玻璃微珠颗粒系中超声散射的数值和实验研究

利用超声在球形颗粒中的单散射理论模型, 分析了散射系数计算收敛问题, 玻璃微珠颗粒的散射声压分布和消声系数随物性参数和颗粒尺寸参数的变化关系, 进而研究了不同粒度分布颗粒群中声衰减谱的特性. 由变声程脉冲回波法测量了3种不同粒度分布玻璃微珠声散射衰减谱, 与理论计算进行了对比, 二者较好地吻合. 结果表明, 具有合适物性参数的弹性颗粒声散射模型可用于声散射衰减谱准确预测, 采用宽频超声衰减谱有利于对颗粒系进行粒度分布分析.     

多层介质高反射膜的散射特性研究

为了研究多层介质高反射薄膜的散射特性减小光学薄膜的散射损耗,以多层光学薄膜矢量光散射理论为基础,利用光学薄膜的总散射损耗与光学薄膜双向反射分布函数的关系,研究了多层介质高反射薄膜分别在膜层界面粗糙度为完全相关和完全非相关模型下入射角和偏振状态对总散射损耗的影响,以及入射波长对总散射损耗的影响.理论研究结果表明,随着入射角的变化p偏振入射光引起的p偏振的总散射损耗强烈依赖于膜层界面粗糙度的相关特性,尤其是在布儒斯特角附近更为明显;此外,通过对介质高反射膜在两种不同模型下的总散射损耗随入射波长的变化与其反射率谱的比较发现,完全相关模型下的总散射损耗与反射率谱的变化趋势一致,完全非相关模型则恰好反之.     

空间引力波探测系统中超光滑光学元件表面散射特性分析

在引力波探测系统中,超光滑光学元件表面散射特性对高精度引力波测量至关重要。本文针对超光滑光学元件,建立了一种能快速准确地分析和预测其表面散射特性的非傍轴标量散射模型Generalized Beckmann-Kirchhoff (GBK)。在此基础上,研究了入射角度、散射方位角对P偏振和S偏振入射光的角分辨散射分布的影响,以及入射角度、散射方位角、自相关长度、斜率、截止频率以及表面粗糙度等因素对不同表面统计分布特征下的角分辨散射分布的影响。研究结果可为引力波探测系统中超光滑光学元件的加工、系统杂散光的产生及抑制等提供参考。     

非均匀弹簧界面模型下柱形夹杂物对弹性波的散射

利用波函数展开法研究了非均匀弹簧界面模型(弹簧系数沿周向非均匀分布)下单个柱形夹杂物对弹性波的散射问题。在弹簧界面模型中,当弹簧系数沿周向分布均匀时,可利用波函数的正交性简化边界条件;当弹簧系数沿周向分布不均匀时,不能利用波函数的正交性简化边界条件。该文研究了这一问题,通过沿周向的离散化将弹性波散射的边界条件归结为一个超定线性代数方程组。针对Ge-Al纤维增强复合材料数值计算了散射截面和远场散射幅。特别地,通过适当选取弹簧常数的周向分布处理了含裂纹界面的弹性波散射问题,数值计算了裂纹张开位移和错开位移。     

粗糙表面镜向散射光强统计

粗糙表面散射可分为镜向散射和非镜向散射,镜向散射光强的分析不仅具有理论上的简洁性,而且能够给出粗糙表面散射的一些重要特性.论文根据相干散射和傅里叶光学理论,对粗糙表面的镜向散射光场进行了理论分析和推导,结果表明:镜向散射光场的主要特征由粗糙表面高度分布的傅里叶变换和入射光场的傅里叶变换共同决定.对于均匀平行光照射高斯表...     

非均匀软组织声散射模型的研究概况

本文综述了非均匀软组织声散射模型的研究概况及其在超声组织定征中的应用。将声散射模型进行了系统的分类介绍。并对在建立软组织声散射模型中存在的问题以及研究声散射模型的重要意义进行了分析和讨论。     

基于物理散射的单基地海底混响建模与仿真分析

分析了海底混响包络非瑞利化的原因,将基于物理过程的K分布混响模型和Jackson海底散射模型相结合,建立了基于物理散射的单基地海底混响仿真模型。将海底混响统计特性与声呐波束宽度、带宽、频率、掠射角等系统参数和散射体尺寸、散射强度、分布密度等环境参数联系起来,同时兼顾了海底混响的统计特性和物理形成机制,仿真结果验证了模型的有效性。     

激光光束中微粒散射的散射光能分布研究

文章通过对角散射粒度分析方法的数学建模,研究了处于激光光束中的微小颗粒对光的散射能量分布,研究表明,在微粒粒径较大(d＞5λ/π),沿着光入射方向上的正向±π/4和负向±π4范围内,具有最大的散射能量分布,但这一结果并不适用于小粒径微粒.     

激光投影显示中二次散射散斑抑制方法

在光学投影系统中,激光经各种元件散射后在投影屏上形成一次散射散斑,投影屏对激光的再次散射,经人眼成像后在视网膜上形成二次散射散斑.在激光投影系统的照明系统中,引入位相调制器调制照明光束,可抑制在投影屏平面上的一次散射散斑,和投影屏二次散射后在人眼视网膜上的二次散射散斑.通过简化的投影系统,对二次散射散斑形成和抑制进行了理论分析,获得了二次散射散斑抑制的条件和抑制后散斑衬度的规律,并进行了仿真和实验验证.理论结果表明,在一定条件下,一次散射散斑与二次散射散斑的衬度变化规律相同.对简化模型进行了仿真计算,得到在投影屏上的像面散斑衬度为0.0096,在探测器平面上的二次散射散斑的衬度为0.019,表明位相板调制投影系统照明光束能抑制一次散射散斑和二次散射散斑.对理论和仿真结果进行了实验验证.     

水中微气泡光散射偏振特性的研究

在Mie散射理论的基础上，建立气泡光散射模型，计算水中微小气泡与固体微粒在不同的粒径参数和散射角条件下的光散射偏振特性，并对两者进行比较．结果表明，水中气泡及微粒对入射光散射后偏振状态的改变十分复杂．总体上气泡的退偏振效应比固体微粒强25％，微小气泡与固体微粒对偏振状态的影响在粒径域和散射角上具有选择性．     

Safe-life analysis accounting for the loading spectra variability

The scatter of the variable load spectra is considered separately from the scatter of the aircraft structure to assess the safe-life of a fleet. Suppose the fatigue life under the specified load spectrum follows the log-normal distribution with a constant coefficient of variation, and the load spectra damage follows the log-normal distribution with a constant standard deviation, the theoretical distribution function of fatigue life of the fleet that accounts for the variability of the structure and the load spectrum is derived with the conditional probability model. Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the distribution of the fleet fatigue life can be described approximately by a log-normal distribution function, and the log expectation is the log mean life under variable load spectra and the variation equals the sum of the structural variation and the load spectra variation. The scatter factor method is then adopted to assess the safe-life. The scatter factor of the individual aircraft with definite load spectrum, as well as the scatter factor of the in-service fleet that takes the actual load scatter into consideration are listed.     

Estimating S–N curves and their scatter using a differential ant-stigmergy algorithm

We present an alternative approach to the rapid estimation of S–N curves and their scatter. A simultaneous estimation of the S–N curve and its scatter is achieved by applying a two-parametric Weibull distribution to describe the scatter of a number of load cycles to failure at an arbitrary amplitude stress level. The shape of the S–N curve is generally modelled as a linear dependence between the logarithmic value of the number of load cycles to failure and the logarithmic value of the amplitude stress level. This dependence is described by two parameters: a constant term and a scale coefficient of the S–N curve in a log-log scale. Therefore, the same formulation was applied to model the dependence between a scale parameter of the Weibull distribution and the logarithmic value of the amplitude stress level. In this manner the S–N curve and its scatter are described by three parameters: the constant term, the scale coefficient and the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution. The three parameters are estimated with a differential ant-stigmergy algorithm from the experimental data. In the article a mathematical background of the approach is presented and applied to three cases of experimentally obtained durability data. The results are analysed and discussed.     

Deep Scatter Estimation (DSE): Accurate Real-Time Scatter Estimation for X-Ray CT Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network

X-ray scatter is a major cause of image quality degradation in dimensional CT. Especially, in case of highly attenuating components scatter-to-primary ratios may easily be higher than 1. The corresponding artifacts which appear as cupping or dark streaks in the CT reconstruction may impair a metrological assessment. Therefore, an appropriate scatter correction is crucial. Thereby, the gold standard is to predict the scatter distribution using a Monte Carlo (MC) code and subtract the corresponding scatter estimate from the measured raw data. MC, however, is too slow to be used routinely. To correct for scatter in real-time, we developed the deep scatter estimation (DSE). It uses a deep convolutional neural network which is trained to reproduce the output of MC simulations using only the acquired projection data as input. Once trained, DSE can be applied in real-time. The present study demonstrates the potential of the proposed approach using simulations and measurements. In both cases the DSE yields highly accurate scatter estimates that differ by< 3% from our MC scatter predictions. Further, DSE clearly outperforms kernel-based scatter estimation techniques and hybrid approaches, as they are in use today.     

Modeling the brittle–ductile transition in ferritic steels. Part II: analysis of scatter in fracture toughness

A dislocation simulation model has been proposed to predict the brittle–ductile transition in ferritic steels in Part I. Here we extend the model to address the problem of inherent scatter in fracture toughness measurements. We carried out a series of Monte Carlo simulations using distributions of microcracks situated on the plane of a main macrocrack. Detailed statistical analysis of the simulation results showed the following: (a) fracture is initiated at one of the microcracks whose size is at the tail of the size distribution function, and (b) the inherent scatter arises from the distribution in the size of the critical microcrack that initiates the fracture and not from the variation of the location of the critical microcrack. Utilizing the weakest-link theory, Weibull analysis shows good agreement with the Weibull modulus values obtained from fracture toughness measurements.     

Statistical analysis of a scatter plate interferometer

A scatter plate interferometer is analyzed based on the principle of statistical optics for what is to my knowledge the first time. It is shown that the optical complex amplitude distribution of scattered-direct light that is scattered by the first scatter plate and transmitted through the second scatter plate is equivalent to the distribution of direct-scattered light that is transmitted through the first scatter plate and scattered by the second scatter plate if there are no aberrations in the tested optical elements. Then the mechanism producing interference fringes and fringe contrast are discussed by means of a statistical method. It is shown that the fringe pattern depends on the correlation of the transmittance distributions of the two scatter plates and the aberration of the tested lens. The analysis coincides with experimental phenomena. The method used gives a new viewpoint on the principles of scatter plate interferometry and reveals its statistical nature.     

Experimental investigation of random loading sequence effect on fatigue crack growth

An experimental study is proposed to investigate the effect of random loading sequence effect on the fatigue crack growth behavior of Al 7075-T6. The testing matrix includes different overload cycle percentage, overload ratios, and deterministic and random loading sequences in the current investigation. Multiple specimen tests and statistical data analysis are performed to show the effect of random loading sequence on the median and scatter behavior of fatigue crack growth. The proposed experimental study suggests that extreme value distribution is a good approximation of fatigue life distribution. It is observed that the effect of uncertain loading is different under different loading spectrums. For high overload cycle percentage spectrums, the random loading sequence has no major impact on the probabilistic crack growth behavior compared to the deterministic loading sequence with identical load cycle distributions. For low overload cycle percentage spectrums, the random loading sequence has huge impact on the probabilistic crack growth behavior compared to the deterministic loading sequence with identical load cycle distributions, for both the median and the scatter of the fatigue crack length curves. Finally, all experimental observations are reported in table format in Appendix A for future numerical model development and validation for interested readers.     

A RELIABILITY-BASED MODEL TO PREDICT SCATTER IN FATIGUE CRACK NUCLEATION LIFE

This paper investigates the scatter inherent in the early stages of fatigue life. A probabilistic fatigue model is proposed which relates the microstructural heterogeneity to the scatter in crack nucleation life. The crack nucleation life is defined as the number of cycles necessary to develop a crack with a length equal to the grain size. The model assumes homogeneity at the level of the grain size. A fracture mechanics-based microstructural model is used to describe the response of the grains. The primitive random variables which drive crack nucleation are identified and recent developments recorded in the literature are used to describe their statistical characteristics. First order reliability methods are used to predict the statistical distribution of fatigue crack nucleation life. Comparisons are made with trends in experimental observations.     

Streuung der Werkstoffestigkeit und die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Versagen von Probenstäben an ausgesuchten Beispielen

Scattering of Strength and Probability to Failure of Smooth Test Bars – on Selected Examples . The influence of scattering of material properties (distribution density function f) and of the loading spectrum (distribution density function g) on the probability to failure is discussed. For the distribution density functions f and g, simple model functions (Gaussian function, δ-function) were used. It is shown that in typical design situations, a small reduction of the scatter of the material properties may reduce the probability to failure to some orders of magnitude. The width of the loading spectrum is shown to be less important compared to the width of the scatter of the material properties. For materials with a large scatter of properties e.g. ceramics, the probability to failure is really high, even if a large safety factor is used. A satisfactory reliability for designs made from such materials can be reached, if lower limits of strength can be guaranted – e.g. applying advanced methods of material testing. Under this special condition, the width of the loading spectrum and the safety factor gains a large influence on the probability to failure.     

Quantum Reflection, Evaporation, and Transport Currents in 4He

We study transport currents induced by excited states in the surface and in bulk ⁴He. This requires the calculation of particle currents to second order in the excitation amplitudes. For that purpose, we extend a well-tested microscopic theory of inhomogeneous quantum liquids to find the currents created when either a quasiparticle propagates through the liquid, when atoms scatter off its surface, or when excitations evaporate atoms. Specifically, we look at the phonon lifetime and quantum reflection. We show that quantum reflection is sensitively affected both by details of the liquid surface profile and by many-body effects.     

SCATTER CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE LIFE AND THE BEHAVIOUR OF SMALL CRACKS

Usually, there is large scatter in fatigue data and this should be evaluated quantitatively when fatigue data are applied to the design of machines and structures. Consequently it is important to clarify the physical basis of scatter in fatigue life. In this present study, rotary bending fatigue tests were performed on an annealed 0.21% carbon steel. At least sixteen smooth specimens were fatigued at each of three stress ranges and successive observations of the surface were studied for all the specimens using the plastic replica method. By examining the initiation and propagation behaviour of cracks the physical basis of scatter in fatigue life is analysed and discussed. To estimate the scatter characteristics quantitatively, the distributions of crack initiation life, propagation life, fatigue life and crack length were individually studied by assuming a Weibull distribution for each set of data.