An updated review of energy storage systems: Classification and applications in distributed generation power systems incorporating renewable energy resources

The demand of electric energy is increasing globally, and the fact remains that the major share of this energy is still being produced from the traditional generation technologies. However, the recent trends, for obvious reasons of environmental concerns, are indicating a paradigm shift towards distributed generation (DG) incorporating renewable energy resources (RERs). But there are associated challenges with high penetration of RERs as these resources are unpredictable and stochastic in nature, and as a result, it becomes difficult to provide immediate response to demand variations. This is where energy storage systems (ESSs) come to the rescue, and they not only can compensate the stochastic nature and sudden deficiencies of RERs but can also enhance the grid stability, reliability, and efficiency by providing services in power quality, bridging power, and energy management. This paper provides an extensive review of different ESSs, which have been in use and also the ones that are currently in developing stage, describing their working principles and giving a comparative analysis of important features and technical as well as economic characteristics. The wide range of storage technologies, with each ESS being different in terms of the scale of power, response time, energy/power density, discharge duration, and cost coupled with the complex characteristics matrices, makes it difficult to select a particular ESS for a specific application. The comparative analysis presented in this paper helps in this regard and provides a clear picture of the suitability of ESSs for different power system applications, categorized appropriately. The paper also brings out the associated challenges and suggests the future research directions.     

A market‐oriented wind power dispatch strategy using adaptive price thresholds and battery energy storage

In this paper, an adaptive dispatch strategy is presented to maximize the revenue for grid‐tied wind power plant coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed idea is mainly based on time‐varying market‐price thresholds, which are varied according to the proposed algorithm in an adaptive manner. The variable nature of wind power and market price signals leads to the idea of storing energy at low price periods and consequently selling it at high prices. In fact, the wind farm operators can take advantage of the price variability to earn additional income and to maximize the operational profit based on the choice of best price thresholds at each instant of time. This research study proposes an efficient strategy for intermittent power dispatch along with the optimal operation of a BESS in the presence of physical limits and constraints. The strategy is tested and validated with different BESSs, and the percentage improvement of income is calculated. The simulation results, based on actual wind farm and market‐price data, depict the proficiency of the proposed methodology over standard linear programming methods.     

基于DIgSILENT的风电储能系统建模与仿真

针对风电功率的随机波动性,采用储能系统改善风电机组的并网运行特性。文章分析了蓄电池储能系统的基本原理及其控制策略,并基于电磁/机电暂态混合仿真程序DIg SILENT/Power Factory搭建了对应的储能系统模型,将其配置在双馈型风电场出口母线的公共连接点处。分别在风速随机波动以及电网侧发生故障的工况下,研究所建储能系统的动态响应特性,结果表明,储能系统可以减小风电输出功率的波动对电网的影响,并能提高风电场并网的稳定性。     

An actively controlled fuel cell/battery hybrid to meet pulsed power demands

This paper presents the experimental results of an actively controlled fuel cell/battery hybrid power source topology that can be widely used in many applications, such as portable electronic devices, communication equipment, spacecraft power systems, and electric vehicles, in which the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. A step-down DC/DC power converter is incorporated to actively control the power flow between the fuel cell and the battery to achieve both high power and high energy densities. The results show that the hybrid power source can achieve much greater specific power and power density than the fuel cell alone. This paper first demonstrates that an actively controlled hybrid with a 35 W hydrogen-fueled polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery pack of six cells yielded a peak power of 100 W, about three times as high as the fuel cell alone can supply, while causing a very limited (10%) weight increase to the whole system. After that, another hybrid source using a different battery array (eight cells) was investigated to further validate the control strategy and to show the flexibility and generality of the hybrid source design. The experimental data show that the hybrid source using an eight-cell battery supplied a peak power of 135 W, about four times that of the fuel cell alone. Finally, three power sources including the fuel cell alone and the two hybrids studied were compared in terms of specific power, power density, volume, weight, etc. The design presented here can be scaled to larger or smaller power capacities for a variety of applications.     

Intelligent uninterruptible power supply system with back-up fuel cell/battery hybrid power source

This paper presents the development of an intelligent uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with a hybrid power source that comprises a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a battery. Attention is focused on the architecture of the UPS hybrid system and the data acquisition and control of the PEMFC. Specifically, the hybrid UPS system consists of a low-cost 60-cell 300 W PEMFC stack, a 3-cell lead–acid battery, an active power factor correction ac–dc rectifier, a half-bridge dc–ac inverter, a dc–dc converter, an ac–dc charger and their control units based on a digital signal processor TMS320F240, other integrated circuit chips, and a simple network management protocol adapter. Experimental tests and theoretical studies are conducted. First, the major parameters of the PEMFC are experimentally obtained and evaluated. Then an intelligent control strategy for the PEMFC stack is proposed and implemented. Finally, the performance of the hybrid UPS system is measured and analyzed.     

印度电池储能市场分析与开拓

目的   随着国内电池储能市场的快速发展,越来越多的厂商加入到电池储能队伍中,行业竞争日益激烈。中资企业亟需向外开拓新的电池储能市场。 方法   通过收集、整理和分析印度风电和光伏发电行业数据,计算其配套电池储能市场容量,分析了其电池储能市场的发展现状和储能项目招标要求以及中国企业具备的优势。 结果   测算结果表明印度风电和光伏行业电池储能市场潜力巨大,中企得益于国内电池储能技术的快速发展,在印度开展电池储能业务时具有较大优势,但也面临巨大挑战。 结论   研究结论可以为中企赴印开展电池储能业务提供参考。     

An analysis for the need of a battery energy storage system in tracking wind power schedule output

电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)在风储联合应用中具有多种功能,利用电池储能系统提高风电并网调度运行能力是当前研究的热点之一.文章基于我国北方某风电场历史运行数据与预测数据,依据预测误差评价指标和风电场预报考核指标的综合评价方法对风电场预测数据进行分析研究,归纳了预测误差的概率分布特征;提出利用电池储能系统提高风电跟踪计划出力能力,统计并量化出电池储能系统用于跟踪计划出力场合的作用范围;通过仿真验证电池储能系统在风储联合系统中提高风电跟踪计划出力控制策略的有效性和可行性.     

沼气发电技术及沼气燃料电池在我国的应用状况与前景

沼气发电技术是一种清洁的发电技术。文章针对目前我国已有的沼气发电技术进行了技术评价,综述了这种技术的发展现状与近年来的应用情况;燃料电池也是一种新型高效、清洁的发电技术,文章对以沼气为燃料的燃料电池技术进行了介绍,对我国沼气利用技术的发展具有参考价值。     

Development of lithium batteries for energy storage and EV applications

The results of the Japanese national project of R&D on large-size lithium rechargeable batteries by Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES), as of fiscal year (FY) 2000 are reviewed. Based on the results of 10 Wh-class cell development in Phase I, the program of Phase II aims at further improvement of the performance of large-size cells and battery modules, and the formulation of roadmaps toward worldwide dissemination of large-size lithium secondary batteries. In addition to the above R&D programs, a new target was presented particularly for the near-term practical application of several kWh-class battery modules in FY 1998.

For the large-size battery modules, two types of 2 and 3 kWh-class battery modules have been developed for stationary device and electric vehicle applications, respectively. The battery modules for both types have achieved most of the targets other than cycle life. Currently, further improvements in the cycle life of the cells themselves are being pursued. For this purpose, the materials for cathodes and anodes, the shapes and structures for batteries and the methods for cell connection are being re-investigated.

The development of middle-size battery systems for mini-size electric vehicles (EVs), as well as for demand-side stationary device applications is under way. These battery systems have been fabricated and their fundamental performance confirmed. They are now being subjected to field tests.     

Performance of Li-ion secondary batteries in low power,hybrid power supplies

Small, portable electronic devices need power supplies that have long life, high energy efficiency, high energy density, and can deliver short power bursts. Hybrid power sources that combine a high energy density fuel cell, or an energy scavenging device, with a high power secondary battery are of interest in sensors and wireless devices. However, fuel cells with low self-discharge have low power density and have a poor response to transient loads. A low capacity secondary lithium ion cell can provide short burst power needed in a hybrid fuel cell–battery power supply. This paper describes the polarization, cycling, and self-discharge of commercial lithium ion batteries as they would be used in the small, hybrid power source. The performance of 10 Li-ion variations, including organic electrolytes with Li_xV₂O₅ and Li_xMn₂O₄ cathodes and LiPON electrolyte with a LiCoO₂ cathode was evaluated. Electrochemical characterization shows that the vanadium oxide cathode cells perform better than their manganese oxide counterparts in every category. The vanadium oxide cells also show better cycling performance under shallow discharge conditions than LiPON cells at a given current. However, the LiPON cells show significantly lower energy loss due to polarization and self-discharge losses than the vanadium and manganese cells with organic electrolytes.     

Fuzzy energy management of hybrid renewable power system with the aim to extend component lifetime

In this paper, a fuzzy energy management algorithm for a hybrid renewable power system based on lifetime extending is presented. When the system contains two storage elements or more, the selection of the suitable element to be charged or discharged becomes of paramount importance. When the storage elements are of different types, the decision will be difficult. Conventional algorithms that make series of tests to select the storage element choose always the first available element. This way of testing affects badly the most used element and may affect the other storage elements too as they rarely operate under hard load scenarios. In this study, and in order to solve this problem, two fuzzy controllers have been used to manage the energy flow for a hybrid renewable power system. It is composed of: a photovoltaic generator as a main source, a fuel cell and batteries as a storage elements. The controllers operate as master and slave. The master controller gives orders to all the system power converters and to the slave controller as well. The latter is activated only when the storage elements are at the same state of charge. It is charged, instead of the master's, to select the suitable element to be charged or discharged. Its orders are given based on lifetime functions for each element. To examine the proposed algorithm, simulations have been performed under Matlab /Simulink (The MathWorks, Inc., Massachusetts, USA). Comparison and statistics have been carried out to give the percentage of the worked hours for each element in each operating mode. The obtained results show the high performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variable structure battery-based fuel cell hybrid power system and its incremental fuzzy logic energy management strategy

A hybrid power system consists of a fuel cell and an energy storage device like a battery and/or a supercapacitor possessing high energy and power density that beneficially drives electric vehicle motor. The structures of the fuel cell-based power system are complicated and costly, and in energy management strategies (EMSs), the fuel cell's characteristics are usually neglected. In this study, a variable structure battery (VSB) scheme is proposed to enhance the hybrid power system, and an incremental fuzzy logic method is developed by considering the efficiency and power change rate of fuel cell to balance the power system load. The principle of VSB is firstly introduced and validated by discharge and charge experiments. Subsequently, parameters matching of the fuel cell hybrid power system according to the proposed VSB are designed and modeled. To protect the fuel cell as well as ensure the efficiency, a fuzzy logic EMS is formulated via setting the fuel cell operating in a high efficiency and generating an incremental power output within the affordable power slope. The comparison between a traditional deterministic rules-based EMS and the designed fuzzy logic was implemented by numerical simulation in three different operation conditions: NEDC, UDDS, and user-defined driving cycle. The results indicated that the incremental fuzzy logic EMS smoothed the fuel cell power and kept the high efficiency. The proposed VSB and incremental fuzzy logic EMS may have a potential application in fuel cell vehicles.     

Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium batteries(I)--Thermodynamic calculations of theoretical energy densities of chemical energy storage systems

本文主要讨论电池的能量密度.基于热力学数据,根据能斯特方程,可以计算不同电化学反应体系的理论能量储存密度,从而了解化学储能体系理论能量密度的上限,了解哪些体系能够实现更高的能量密度,哪些材料具有更高的电压.     

新型飞轮储能电池在独立运行式风力发电系统中的应用研究

本文提出了一种采用飞轮储能电池来充当能量储存器和电能质量调节器的独立运行式风力发电 系统,它由新型飞轮储能电池、风力发电机系统两大部分组成。文中分析了飞轮储能电池的储能和调节 电能质量的作用,详细分析了直流侧电压的调节方法,利用能量平衡原理推导出了前馈参数(iL-iG)与 定子电流iq的关系,并给出了控制方法。仿真结果证明了该系统具有优越的储能和改善电能质量的效 果。     

大规模储能电站参与电力系统自动发电控制的协调控制策略优化研究

文章提出了一种双层结构的储能电站参与电网二次调频的优化控制策略。首先,综合对比分析了常规机组与储能电站参与电网二次调频的技术特性,并在调度层面对储能电站与常规机组的功率进行解耦;然后研究了储能电站辅助火电机组调频的协调控制框架,以实现不同调频资源的合理分配;在储能电站主控层面,建立了表征储能实时调频能力的评估模型,并采用改进遗传算法对模型进行求解,以对储能各单元出力进行精细化协调管理;最后,基于仿真模型验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

Power management strategies for a stand-alone power system using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage

A stand-alone power system based on a photovoltaic array and wind generators that stores the excessive energy from renewable energy sources (RES) in the form of hydrogen via water electrolysis for future use in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is currently in operation at Neo Olvio of Xanthi, Greece. Efficient power management strategies (PMSs) for the system have been developed. The PMSs have been assessed on their capacity to meet the power load requirements through effective utilization of the electrolyzer and fuel cell under variable energy generation from RES (solar and wind). The evaluation of the PMS has been performed through simulated experiments with anticipated conditions over a typical four-month time period for the region of installation. The key decision factors for the PMSs are the level of the power provided by the RES and the state of charge (SOC) of the accumulator. Therefore, the operating policies for the hydrogen production via water electrolysis and the hydrogen consumption at the fuel cell depend on the excess or shortage of power from the RES and the level of SOC. A parametric sensitivity analysis investigates the influence of major operating variables for the PMSs such as the minimum SOC level and the operating characteristics of the electrolyzer and the fuel cell in the performance of the integrated system.     

动力电池二次利用关键参数识别研究综述

利用参数识别技术对退役动力电池进行分选,实现退役电池的二次利用。研究二次利用前动力电池的性能状况,对电池的剩余容量、剩余寿命、电池的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)、电荷健康度(state of health,SOH)等影响电池性能的参数进行识别,并根据获取的相关数据来评估退役电池组当前状态下的性能,预测电池的剩余寿命,为动力电池二次利用的参数识别提供理论依据。     

A novel predictive power flow control strategy for hydrogen city rail train

Hydrogen-based vehicular traction has already reached a mature technological level and can replace the more polluting diesel engines. The adoption of this technology can also alleviate the carbon footprint issue of the rail trains running on non-electrified lines.This study presents a model and a numerical performance analysis of an electric hybrid train in an urban context. The train uses hydrogen as fuel and operates over non-electrified lines with zero local emission.The electric traction motors of the train are fed by a hybrid power unit consisting of several hydrogen fuel cell stacks operating independently in on/off mode and a set of flywheel energy storage devices.Each component of the power train is modeled separately and its operating limits are chosen on the base of technical literature.An innovative predictive logic to manage power flows is defined and proposed with the aim to minimize the fuel consumption. Furthermore, this approach uses a regenerative electrical braking and eliminates dissipative devices, like rheostats, which are commonly utilized onboard electric trains.This predictive approach is based on the optimal management of the power unit components according to the advanced knowledge of the data of the rail vehicle, the characteristics of path, drive cycle and payload for an established route.The fuel cell stacks operate accordingly to the average traction power requirement in each railway line section, whereas the flywheel energy storage system manages the dynamic power.A parametric model of the system and a respective software tool have been developed; this implementation, that incorporates many tunable parameters of the train and rail path, is able to simulate the rail train operating on a specific railway path by implementing the novel control strategy.An existing single track non-electrified line, designed again for urban service, has been selected as a case study to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.The specific fuel consumptions obtained with the novel control strategy and with a single fuel cell system operating at constant power are compared under the same operating conditions.The results highlight that significant fuel savings can be achieved.     

BEBB based design for underground coal mine emergency power application

鉴于目前国内只有48 V锂离子电池组能够通过安全标准认证的现实情况,标准电池储能系统不能被直接用来为几百伏额定电压的电机/泵类电器负荷提供应急电源。本文开发了一种名为电池电子标准单元的模块化设计系统,该系统可以将48 V的电池/变频器模块以即插即用的形式根据负荷的实际需要整合到一起。该系统提供了一种新颖的、集成的电池及电力电子系统控制构架,该构架能够在不使用额外的电池管理系统（BMS）的情况下构建稳定可靠的储能系统。基于上述概念,一种新颖的、被定义为能源计算机的分布式能源系统构架被本文提出并与普通个人计算机进行了类比说明。     

An energy storage system for smart coal mine emergency power supply

为满足煤炭行业和煤矿企业对于供电可靠性日益增长的需求,同时探索兆瓦级储能系统在工业用户侧的实用化解决方案,本项目在内蒙古乌海平沟煤矿设计建造了基于铅酸电池和磷酸铁锂电池储能技术的矿用兆瓦级智能应急电源。系统主要功能为：在电网正常供电时,替代传统的油浸电容器进行无功补偿;在电网出现供电故障时,为煤矿的特别重要负荷提供至少30 min的连续可靠供电。除此外,系统还可根据用户需求执行包括削峰填谷、分布式新能源发电波动平抑在内的多种功能。为保证应急电源系统的安全性、可靠性和使用寿命,本工作在进行设计时着重考虑了蓄电池的选型、容量配比、成组设计以及储能变流系统（PCS）的电路拓扑设计和电池维护高级智能控制策略,旨在探索和实用。