)和B水厂(以阳澄湖为水源)处理后的供水管网水样,探讨三卤甲烷和余氯浓度随供水距离的变化规律,并进行了三卤甲烷-余氯和三卤甲烷-供水距离的线性回归分析。结果表明,在A、B水厂单独供水管网中,三卤甲烷随供水距离的增加而升高,余氯浓度随供水距离的增加而降低;在A、B水厂同时供水的对置供水管网中,三卤甲烷浓度由A水厂到B水厂呈现先升高后降低的变化规律,而余氯浓度则呈现先降低后增加的变化规律,对置供水管网中10 km处为水力交接点,此处余氯浓度最低,三卤甲烷浓度最高。经线性回归分析发现,三卤甲烷浓度与余氯浓度和供水距离之间存在显著的相关性,并且温度对模型的影响较大。     

湿地进化论洞庭湖修复改造

多年以来,洞庭湖水域的生态环境遭受了严重的侵袭与破坏,城镇化进程的加快,城市的扩张．农业、渔业的发展迫使洞庭湖水域的居民不得不向洞庭湖攫取土地,围湖造田现象逐年加剧。     

基于水环境的嘉湖湖荡区传统聚落景观格局特征研究 #

本文选取嘉湖湖荡区的传统聚落作为研究对象,通过田野调查、文献整合与图像分析的研究方法,从聚落所处的水环境角度出发,对区域整体聚落分布格局与聚落单元景观格局两个尺度进行分析,发现其具有“聚落顺水而布,水随聚落而变革”、景观节点与水关联度高的特征。并对景观成因机制进行研究,发现嘉湖湖荡区传统聚落景观特征的形成是对低平水网环境的适应、水利与水运交通的促进、受思想文化与产业发展等多方面因素影响。     

THE RESTORATION OF WOODS MILL LAKE

Woods Mill Lake is the centrepiece of a nature reserve at Henfield in Sussex, UK. During the last forty years, the lake has undergone a succession of changes, and this has resulted in loss of depth and encroachment of the reed-bed. In the summer months the large carp population was suffering stress due to shallow water. The problem of silt excavation required extensive discussion with statutory agencies: in addition, the work had to be scheduled around nesting birds, breeding newts and school visits. This paper (a) discusses the complexity of the work which was undertaken, and (b) provides an analysis of the fish population which was removed from the lake.     

FROM AN IGNORED GREY PLACE TO A RESILIENT URBAN WETLAND — DONG’AN WETLAND PARK IN SANYA,HAINAN PROVINCE

The Dong’an Wetland was designated as the site for one of Sanya’s first pilot projects of urban environmental remediation and ecological restoration because of its key position in the regional ecological pattern, especially for urban stormwater management. The project aims at integrating leisure and recreational functions with landscape elements including ponds, forest on water, terraced vegetable garden, and trail loop, while promoting water circulation, improving water quality, and retaining rainwater and regulating water reuse, acting as a resilient urban sponge for rainwater management. The newly built project transforms an ignored grey place into a new home for egrets, an outdoor classroom for children’s nature education, and a destination for citizens to evoke their memories.     

人工水库消落带景观设计策略探索——以太极湖湿地公园景观概念设计为例

消落带是由于水位季节性涨落形成的水陆过渡带,作为水陆两大生态系统、人与自然的桥梁和纽带,在生态系统和景观构建中发挥着极为重要的作用。由人工水库形成的消落带,往往存在水位大幅度变化的情况,引发了诸如消落带水土流失、植被退化等问题,使得消落带地区的开发项目倍受影响。文章以丹江口水库太极湖湿地公园景观概念设计为例,通过水域淹没分析、区域视线分析、规划区域周边项目影响力分析,提出以下设计策略:通过划分重点、次重点区域协调场地开发强度问题;通过分层蓄水和植被群落构建解决水位消长引起的生态问题。     

青藏公路湿地路段纵向裂缝形成机制及数值模拟

为揭示青藏公路纵向裂缝形成机制,基于可可西里垭口K3020+200处现场剖面观测及K3016+000处温度场测试结果,分析路肩下厚纯冰层的形成过程及其对路基稳定性的影响;并建立冻结及融化过程中路基纵向裂缝的力学模型,模拟湿地路段路基变形的发育过程。K3020+200处现场观测发现,在路肩、天然地表下存在厚纯冰层;K3016+000处路基不同深度地温时程曲线表明,越接近路表地温的变化幅度越大,路基内部地温变化滞后于路表,地表水经土路肩、边坡及坡脚下渗致使路肩及坡脚处多年冻土上限下降,即路基内部多年冻土上限呈拱形分布。研究结果表明,地表水下渗直接导致厚纯冰层的形成,路肩下厚纯冰层的形成及融化是路基不均匀变形、纵向裂缝形成的直接原因。     

SUSTAINABLE OPERATION OF A SMALL-SCALE FLOOD-ATTENUATION WETLAND AND DRY POND SYSTEM

Pond structures as cost-effective source-control drainage techniques can be applied in order to reduce the downstream risk of flooding. In the UK, there are no widely accepted performance data on pond structures, yet there is a need for detailed design and operation guidelines, coupled with data on urban biodiversity enhancement, maintenance, reliability, economics and social acceptance. The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) cost-effectiveness and self-sustainability of stormwater pond systems, and (b) compatibility with the primary needs of water removal and storage to wildlife and amenity enhancement. A case study was used, based upon a combined attenuation wetland and dry pond construction for roof-water runoff.     

New lake district in Europe: origin and hydrochemical characteristics

This article presents a new lake district in Southern Poland created as a result of human activity in the Upper Silesian region. The area has been named the Upper Silesian Anthropogenic Lake District. The lake density of the Lake District as delineated by the authors (with an area of 6766 km²) is 2.74%. It includes 4773 water bodies of various origins – reservoirs retained by dams, flooded mineral workings, water bodies formed in subsidence basins and hollows, levee ponds, residual water bodies following river regulation and other water bodies. These are located in urban‐industrial, rural‐agricultural or quasi‐natural areas. The hydrochemical diversity of water bodies is conditioned by their origin, location in the catchment and function. Studies have shown the widespread occurrence of eutrophication processes in limnic waters within the Lake District. The diverse origin and hydrochemical properties of water bodies within the Upper Silesian Anthropogenic Lake District make it special among other anthropogenic lake districts.     

大型高原湖泊富营养化湖水生态净化工程设计与分析

针对云南省星云湖湖水排放对下游饮用水源地抚仙湖水质的污染日趋严重的问题,采取湖水出流改道措施,改变湖水流向,隔断上游污染,出流改道后的富营养化湖水经生态净化后排放备用水源地。生态净化工程处理规模为20×104 m3/d,主要采用稳定塘/碎石床湿地组合工艺,星云湖原劣Ⅴ类水经生态净化后达到Ⅲ类水质标准。该工程一年多的运行表明,出水水质基本达到设计要求,对保护水源地水质起到巨大作用,也为我国高原湖泊富营养化湖水的治理提供了示范和参考。     

Water and phosphorus mass balance of Lake Tegel and Schlachtensee - A modelling approach

Management models for aquatic systems can be used to determine which measures in the watershed or in the water body have been effective and/or which one should be used in future. The newly developed management models presented in the following for Lake Tegel and Schlachtensee are empirical and lake specific. The values for the unknown factors are estimated by an iterative process using optimisation routines and sensitivity analysis methods. The resulting models describe the water and phosphorus balance of each lake. The Lake Tegel water balance model calculates the unknown water inflow from the River Havel depending on the other main in- and outflows with very good validation results. The phosphorus models of both lakes quantify mixing of the upper and lower water body as well as sedimentation and release from the sediment as functions of measured variables. For Lake Tegel, management scenarios were run indicating effective management interventions. For Lake Schlachtensee, the phosphorus model captured the variations in the hypolimnion well but produced poorer results for the epilimnion because of unknown external phosphorus loads. For these the model indicated possible sources and magnitudes.     

Distribution of organic contaminants in Lake Taihu

Water contamination in Lake Taihu and Lake Wulihu poses a threat to water supply and recreation. Water samples were collected during 1988–1989 for analysis of organic contaminants in the two lakes. Over 800 organic contaminants were detected by GC and GC-MS, and 84 of them were screened by a scoring system as priority contaminants. Results showed that the average concentration was one order of magnitude higher in Lake Wulihu than in Lake Taihu, although the number of contaminants in Lake Wulihu was only double those in Lake Taihu. Concentrations of phthalates, halohydrocarbons, and alkanes in Lake Taihu were close to those in Lake Wulihu, whereas the concentrations of alkylaromatics, anilines, phenols, alcohols, ketones, and polynuclear aromatics in Lake Taihu were lower than in Lake Wulihu by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The average concentration of contaminants in Lake Taihu reaches the highest during the rainy season while this occurs in Lake Wulihu during the dry season because of differences in water flow patterns in the lakes, conditions of the water environment, and physico-chemical properties of contaminants.     

Laboratory investigation of aluminum solubility and solid-phase properties following alum treatment of lake waters

Water samples from two southern California lakes adversely affected by internal nutrient loading were treated with a 20 mg/L dose of Al3+ in laboratory studies to examine Al solubility and solid-phase speciation over time. Alum [Al2(SO4)3 . 18 H2O] applications to water samples from Big Bear Lake and Lake Elsinore resulted in a rapid initial decrease in pH and alkalinity followed by a gradual recovery in pH over several weeks. Dissolved Al concentrations increased following treatment, reaching a maximum of 2.54 mg/L after 17 days in Lake Elsinore water and 0.91 mg/L after 48 days in Big Bear Lake water; concentrations in both waters then decreased to <0.25 mg/L after 150 days. The solid phase was periodically collected and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface area analyses to investigate the nature of the reaction products and crystallinity development over time. Poorly ordered, X-ray amorphous solid phases transformed over time to relatively well-ordered gibbsite, with strong diffraction peaks at 4.8 and 4.3 A. XRD also indicated the formation of a second (possibly aluminosilicate) crystalline phase after 150 days in Lake Elsinore water. Surface areas also decreased over time as crystals reordered to form gibbsite/microcrystalline gibbsite species. DSC-TGA results suggested that the initially formed amorphous Al(OH)3 underwent transformation to >45% gibbsite. These results were supported by geochemical modeling using Visual MINTEQ, with Al solubility putatively controlled by amorphous Al(OH)3 shortly after treatment and approaching that of microcrystalline gibbsite after about 150 days. These findings indicate that Al(OH)3 formed after alum treatment undergoes significant chemical and mineralogical changes that may alter its effectiveness as a reactive barrier to phosphorus release from lake sediments.     

以栖息地修复为导向的 湿地公园设计方法 ——以云南省保山市青华湿地为例

Wetland park design seeks to protect and restore the wetland ecosystems of sites through scientific approaches. However, in practice, the relevant ecological principles about wetland restoration are often not effectively understood or applied by landscape designers, resulting in compromised ecological benefits after the restoration, especially in biodiversity and habitat benefits. The authors highlighted the main causal factors in wetland—flooding and fertility—and adopted wetland birds as indicator species to simplify the evaluation method. Based on years of practice, the authors summarized a hydrology-based wetland design method for habitat restoration, aiming to translate ecological principles and research findings into design guidelines that can be easily understood and applied by landscape designers to spatial design. This design method includes 7 steps, namely 1) targeted species selection and goal setting; 2) design of habitat types and spatial arrangement; 3) landform design; 4) water level design; 5) plant community building; 6) landscape design with minimal intervention; and 7) spatial design for natural succession. The article then expanded each step using an illustrative design case, the Qinghua Wetland in Baoshan, Yunnan Province.     

拟自然化城市湖泊水环境治理的生态 智慧与途径——以南京玄武湖为例

"金陵明珠"玄武湖作为南京的核心生态斑块与重要游憩地,其水环境治理是城市双修的重要内容。通过对比玄武湖周边城市建设前后的水文过程差异,聚焦水系水域、土地利用、水利工程等方面解读玄武湖水环境系统退化的成因,针对湖泊水环境的状况,采取生态恢复法则,探索城市湖泊水环境生态恢复的路径,旨在最大限度改善湖泊小流域自然水文过程,结合拟自然的代偿性工程措施作为补充,运用生态智慧修复、优化城市湖泊水环境,对于众多城市湖泊面临的共性问题具有普适价值。     

拟自然化城市湖泊水环境治理的生态 智慧与途径——以南京玄武湖为例

“金陵明珠”玄武湖作为南京的核心生态斑块与重 要游憩地，其水环境治理是城市双修的重要内容。通过对比 玄武湖周边城市建设前后的水文过程差异，聚焦水系水域、 土地利用、水利工程等方面解读玄武湖水环境系统退化的成 因，针对湖泊水环境的状况，采取生态恢复法则，探索城市 湖泊水环境生态恢复的路径，旨在最大限度改善湖泊小流域 自然水文过程，结合拟自然的代偿性工程措施作为补充，运 用生态智慧修复、优化城市湖泊水环境，对于众多城市湖泊 面临的共性问题具有普适价值。     

Combined approach of poroelastic and earthquake nucleation applied to the reservoir-induced seismic activity in the Val d'Agri area,Italy

In this work,an approach is developed to study the seismicity associated with the impoundment and level changes of a water reservoir(reservoir induced seismicity-RIS).The proposed methodology features a combination of a semi-analytical poroelastic model with an earthquake nucleation approach based on rate-and-state frictional law.The combined approach was applied to the case of the Pertusillo Lake,located in the Val d'Agri area(Italy),whose large seasonal water level changes are believed to induce protracted micro-seismicity(local magnitude M_L 3).Results show that the lake impoundment in 1962 could have produced up to 0.5 bar(1 bar=100 kPa) changes in Coulomb failure stress(△CFS),while the seasonal water level variation is responsible for variation up to 0.05 bar.Modeling results of the seismicity rates in 2001-2014 show that the observed earthquakes are well correlated with the modeled△CFS.Finally,the reason that the seismicity is only observed at southwest of the Pertusillo Lake is provided,which is likely attributed to different rock lithologies and depletion caused by significant hydrocarbon exploitation in the northeastern sector of the lake.