Cross-reactivity of some commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns to DON- and ZEN-conjugated forms and metabolites

Seven commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were tested for cross-reactivity to conjugated forms (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, DON-3-glucoside, DON-3-glucuronide, ZEN-glucosides, ZEN-glucuronide) and metabolites (de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol) and nivalenol (NIV), using a semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The DON IACs showed cross-reactivity for nearly all DON derivatives tested. The ZEN IACs showed limited cross-reactivity to some of the ZEN derivatives. The IACs were evaluated for their potential use as sample clean-up for mycotoxins in serum.     

小麦赤霉病粒与脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯烔关系的研究

小麦赤霉病粒和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯烔毒素含量有密切相关。将赤霉病粒以一定梯度添加,再用酶联免疫试剂盒测定小麦中DON、ZEN含量。分析结果显示随着赤霉病粒的增高DON、ZEN含量增加,呈正相关。     

A contribution to reduce sampling variability in the evaluation of deoxynivalenol contamination of organic wheat grain

Fusarium head blight caused by different varieties of Fusarium species is one of the major serious worldwide diseases found in wheat production. It is therefore important to be able to quantify the deoxynivalenol concentration in wheat. Unfortunately, in mycotoxin quantification, due to the uneven distribution of mycotoxins within the initial lot, it is difficult, or even impossible, to obtain a truly representative analytical sample. In previous work we showed that the sampling step most responsible for variability was grain sampling. In this paper, it is more particularly the step scaling down from a laboratory sample of some kilograms to an analytical sample of a few grams that is investigated. The naturally contaminated wheat lot was obtained from an organic field located in the southeast of France (Rhône-Alpes) from the year 2008–2009 cropping season. The deoxynivalenol level was found to be 50.6 ± 2.3 ng g^–1. Deoxynivalenol was extracted with a acetonitrile–water mix and quantified by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Three different grain sampling techniques were tested to obtain analytical samples: a technique based on manually homogenisation and division, a second technique based on the use of a rotating shaker and a third on the use of compressed air. Both the rotating shaker and the compressed air techniques enabled a homogeneous laboratory sample to be obtained, from which representative analytical samples could be taken. Moreover, the techniques did away with many repetitions and grinding. This study, therefore, contributes to sampling variability reduction in the evaluation of deoxynivalenol contamination of organic wheat grain, and then, at a reasonable cost.     

Impact of post-anthesis rainfall,fungicide and harvesting time on the concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat

Field experiments were conducted to identify the impact of post-anthesis rainfall on the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in harvested wheat grain. Winter wheat plots were inoculated with Fusarium graminearum at stem extension (GS31) and prothioconazole was applied at mid-anthesis (GS65) to split plots and plots were subsequently mist irrigated for 5 days. Plots were either covered by polytunnels, irrigated by sprinklers or left as non-irrigated uncovered control plots after medium-milk (GS75). Plots were harvested either when ripe (GS92; early harvest) or three weeks later (late harvest). Fusarium head blight (FHB) was assessed each week from inoculation. At harvest, yield and grain quality was measured and grains were analysed for DON and ZON. Differences in rainfall resulted in contrasting disease pressure in the two experiments, with low FHB in the first experiment and high FHB in the second. Difference in FHB resulted in large differences in grain yield, quality and mycotoxin content. DON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated compared to covered and control plots in the first experiment, whereas in the second experiment, DON was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the covered plots compared to the control and irrigated plots. ZON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated plots in both experiments. Later harvesting resulted in an approximate fivefold increase in ZON in the first experiment, but was not significantly different in the second experiment. Prothioconazole significantly (P < 0.05) reduced DON in both experiments, but gave inconsistent reductions to ZON. This is the first report to show that the post-anthesis rainfall can significantly increase ZON in wheat, which can increase further with a delayed harvest but may be significantly reduced with the application of prothioconazole. Importantly, in the absence of moisture late season, ZON remains at very low concentrations even when wheat is severely affected by FHB.     

Cross-reactivity of some commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns to DON- and ZEN-conjugated forms and metabolites

Seven commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were tested for cross-reactivity to conjugated forms (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, DON-3-glucoside, DON-3-glucuronide, ZEN-glucosides, ZEN-glucuronide) and metabolites (de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol) and nivalenol (NIV), using a semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The DON IACs showed cross-reactivity for nearly all DON derivatives tested. The ZEN IACs showed limited cross-reactivity to some of the ZEN derivatives. The IACs were evaluated for their potential use as sample clean-up for mycotoxins in serum.     

Fumonisin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium moniliforme,F proliferatum and F graminearum in mixed cultures on irradiated maize kernels

The impact on fungal growth and mycotoxin formation of interactions between fumonisin‐producing isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and F proliferatum and a zearalenone (ZEA)‐ and deoxynivalenol (DON)‐producing isolate of F graminearum inoculated together on irradiated maize at 15 and 25 °C and at 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93 a_w was studied. The presence of F graminearum decreased the fungal populations (CFU g⁻¹ grain) of F moniliforme and F proliferatum under almost all conditions tested. In the presence of F moniliforme, CFUs of F graminearum increased significantly at 25 °C, especially at 0.93 and 0.95 a_w, while the presence of F proliferatum caused them to increase at 15 °C. The presence of F graminearum always inhibited FB₁ production, except at 25 °C and 0.98 a_w where it increased. However, the observed differences were not statistically significant. There was no effect of fungal interaction on ZEA production by F graminearum; however, when paired with F moniliforme and F proliferatum, DON production by F graminearum was significantly stimulated, especially at 0.98 a_w. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

小米糠(胚)制油及油脂品质研究

小米糠按谷子加工过程的工序不同可分为细糠和抛光粉两部分,两部分混合后的混合糠即小米糠全糠,因其中含有小米胚,因此也称小米胚。细糠和抛光粉中主要组分的质量分数分别为粗脂肪11.56%和8.6%,粗蛋白10.63%和12.41%,粗纤维20.5%和2.25%;分别采用压榨法和溶剂浸出法提取细糠、抛光粉和混合糠中的油脂,检测结果显示,小米糠油的酸价为17.58～45.43 mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.083～0.226g/100 g,其中抛光粉所制取小米糠油的酸价和过氧化值明显高于细糠及混合糠所制取小米糠油;小米糠油中含量最多的是亚油酸(67.13%～68.81%),其次为油酸(12.86%～14.71%)、棕榈酸(7.43%～8.21%)。小米糠油中8种VE组分齐全,α-生育酚和γ-生育酚含量较高,VE总含量为789～1287 mg/kg;谷维素质量分数为0.40%～0.59%;甾醇质量分数为1.68%～2.08%,其中谷甾醇含量最高(779～932 mg/100 g),其次是谷甾烷醇;角鲨烯含量为102.45～126.22 mg/kg。小米糠油是营养丰富的食用植物油。此外,小米糠蛋白质中除赖氨酸外其余的必需氨基酸评分(AAS)均大于100,小米糠蛋白是一种优质的蛋白质资源。     

臭氧熏蒸对玉米胚中真菌毒素的降解消除作用

为探究臭氧熏蒸对玉米胚中真菌毒素消除效果,固定臭氧质量浓度为150 mg/L,以蒸馏水调节玉米胚水分至不同质量分数(5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％),并熏蒸不同时间(20、30、40、50、60、80min),分析熏蒸处理后玉米胚中真菌毒素含量以及玉米胚和玉米油品质的变化.结果表明:玉米胚水分质量分数为2...     

小麦麸皮超高压处理条件优化及其微观结构观察

采用响应曲面中的Box-Behnken模式,对超高压改性小麦麸皮的条件进行优化。以超高压处理压力﹑时间﹑料液比为因素,以小麦麸皮的持水力﹑膨胀力﹑可溶性膳食纤维的含量为响应值,进行响应曲面设计,建立持水性﹑膨胀性﹑可溶性膳食纤维含量的回归模型,优化工艺参数。结果表明,最佳处理条件为处理压力400MPa,时间20min,料水比17∶100(m∶V),该条件下小麦麸皮的持水力﹑膨胀力﹑可溶性膳食纤维含量分别为3.08g/g,1.49mL/g,3.12%。经超高处理的小麦麸皮样品结构更加疏松,颗粒体积膨大,表面孔隙﹑层状结构增多,其性能明显改善。     

麦麸细粉营养成分分析及在面包烘焙中的应用

采用喷雾调质、研磨和筛选分离出小麦麸皮中的麦麸细粉,分析其营养成分,并通过流变特性测试及烘焙应用试验,研究其对面粉营养成分及面团烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,分离所得麦麸细粉的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量高达15.8%和33.6%,且富含钾、钙、铁等多种矿物质。随着麦麸细粉在面包专用粉中添加比例的增加,面包专用粉的灰分和湿面筋含量呈递增趋势;面筋指数、糊化黏度逐渐降低,面团吸水率、弱化度逐渐增加;稳定时间、延展性呈减小趋势;面包的搅拌时间、发酵时间延长,比容和品质评分降低。添加10%麦麸细粉的面包烘焙性能和感官品质较好,且营养价值得到了显著改善。     

Influence of temperature and pH on the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in aqueous medium: comparative cytotoxicity of DON and degraded product

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a toxic fungal metabolite, is stable under different processing conditions; however, its stability in aqueous medium at different temperatures and low pH (1–2) (present in the gastrointestinal tract) has not been investigated. In the present study, DON standard was used to study the influence of temperature and pH on DON stability in aqueous medium, the characterisation of the degraded product, and the comparative toxicity profile of the degraded and the parent compound. The results suggest that standard DON was unstable at 125–250°C showing 16–100% degradation whereas DON at pH 1–3 had 30–66% degradation, with a concomitant increase in the formation of a degraded product. Further ESI-MS characterisation of the dominant precursor ion of the HPLC eluate of the DON-degraded product was found to be m/z 279, resembling the known metabolite DOM-1. The degraded product of DON was reconfirmed as DOM-1 by comparison with standard DOM-1 and both gave a similar λ_max at 208 nm. Comparative studies of both standard DOM-1 and the degraded product of DON showed no cytotoxicity up to 6400 ng ml^–1 while significant cytotoxicity was observed for DON (400 ng ml^–1). The results suggest that a highly acidic environment (pH 1–2) could be responsible for the de-epoxydation of DON leading to the formation of DOM-1.     

微细化麦麸膳食纤维制备及其对面制品品质影响

该文报道以麦麸为原料制备膳食纤维工艺,确定最佳技术条件并制备微细化麦麸膳食纤维;且在面粉中分别添加5%、8%、10%、12%和15%麦麸膳食纤维配制膳食纤维面粉。按我国传统工艺技术制备不同麦麸膳食纤维添加量的馒头和中式面条样品,并据行业标准分别进行品质评价;结果表明,添加麦麸膳食纤维使馒头体积及感官指标评价得分均呈下降趋势,当其添加量为8%时,馒头总体品质评价得分高于80%;麦麸膳食纤维添加量不超过5%的麦麸膳食纤维面条,其感官品质指标与空白样面条接近,都可被市场所接受。     

不同碾磨方式小米糠对小麦面团特性及馒头品质的影响

利用多功能粉碎机、流化床式气流粉碎机与行星式球磨机对小米糠进行物理改性,以探究不同碾磨方式、不同添加量的小米糠对小麦面团特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随小米糠粒径减小,持水力、水膨胀力、持油力均提高,其中气流碾磨的效果最明显,分别提高44.29%、41.67%、39.45%。馒头硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性随添加量和粒径增大而增加,比容随添加量和粒径增大而减小,色差L^*值随添加量的增加而下降,随粒度减小而上升。当普通碾磨米糠质量分数不高于5%,气流与球磨碾磨小米糠质量分数不高于10%时,综合感官评分最高。     

蒸汽爆破处理对麦麸的酚酸组成及其抗氧化活性的影响

该试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破处理对小麦麸皮的酚酸组成及抗氧化活性的影响。将麦麸在不同处理压力(0.5,1.5,2.5 MPa)和不同处理时间(30,90 s)条件下进行蒸汽爆破预处理。通过水解和碱提的方法,将得到的麦麸进行提取,得到游离酚酸和结合酚酸 2部分,对其中的几种主要酚酸,如香草酸、丁香酸, 4-香豆酸,阿魏酸进行研究。结果表明, 4种主要酚酸的含量在蒸汽爆破处理后均有所提高,其中阿魏酸的含量最高,结合酚酸中由未处理时的 57.232 μg/g提高到了 1454.092 μg/g。该试验还进行了总酚测定,抗氧化活性的测定。通过总酚的测定可以看出,蒸汽爆破处理后,总酚的含量高于未处理麦麸,且随着处理强度的增加,呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在处理条件为 2.5 MPa,30 s,总酚含量最高,约为未处理时的 9倍。抗氧化试验得到的变化趋势与总酚呈现相似的规律,与未进行蒸汽爆破预处理的麦麸相比,处理后的麦麸表现出了更高的 1,1-二苯基 -2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和 2,2-联氮 -二(3-乙基 -苯并噻唑 6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除率,以及在亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性和还原能力。当处理条件为 2.5 MPa,30 s时,抗氧化活性表现最高。由此可得到, 2.5 MPa 30 s是蒸汽爆破处理麦麸的最佳条件,此时麦麸中酚酸含量和抗氧化活性均较优,为以后麦麸中酚类物质的深度开发利用提供理论支持。     

蒸汽爆破处理对麦麸的酚酸组成及其抗氧化活性的影响

该试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破处理对小麦麸皮的酚酸组成及抗氧化活性的影响。将麦麸在不同处理压力(0.5,1.5,2.5 MPa)和不同处理时间(30,90 s)条件下进行蒸汽爆破预处理。通过水解和碱提的方法,将得到的麦麸进行提取,得到游离酚酸和结合酚酸 2部分,对其中的几种主要酚酸,如香草酸、丁香酸, 4-香豆酸,阿魏酸进行研究。结果表明, 4种主要酚酸的含量在蒸汽爆破处理后均有所提高,其中阿魏酸的含量最高,结合酚酸中由未处理时的 57.232 μg/g提高到了 1454.092 μg/g。该试验还进行了总酚测定,抗氧化活性的测定。通过总酚的测定可以看出,蒸汽爆破处理后,总酚的含量高于未处理麦麸,且随着处理强度的增加,呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在处理条件为 2.5 MPa,30 s,总酚含量最高,约为未处理时的 9倍。抗氧化试验得到的变化趋势与总酚呈现相似的规律,与未进行蒸汽爆破预处理的麦麸相比,处理后的麦麸表现出了更高的 1,1-二苯基 -2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和 2,2-联氮 -二(3-乙基 -苯并噻唑 6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除率,以及在亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性和还原能力。当处理条件为 2.5 MPa,30 s时,抗氧化活性表现最高。由此可得到, 2.5 MPa 30 s是蒸汽爆破处理麦麸的最佳条件,此时麦麸中酚酸含量和抗氧化活性均较优,为以后麦麸中酚类物质的深度开发利用提供理论支持。     

Effects of enzymatic treatment conditions on dietary fibre content of wheat bran and use of cellulase-treated bran in cookie

A commercial cellulase preparation (Viscozyme Cassava C) was employed to process wheat bran to improve the ratio of insoluble to soluble dietary fibre. The effects of initial moisture content, enzyme dosage, and incubation time on the content of soluble and insoluble fibre during the enzymatic treatment were investigated. The appropriate conditions for the cellulase treatment were initial moisture content of 0.75 g water g⁻¹ dry matter, enzyme dosage of 9 U g⁻¹ dry matter and incubation time of 120 min under which the ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre of wheat bran was lowered by 42%. Untreated and cellulase-treated wheat bran was incorporated into cookies at levels of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Cookie with 50% cellulase-treated bran showed 21% lower ratio of insoluble to soluble fibre as well as 14% lower hardness and 13% higher overall acceptability than sample with the same amount of untreated bran.     

小麦麸皮生物加工及其在面制品中应用研究进展

麸皮是小麦加工主要副产物。麸皮中含有丰富的膳食纤维和生物活性物质,对人类健康产生有益影响。麸皮作为配料在食品中的应用会提高产品的营养品质,但大量麸皮的添加会使得产品的感官品质显著下降。已有的研究表明,对麸皮进行适当的生物加工处理会明显改善麸皮添加产品的感官品质,并大大提高营养价值。本文综述了近年来麸皮的酶处理和发酵等生物加工技术及其在面制品中的应用研究进展,旨在指导进一步的科学研究,提高麸皮的食品加工应用价值。