小麦籽粒中原型及修饰型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的产生规律研究

目的研究原型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其修饰型的产生规律。方法以小麦籽粒为培养材料,辐照灭菌后接种禾谷镰刀菌,并分别在不同温度(10、20、30℃)和水活度(0.95、0.98 a_w)下培养不同时间(7、14、21、28、35d)后,运用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测DON,3-乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol,3-ADON),15-乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol,15-ADON)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,D3G)的产量。结果在所有培养条件下,原型DON的产量均随时间延长而增加;并于0.98 a_w, 20℃下的第35 d达到最高值100490.0μg/kg;不同培养条件下,修饰型DON的生成情况各不相同,3-ADON、15-ADON和D3G分别于0.98a_w,20℃下的第14、28和35 d达到各自产量最高值(3-ADON:7583.5μg/kg; 15-ADON:592.0μg/kg; D3G:6806.4μg/kg)。此外, 10℃下,D3G/DON比值随时间延长先增高后降低,而20、30℃下D3G/DON比值随时间延长呈指数下降(r~20.90)。结论小麦籽粒中原型和修饰型DON的最适产生条件均为0.98 a_w, 20℃。本研究可为DON及其修饰型的生物合成、日常监管、污染防控等提供理论基础和科学依据。     

室温下麦粒中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其隐蔽型(D3G)毒素累积分析

为了研究麦粒中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）及其隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷（D3G）的累积情况,将禾谷镰刀菌菌株F-1和5035分别人工接种至经高温灭菌、8 k Gy和15 k Gy辐照的麦粒中25℃培养7、14、21、28、35 d后,通过LC-MS/MS方法测定DON和D3G毒素在麦粒中的含量。不同处理的麦粒中DON含量均随培养时间延长逐渐增加;禾谷镰刀菌接种灭菌麦粒及15 k Gy辐照麦粒均未检出D3G毒素;禾谷镰刀菌接种8 k Gy辐照小麦籽粒后检测到隐蔽型毒素D3G,培养7 d时D3G最高且其含量随着培养时间延长逐渐降低;本文使用指数模型拟合25℃下F-1与5035接种麦粒（8 k Gy辐照）中D3G/DON的比值与时间关系的R2分别为0.97、0.93,R2均在0.9以上,说明指数模型能够较好地拟合本实验条件下时间与D3G/DON的比值的变化,为进一步后续研究提供依据。      

Growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum and reduction of deoxynivalenol production in wheat grain by bacillomycin D

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight, which leads to the quality and yield loss of wheat. In the present work, the inhibition effects of bacillomycin D (BD) on the growth of F. graminearum and reduction of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in wheat grain storage were investigated. The hyphal growth and sporulation of F. graminearum were restrained dramatically in the presence of 75 μg/mL BD, and the inhibition rate reached to 94.6% and 97.5%, respectively. Ultrastructural observation of the hyphae showed BD caused stripping of F. graminearum hyphal surface and destroying of the cellular structure. Furthermore, BD could lower the free fatty acid value and total antioxidant capacity and delay the decline of wheat quality, then exhibit an effective protection for wheat infection by F. graminearum. BD could effectively inhibit mold growth and DON production during wheat seeds storage, thus enhancing the quality and shelf life of the kernel. The addition of BD (75 μg/g wheat) remarkably inhibited the amount of F. graminearum growth, and reduced the DON production to 47.5–71.5%. These results indicated that BD might be a promising natural and effective fungicide, and would have potential for reducing mycotoxins in food and feed.     

系统粉粒度分布与品质特性相关性研究

选用面粉生产工艺中的41个系统粉,运用DPS软件分析了其粒度分布与品质特性的相关性,提出了用系统粉的粒度分布参数预测理化指标的方法。实验结果表明:至少有1个粒度分布参数(D10、D50、D90或Dav)与面粉品质特性中的蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和面筋指数等13项指标呈极显著相关,因此该方法具有可行性。     

影响春小麦面粉中多酚氧化酶活性因素的研究

以邻苯二酚溶液为底物,测定春小麦面粉中的多酚氧化酶,并从不同pH值、不同底物浓度、酶液浓度等方面研究春小麦面粉中多酚氧化酶活性的影响因素,结果表明,以上测定指标对酶活性的影响非常明显。     

Relationships between disease control,green leaf duration,grain quality and the production of alcohol from winter wheat

BACKGROUND: Since demand for distilling wheat is expected to increase rapidly as a result of the development of the bioethanol industry, efficient production will become of increasing importance. Achieving this will require an understanding of the agronomic factors that influence both grain yield and alcohol yield. Therefore five field experiments using the winter distilling wheat variety Glasgow were conducted over three seasons (2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009) to study the relationships between foliar disease and alcohol yield. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between alcohol yield and the severity of the disease septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), which was present in the experiments from natural infection. Retention of green flag leaf area as affected by disease control following fungicide application was also shown to be important for achieving high alcohol yields. Measurements of grain quality showed that high thousand‐grain weight and low grain protein concentration were significantly related to increased alcohol yield. CONCLUSION: The experiments showed the importance of disease management to protect alcohol yields in the distilling wheat crop. Fungicides that provide greater disease control and improved green leaf retention are likely to be beneficial to alcohol yield. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

A contribution to reduce sampling variability in the evaluation of deoxynivalenol contamination of organic wheat grain

Fusarium head blight caused by different varieties of Fusarium species is one of the major serious worldwide diseases found in wheat production. It is therefore important to be able to quantify the deoxynivalenol concentration in wheat. Unfortunately, in mycotoxin quantification, due to the uneven distribution of mycotoxins within the initial lot, it is difficult, or even impossible, to obtain a truly representative analytical sample. In previous work we showed that the sampling step most responsible for variability was grain sampling. In this paper, it is more particularly the step scaling down from a laboratory sample of some kilograms to an analytical sample of a few grams that is investigated. The naturally contaminated wheat lot was obtained from an organic field located in the southeast of France (Rhône-Alpes) from the year 2008–2009 cropping season. The deoxynivalenol level was found to be 50.6 ± 2.3 ng g^–1. Deoxynivalenol was extracted with a acetonitrile–water mix and quantified by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Three different grain sampling techniques were tested to obtain analytical samples: a technique based on manually homogenisation and division, a second technique based on the use of a rotating shaker and a third on the use of compressed air. Both the rotating shaker and the compressed air techniques enabled a homogeneous laboratory sample to be obtained, from which representative analytical samples could be taken. Moreover, the techniques did away with many repetitions and grinding. This study, therefore, contributes to sampling variability reduction in the evaluation of deoxynivalenol contamination of organic wheat grain, and then, at a reasonable cost.     

2014~2018年黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染水平调查与分析

目的 调查分析黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)污染状况。方法 样品经乙腈-水(84:16)溶液浸泡提取,净化柱净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法对黑龙江省90份收购环节小麦和127份市售小麦粉中DON含量进行检测,并对污染情况进行研究。结果 小麦及小麦粉样品DON平均含量分别为133和417 μg/kg,检出率均为100%。在检测的217份样品中,最大检出值为970 μg/kg,DON含量均低于我国限量标准1000 μg/kg。结论 检测数据表明,小麦和小麦粉易受DON污染;我国东北部产区小麦粉中DON的含量较中部地区低,这可能与中部地区的温湿度条件较东北部地区更有利于真菌生长、产毒有关;小麦粉中DON的含量大于小麦中DON的含量,提示小麦粉的运输及储存过程可能导致其DON含量增加;因此,对市售小麦粉的管理应重点关注其出厂后的运输储存条件。     

Individual and interactive effects of cultivar maturation time, nitrogen regime and temperature level on accumulation of wheat grain proteins

BACKGROUND: Background and reasons for differences in wheat grain protein accumulation and polymerization are not fully understood. This study investigated individual and interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on wheat grain protein accumulation and amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins (ASPP). RESULTS: Individual factors, e.g. maturation time of a cultivar, nitrogen regime and temperature level, influenced grain protein accumulation and ASPP, although interaction of these factors had a greater influence. Early maturation time and long grain maturation period (GMP) in a cultivar resulted in high amounts of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐extractable proteins (TOTE) and low percentage of SDS‐unextractable polymeric proteins in total polymeric proteins (%UPP). Cultivars with late maturation time and short GMP resulted in low TOTE and high %UPP. Late versus early nitrogen application regime resulted in low %UPP versus low TOTE and high %UPP, respectively. High versus low temperature resulted in high %UPP and low %UPP, respectively. Differences in ASPP at maturity started as changes in protein accumulation from 12 days after anthesis. CONCLUSION: Length of GMP, especially in relation to length until maturity, governs gluten strength (%UPP) and grain protein concentration (TOTE). Length of GMP is determined by cultivar, temperature during GMP and late nitrogen availability. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effects of increasing yields on the macro- and microelement concentrations and offtakes in the grain of winter wheat

The variations in major and minor element concentrations in winter wheat grain from a UK survey and from three experiments on farms with high yields (>10tha^?1) are given. In the survey, the concentrations of P, K, S, Ca and Mg varied twofold, the elements Fe, Zn and Cu varied threefold, whilst Mn varied by a factor of five. Small varietal differences in grain composition were detected. In the field experiments only the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and S changed significantly as yields increased, and most of the changes were positive, except for Mn, which did not increase with yield. Foliar fungicidal sprays containing Mn increased grain Mn in 1981 and 1982, but S-containing sprays did not alter grain S in 1983. The offtakes of all the elements studied are given both nationally and for high and low yields on the three farms. These offtakes are compared with the inputs of P, K and Mg in fertilisers and the likely inputs of S from the atmosphere.     

小麦发酵产酒精及酒糟蛋白饲料工艺的研究

以小麦为原料进行酒精发酵研究,采用单因素试验探究了小麦粉浆固形物含量、液化时间、糖化酶添加量、酸性蛋白酶添加量对发酵效果的影响。结果表明,小麦粉浆固形物含量为28%,87～89 ℃液化1 h,糖化酶添加量1.1 kg/t原料,且酸性蛋白酶添加量0.03 kg/t粉时其发酵效果较好,最终发酵酒精度达（13.54±0.10）%vol,副产品小麦酒糟蛋白饲料粗蛋白含量达（38.58±2.00）%。     

膨化谷物饮料的加工工艺研究

用膨化谷物粉（如大米、玉米、小麦等或其混合物）配以胚芽粉、奶粉、白糖等，加工出美味可口且营养丰富的饮料，简要介绍了这种饮料的生产方法和工艺。     

北疆春播、麦后复播青贮玉米物质生产和温光生态效应利用的比较--测试文章

以新玉15号为供试品种,研究了春播和麦后复播青贮玉米（复播1期,6月30日播种;复播2期,7月10日播种）在产量、干物质积累和光温气候资源利用等方面的差异。结果表明：春播、复播1期、复播2期的群体干物质产量分别为15 615、17 615、14 671 kg·hm^-2,春播、复播1期、复播2期鲜重产量53 988、67 251、68 327 kg·hm^-2;复播青贮玉米生育期明显缩短,光合有效辐射和≥10℃积温较春播少;复播1期苗期、穗期、灌浆期均处于最适温度范围之内;春播、复播1期、复播2期的LAI峰值为5.01、5.72、6.36,总光合势分别为2.45×10⁶、2.84×10⁶、3.37×10⁶ m²·d^-1·hm^-2。复播青贮玉米的产量潜力主要在于大口期之前生育期优越的光温资源条件,且大口期之前干物质积累速率较春播快。     

Refrigerated dough quality: effect of environment and genotypes of hard red spring wheat

Refrigerated dough products use wheat flour as their primary ingredient, so the quality and chemical composition of the flour determine the quality of the final product. Six varieties of hard red spring wheat, grown in 3 locations in Minnesota, U.S.A., were evaluated for use in refrigerated dough products. Total arabinoxylan percentages in the flours ranged from 0.97 to 1.54. Xylanase activity of the flour was measured and ranged from 0.20 to 0.84 mU/g. An important factor in the suitability for refrigerated dough is the syruping during storage. A large amount of variability in dough syruping was observed among the varieties and locations when the extent of dough syruping was measured over a period of 10 d. The mean dough syruping on day 10 ranged from 2.05% to 14.83%. Despite the significant interaction effect of genotype and environment, 2 varieties, Glenn and Oklee, had lower dough syrup formation with greater stability across growing locations and storage days than other varieties. Practical Application: Refrigerated dough production is one of the fastest growing segments of the ready-to-use food industry. Well-formulated and processed refrigerated doughs are practical to consume and should stay fresh during extended periods of storage; thus, maintenance of dough quality during refrigeration is critical. This study was designed to perform the research on genotypic and environmental effects on variations in dough syruping during refrigeration storage of doughs from hard red spring wheats.