跨山通信信道分析

"跨山通信"是通信领域研究的一个热门话题,越来越受到各国的重视。首先对2条实测链路的数据进行了分析,得到了对流层散射近距离跨山信道的损耗特性与快衰落特性;然后用matlab计算了2条典型跨山通信链路的传输损号,理论计算与实测结果误差相差在3dB以内;最后仿真了散射近距离跨山的信道模型,通过对仿真结果的分析和对比,验证了该模型建立的正确性。     

基于抛物方程法的对流层散射通信信道建模及分析

为了分析实际应用场景中的气象环境因素对对流层散射通信性能的影响,采用抛物方程法结合湍流大气结构模型构建了对流层散射信道模型,并利用其计算了对流层散射传输损耗与信号快衰落分布,结果与ITU模型结果和理论快衰落分布曲线一致.在此基础上推导了散射信道在QPSK调制下的误码率,对实际传播场景下的散射通信链路进行了电磁建模和仿真计算,并分析了不同气象环境因素对误码率的影响.仿真结果表明：当通信距离较远时,信号服从瑞利分布,此时环境对误码率的影响较小;随着通信距离变近,源自某一散射体路径的信号功率会增强,信号可能出现莱斯分布,此时误码率随环境因素改变出现较大波动;通信距离相同时,在高温和潮湿气候下湍流活动较强,电波传输损耗较小,可实现较好的通信效果.     

对流层散射最坏月转换模式研究

针对目前的最坏月预测模型无法有效反映对流层散射传输损耗的最坏月时间概率分布随地域和气象气候条件变化的特点,结合ITU-R P.617-3和ITU-R P.841-4建议书给出的最坏月预测模型,提出了一种对流层散射传输损耗最坏月时间概率预测方法。通过合理的数学推演和数值优化,该方法得到了对流层散射最坏月与年平均传输损耗的时间概率转换与地面折射率Ns的对应关系。该方法不仅解决了上述2种ITU模型的缺点,而且更加简单实用,适用范围更广。随后,为了验证该方法的准确性和全球适用性,利用该方法模拟了全球对流层散射数据库中各实验链路典型概率(50%、90%、99%)下的最坏月传输损耗,并与实测值和ITU-R P.841模型进行了对比验证。研究结果对对流层散射传播的发展和应用有一定的参考价值。     

14.1 GHz海上微波超视距传播衰落斜率特性研究

传输损耗衰落斜率特性的研究对于对流层微波超视距传播系统的抗衰落设计和评估有重要的意义.根据在我国黄渤海区域进行的一次14.1 GHz微波超视距传播试验,结合散射抛物方程,高级折射效应预报系统(Advanced Refractive Effects Predicition System,AREPS)以及当地的气象数据分析了其衰落损耗数据的可用性;重点研究了其衰落斜率特性,根据其衰落斜率特性分析了电磁波通过波导、超折射、对流层散射三种环境及其共同作用进行超视距传播时信号的稳定性.     

对流层散射传输损耗与大气折射率结构常数相关性研究

基于大气湍流非相干散射理论,采用泰勒方法对湍流谱函数进行近似,推导获得了对流层散射传输损耗与大气折射率结构常数的关系,即L-C模型;开展了对流层散射传播试验,基于WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）数值模式对试验期间大气折射率结构常数进行预报;基于预报的大气折射率结构常数数据应用L-C模型预测对流层散射传输损耗,并与试验测试损耗值进行对比研究.结果表明,应用L-C模型预测的损耗值与实测值变化趋势吻合较好,均方根误差不超过6dB,并且传输损耗与大气折射率结构常数间的相关系数均大于0.7,表明了对流层散射传输损耗与大气折射率结构常数之间较强的相关性.这种对流层散射与大气折射率结构常数之间的相关性对于对流层散射传输的机理和建模研究都有重要意义.     

海上对流层微波超视距传播与海洋大气环境特性相关性研究

海上对流层微波超视距传播与海洋大气环境特性的相关性研究对电波传播的短期预测以及无线电通信系统的设计和应用有着十分重要的意义。该文根据在我国黄渤海海域进行的14.1 GHz海上对流层微波超视距传播试验的传输损耗数据以及在发射端塔基平台上同步进行的气象梯度仪试验的气象数据,分别分析了风向、风速以及气海温差对传输损耗和蒸发波导高度相关性的影响,研究了沿海海域气象数据在微波超视距传播链路中的可用性,并结合散射抛物方程方法和高级折射效应预报系统(AREPS)对分析结果进行了验证。该文的研究结果对海上对流层微波超视距传播的传播特性以及短期预测的研究有一定的指导意义。     

蒸发波导微波超视距信道衰落特性研究

针对利用海上蒸发波导效应的微波超视距通信,在三条不同距离跨海电路上开展了外场试验。基于测试数据,统计L、S、C和X频段超视距信道的衰落幅度、深度和速率,对比分析了蒸发波导和对流层散射信道的快衰落特性。并根据大气波导和对流层散射传播预测模型,统计比较了实测和模型预测路径传播损耗。结果表明与对流层散射信道相比,蒸发波导信道衰落幅度、衰落深度和衰落速率均较小,传播预测模型可有效的预测蒸发波导的慢衰落特性。     

高仰角对流层散射电波传播损耗的一种预计方法

偏远山区应急通信需通过无线传输手段解决。由于山峰等障碍物对无线电波的阻挡,使得微波、超短波等通信手段应用受到限制。对流层散射具有跨越一定障碍物的通信能力,有可能用于山区中通信。传统散射使用条件是基于低仰角,本文主要讨论了高仰角、近距离情况对流层电波传播损耗,通过大量实际线路测量和理论分析,验证了散射通信用于跨越近距离障碍物的可行性,在现有散射传输损耗预计模式的基础上给出了一种与实测数据较为吻合的高仰角散射传播损耗预计方法。     

C波段蒸发波导传播衰落特征的试验研究

海洋蒸发波导是海上超视距传播的主要机制，对于海上无线电系统的设计和运行具有重要影响.利用在我国南海开展的蒸发波导环境下的C波段微波超视距传播试验数据，对比分析了不同传播距离下的路径损耗和信号快衰落分布特征.试验结果表明:随着传播距离的增大，路径损耗逐渐接近对流层散射传播损耗，主要传播机制也逐渐从蒸发波导传播向对流层散射传播过渡；5 min采样的接收信号电平快衰落分布接近为广义瑞利分布，衰落深度和衰落幅度均小于瑞利分布.所得结果对利用蒸发波导的通信系统设计具有参考价值.     

一种超远程对流层散射链路传输损耗修正预测方法

超远程散射通信应用需求日益增加，然而通过实测验证，目前的传输损耗预测方法在超远程散射链路预测方面存在较大偏差.文中基于ITU-R P.617-3（China-ZHANG）方法针对超远程散射传播特点进行分析，给出了一种适用于超远程散射链路的传输损耗修正预测方法.通过多条实际链路测试验证，证明了该修正方法的有效性和准确性，为超远程散射通信系统设计提供了可靠的参考依据.     

Bistatic scatter from rain

An experimental investigation of bistatic scatter from rain was conducted using a 143 km scatter path at frequencies of 4.5 and 7.7 GHz. The ratio of transmitted to received power (transmission loss) was measured for scattering angles ranging from6degto130deg. Simultaneous weather radar observations were made at a frequency of 1.3 GHz. Transmission loss estimates for the bistatic scatter path were computed using the weather radar data, the bistatic radar equation, and a model for the scattering cross section per unit volume of rain based upon Rayleigh scattering by an ensemble of water spheres. The measured and estimated transmission loss values were compared to test the use of the scattering model for the estimation of interference. The averaged ratio of measured-to-calculated transmission loss for the 4.5 GHz data is 1.2pm 0.4dB. The averaged ratio for the 7.7 GHz data is -1.6pm 0.5dB. Both these values are within the combined calibration uncertainties of each measurement system. The results show that the use of the simplified Rayleigh scattering cross section model for an ensemble of water spheres adequately describes bistatic scatter for a wide range of scattering angles and frequencies below 7.7 GHz for the hydrometeor types (rain, snow, and mixed rain and snow) encountered in New England.     

Statistical Models for Fading and Shadowed Fading Channels in Wireless Systems: A Pedagogical Perspective

A unified analysis of statistical models for describing fading, shadowing, and shadowed fading channels is presented from a pedagogical viewpoint. The different probability density functions such the Rayleigh, Nakagami, gamma, generalized gamma, Weibull, lognormal, Nakagami-lognormal, K distribution, generalized K distribution, and Nakagami inverse Gaussian distribution are presented and the relationships among them are detailed. These density functions are compared in terms of two quantitative measures, namely the amount of fading and outage probability. A general approach to fading and shadowed fading channels using a cluster based approach is also presented to link several of the distributions. It is expected that this overview will be very helpful to students and educators who are engaged in the study of wireless systems and the adverse impact of fading and shadowing in wireless data transmission.     

An enhanced multi-channel bacterial foraging optimization algorithm for MIMO communication system

Channel estimation and optimisation are the main challenging tasks in Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. In this work, a Multi-Channel Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm approach is proposed for the selection of antenna in a transmission area. The main advantage of this method is, it reduces the loss of bandwidth during data transmission effectively. Here, we considered the channel estimation and optimisation for improving the transmission speed and reducing the unused bandwidth. Initially, the message is given to the input of the communication system. Then, the symbol mapping process is performed for converting the message into signals. It will be encoded based on the space–time encoding technique. Here, the single signal is divided into multiple signals and it will be given to the input of space–time precoder. Hence, the multiplexing is applied to transmission channel estimation. In this paper, the Rayleigh channel is selected based on the bandwidth range. This is the Gaussian distribution type channel. Then, the demultiplexing is applied on the obtained signal that is the reverse function of multiplexing, which splits the combined signal arriving from a medium into the original information signal. Furthermore, the long-term evolution technique is used for scheduling the time to channels during transmission. Here, the hidden Markov model technique is employed to predict the status information of the channel. Finally, the signals are decoded and the reconstructed signal is obtained after performing the scheduling process. The experimental results evaluate the performance of the proposed MIMO communication system in terms of bit error rate, mean squared error, average throughput, outage capacity and signal to interference noise ratio.     

Long-range prediction of fading signals

It was previously proposed to adapt several transmission methods, including modulation, power control, channel coding, and antenna diversity to rapidly time variant fading channel conditions. Prediction of the channel coefficients several tens-to-hundreds of symbols ahead is essential to realize these methods in practice. We describe a novel adaptive long-range fading channel prediction algorithm (LRP) and its utilization with adaptive transmission methods. The LRP is validated for standard stationary fading models and tested with measured data and with data produced by our novel realistic physical channel model. Both numerical and simulation results show that long-range prediction makes adaptive transmission techniques feasible for mobile radio channels     

Error rate predictions and measurements in the mobile radio data channel

A method of predicting the loss in error performance in mobile radio data transmission is given in which the variation in local mean signal level (shadowing) is included as well as fading. Also, the density function of the received signal envelope is found for the case of fading and shadowing. Field measurements are reported of error rates at VHF and UHF due to vehicle ignition noise, and the distribution of errors is plotted.     

Joint Data and Kalman Estimation for Rayleigh Fading Channels

Channel estimation is an essential part of many detection techniques proposed for data transmission over fading channels. For the frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel an autoregressive moving average representation is proposed based on the fading model parameters. The parameters of this representation are determined based on the fading channel characteristics, making it possible to employ the Kalman filter as the best estimator for the channel impulse response. For IS-136 formatted data transmission the Kalman filter is employed with the Viterbi algorithm in a Per-Survivor Processing (PSP) fashion and the ove rall bit error rate performance is shown to be superior to that of detection techniques using the RLS and LMS estimators. To allow more than one channel estimation per symbol interval, Per-Branch Processing (PBP) method is introduced as a general case of PSP and its effect on performance is evaluated. The sensitivity of performance to parameters such as fading model order and vehicle speed is also studied.     

ITS宽带短波信道及其噪声的建模和仿真

文章介绍了宽带短波（WBHF）信道研究的发展历程,根据ITS信道建模的方法,在对信道衰落特征及其噪声干扰统计特性进行分析的基础上建立了适当模型,并设定了特定环境下信道衰落模型及其噪声模型的相关参数。最后通过计算机仿真与实测数据加以比较,从散射函数能量分布、噪声时／频域电平以及噪声电平交叉率（LCR）方面验证了信道模型的合理性。     

Error probabilities for Rician fading multichannel reception of binary andn-ary signals

Performance characteristics are derived for two different forms of multireceivers (the coherent and noncoherent) which are used with binary andN-ary signaling through the Rician fading multichannel. The coherent multireceiver is capable of perfectly measuring the channel amplitudes and phases whereas, at the other extreme, the noncoherent multireceiver implies a receiver which requires no channel measurement whatsoever. The multichannel model presumes that each transmission mode supports a specular or fixed component and a random or scatter component which fades according to the Rayleigh distribution. Heretofore, performance analyses of multichannel links have assumed that the fading obeys the Rayleigh law. This multichannel model is sufficiently general to include four practical types: the Rician and the Rayleigh fading multichannels, multichannels whose propagation modes do not fade, and those which simultaneously contain Rician and Rayleigh fading propagation paths or the so called mixed-mode multichannel. Error probabilities are graphically illustrated and compared for various multichannel models. It is found that the effectiveness of multichannel reception is highly dependent on the strength of the specular channel component relative to the mean squared value of the random channel component. In particular, multichannel reception is more effective when applied to the completely random multichannel. For special cases the error-rate expressions reduce to well-known results.     

毫米波室内传播的场强测量

介绍了毫米波室内传播的场强测量。通过对测量的数据进行处理,可得无论使用全向天线还是定向天线作为接收天线,路径损耗指数都约等于２。慢衰落的累积概率分布符合对数正态分布。快衰落的累积概率分布在没有直达波的民政部下符合瑞利分布,而在有直达波的情况下,如果使用全向天线则趋向瑞利分布,使定向天线符合莱斯分布。