气相色谱-质谱结合吸附萃取法测定陈酿黄酒挥发性香气物质

建立吸附法进行香气提取、气相色谱-质谱法测定不同酒龄黄酒中挥发性香气物质的方法。对比分析固相微萃取和搅拌棒吸附萃取对黄酒香气提取的效果,获得优化的香气提取方法。结果表明：采用搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定黄酒挥发性香气物质的平均相对标准偏差为11.47%,回收率为88.6%～92.3%,说明所建方法稳定;采用搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱法共测得60种挥发性香气物质,其中15种醇类物质、25种酯类、6种醛类和5种酸类物质;随酒龄增加,乙醇含量逐渐减少,而11种酯类、1种醇类、1种酮类和1种醛类含量逐渐增加,随陈酿时间增加,部分醇、醛类物质被催化氧化成有机酸,酸的增加促进了酯化反应。搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱法具有前处理简单快捷、重复性好等优点,可为黄酒香气分析提供准确可靠的数据。     

Determination of Some Beer Flavours by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and Solvent Back Extraction

This work presents the development of a simple, rapid and low cost method for the determination of some beer flavours as esters such as isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, ethyl caprylate, phenyl acetate, ethyl caprate, phenylethyl acetate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate and ethyl palmitate using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The combination of this extraction technique with solvent back extraction and subsequent gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionisation detection was used for the determination of these compounds. The effects of different mixtures of organic solvents and the influence of sampling time and time of solvent back extraction were studied. An optimum procedure for the SBSE method was developed. The method had high repeatability (RSD 2.1–7.3%), good linearity (the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9995 for quadratic fit over the concentration range from 0.015 to 30 mg/L) and acceptable recoveries (78–107%) and precision (RSD > 7.3%).     

Determination of quinolone residues in raw cow milk. Application of polar stir-bars and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Seventeen quinolone antibiotics were determined in cows’ milk. A method of high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy was developed. Accuracy (trueness and precision), linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, decision limit and detection capability were established following the recommendations of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline. The use of polar stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis is proposed. The variables that affect SBSE were optimised using multivariate optimisation strategies. The ionic strength, the extraction time and the sample volume were studied. pH and stir-bar coating (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS, and polyethyleneglycol modified silicone, PEG) were studied. PEG showed the best extraction yield at pH 6. For validation, a matrix-matched calibration and a recovery assay were carried out. Limits of quantification from 0.5 μg kg^?1 for nalidixic acid, flumequine and piromidic acid, to 4.0 μg kg^?1 for sarafloxacin were calculated. The precision (%, RSD) was lower than 15% for all antibiotics. Recoveries in fortified samples were between 88 and 114%.     

PCR法检测大豆加工食品中的转基因成分

通过分子生物学手段,以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术为基础,建立了检测大豆加工食品中转基因成分的方法。实验分别采用CTAB法和试剂盒(Kit)法对大豆锅巴、豆浆、豆奶粉、豆腐、豆腐丝等五种大豆加工食品中的DNA进行了提取,用内标基因Lectin对此两种方法的提取效果进行了比较,并以提取的DNA为模板,利用不同的引物分别对目标基因35S和NOS进行了PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。结果表明:Kit法的DNA提取效果优于改良CTAB法,上述五种大豆加工食品中均检测出35S启动子和NOS终止子,且均含有转基因成分。     

Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Hollow Fiber Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Cephalosporins in Milk Samples

An effective and sensitive method to determine six cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cephapirin sodium, cefixime, cefuroxime sodium, cefoxitin sodium, and ceftiofur hydrochloride) in milk samples was developed using graphene oxide-reinforced hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction (GO-HF-SPME). After extraction, analytes were desorbed and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). The graphene oxide (GO) was dispersed in N,N-dimethyl formamide by ultrasonication and then immobilized into the pores of a hollow fiber (HF). Several factors of GO-HF-SPME experiment, such as the pH of the sample solution, type of organic desorption solvent, pH of the desorption solvent, extraction time, and desorption time, were optimized to achieve the highest extraction efficiency. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed good linear ranges (0.05–10 μg/mL) with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9950, low limits of determination (LODs, 0.01–0.02 μg/mL), and good recoveries (71–108 %) at three different spiked levels. The results demonstrated that GO-HF-SPME would be a promising method for the enrichment of cephalosporins in dairy products.     

Effects of Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction on the Recovery of Soy Proteins for Soy Allergen Detection

The extraction of soy proteins for soy allergen detections is conventionally achieved with PBS buffer for at least 2 h at room temperature or 4 °C. This method has been reported to be inefficient due to time consumption and inadequate protein extraction resulting in false negative allergen detection and mislabeling of foods containing allergenic proteins. This study investigated the application of microwave (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) techniques to extract and improve recovery of allergens from various soy matrices. Soy proteins were extracted from raw soy flour, soy protein isolate (SPI) and soy milk using MAE at 60, 70, and 100 °C for 5 and 10 min and UAE at 4 and 23 °C for extraction times of 1, 5, and 10 min with PBS, Laemmli and urea buffers. Extracts were analyzed for total proteins, protein profile, and antibody‐based detection (ELISA) of soy proteins. Conventional extraction with each of the buffers was used as controls. Overall, proteins recovered from MAE and UAE samples were higher than recoveries from the controls in all soy matrices. Under all extraction conditions, Laemmli and urea buffer recovered more proteins than PBS. Electrophoresis analysis of protein showed bands around 75, 50, and 33 kDa indicating the presence of soy allergenic proteins β‐conglycinin and glycinin, in all samples. Using sandwich ELISA, control and UAE extracts resulted in high soy protein detection but this reduced in MAE extracts.     

Determination of bisphenol A in milk and dairy products by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

This study was conducted to develop a selective and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) levels in milk and dairy products. A method based on solvent extraction with acetonitrile and solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the analysis of BPA in milk, yogurt, cream, butter, pudding, condensed milk, and flavored milk, and a method using two SPE cartridges (OASIS HLB and Florisil cartridge) for skim milk was also developed. The developed methods showed good recovery levels (77 to 102%) together with low detection limits (1 microg/liter for milk, yogurt, pudding, condensed milk, flavored milk, and skim milk and 3 microg/liter for cream and butter). These methods are simple, sensitive, and suitable for the analysis of BPA in milk and dairy products. When 40 milk and dairy products were analyzed by the proposed methods, BPA was not identified in noncanned products, but its levels ranged from 21 to 43 microg/kg in canned products, levels that were 60- to 140-fold lower than the migration limits in the European Union and Japan.     

新型分子印迹聚合物修饰的选择性离子源结合电喷雾电离质谱快速检测莠灭净和莠去津

基于分子印迹聚合物修饰铁片（molecularly imprinted polymer modified iron sheet,MIPIS）制备了一种选择性的敞开式质谱离子源,结合电喷雾电离质谱,构建一种快速检测食品基质中莠灭净和莠去津痕量残留的方法。分子印迹聚合物以氰草津为模板,使用甲基丙烯酸和苯胺在水溶液中聚合而成。将MIPIS作为萃取尖端对豆奶粉、小麦和牛奶中的莠灭净和莠去津进行富集,随后作为敞开式质谱离子源结合电喷雾电离质谱直接进行检测。结果显示,在0.2～200μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2为0.998 2和0.999 7,检出限和定量限分别为0.2～0.5μg/kg和0.6～1.5μg/kg,在3个加标水平下回收率在81.05%～109.66%。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,省时高效,无需长时间的色谱分离,适用于食品中痕量三嗪类农药残留的快速检测。     

气相色谱法检测饮料中二羰基化合物

建立同时在线检测丙酮醛和乙二醛的气相色谱方法。确定检测二羰基化合物的最佳条件为：以丁二酮为内标,以邻苯二胺为衍生化试剂,邻苯二胺的用量67 倍于二羰基化合物、衍生化时间10 min、萃取溶剂二氯甲烷、超声时间15 min、萃取2 次、柱箱初始温度40 ℃、程序升温5 ℃/min,色谱柱载气流量2.0 mL/min,分流比1∶1。丙酮醛和乙二醛的定量限（RSN≈10）分别为0.06 mg/L和0.08 mg/L,检出限（RSN≈ 3）分别为0.02 mg/L和0.03 mg/L,方法灵敏度高。     

Quantification of volatile compounds in Chinese soy sauce aroma type liquor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Considering the important of aroma compounds on the quality of baijiu, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to the aromas analysis of baijiu (Chinese liquor). RESULTS: Based on the results of optimization, a total of 76 volatile compounds were identified from 14 Chinese liquors, including 25 esters, 10 alcohols, 9 aldehydes and ketones, 8 aromatic compounds, 5 furans, 3 nitrogen‐containing compounds, 6 acids, 4 phenols, 3 terpenes, 1 sulfide‐containing compound, 1 lactone, and 1 acetal. By principal component analysis based on quantification results, 14 Chinese liquor samples could be classified into three groups. CONCLUSION: SBSE is a fast, simple, effective, and reliable method for extracting volatile compounds from Chinese liquor. The chemometrics approach revealed that LJ liquor with soy sauce aroma could exhibit more prominent sauce flavor through extending the time of storage, and its peculiar manufacturing practice was responsible for the soy sauce flavor. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

共价有机聚合物固相微萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中黄曲霉毒素

目的 建立基于共价有机聚合物固相微萃取前处理结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(highperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)快速、高灵敏检测牛奶中6种黄曲霉毒素残留的分析方法。方法 以1,3,5-三(4-氨苯基)苯[1,3,5-tri(4-aminophenyl)benzene,TAPB]和1,3,5-三甲酰基间苯三酚(1,3,5-triformyl-phloroglucinol,Tp)为单体制备了共价有机聚合物材料并固定在木签表面,用于黄曲霉毒素的固相微萃取前处理。在萃取时间为20 min、洗脱溶剂为乙腈、洗脱时间为6 min条件下,对黄曲霉毒素进行萃取和洗脱。结果 6种黄曲霉毒素在一定质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9995。日内和日间精密度的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)分别为4.39%～8.21%和4.97%～9.12%。将开发的方法用于实际牛奶样品中黄曲霉毒素残留检测,加标回收率为80.01%～92.71%,R...     

A PCR-based method for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in milk

Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae is mainly subclinical and therefore can be diagnosed only in the laboratory. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for specific and sensitive detection of S. agalactiae in raw milk. The specificity of the PCR reaction is based on unique S. agalactiae DNA sequences within the 16S subunit of the rRNA genes. Two pairs of sequences were used as positive controls; general streptococci primers, which anneal to conserved areas within the 16S rRNA subunit gene, and primers, which anneal to sequences within bovine mitochondrial DNA. The method of detection includes selective enrichment of S. agalactiae in the milk sample, followed by DNA extraction using a rapid and simple procedure developed for this purpose, and specific PCR reaction with appropriate controls. The method enables the detection of one bacterium in 1 ml of raw milk. The method developed can be easily incorporated as part of routine screening of bulk milk collection tanks for early detection of infected cows in a herd.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定乳及乳制品中三聚氰胺

建立快速、经济测定乳及乳制品中三聚氰胺的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。乳及乳制品样品中加入乙腈-水溶液,通过超声波提取和二氯甲烷液液萃取除去蛋白质、脂肪等杂质,进一步稀释后直接进样。经超高效液相色谱(UPLC)快速分离,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)多反应监测模式(MRM),实现对三聚氰胺的定性和外标法定量。乳及乳制品样品在1.2 min内完成分析,且具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 1);方法检出限和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.005 mg/kg、0.017 mg/kg;在0.5～100μg/L的基质添加浓度范围内,平均回收率为91.3%～97.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于9.03%。     

Soy Proteins in Milk Replacers Identified by Immunoblotting

A method was developed for detecting soy proteins in milk replacers and infant formulas. The method is based upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins, electroblotting the proteins to nitrocellulose, and detection of specific proteins by immunoblotting. As little as 25 ng of total soy protein per gel lane can be detected with this method. Proteins from other plant products were detected by the method but care must be used in comparing milk replacer proteins directly to soy proteins. This method should be of value to the animal and food industries that manufacture and use milk replacers.     

Quantitation of aflatoxins in walnut kernels by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A total of 85 walnut samples collected between October 2012 and April 2013 in different provinces of Turkey were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins (AFs). The method involved methanol–water extraction, clean-up with immunoaffinity columns and a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection after post-column derivatisation. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, trueness, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ), which met the performance criteria as set by EC regulation No. 401/2006. LOQs were 0.07, 0.04, 0.09 and 0.05 µg kg^–1 for AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂, respectively. AFs were present in 9.4% of walnut samples (8/85) at total AFs levels ranging from 0.09 to 15.4 µg kg^–1. Only one of eight walnut samples exceeded the European Union limit of 2 and 4 µg kg^–1 for AFB₁ and total AFs, respectively.     

A sensitive analytical method for six aflatoxins in rainbow trout muscle and liver

A highly sensitive analysis method for six aflatoxins (aflatoxin B?, B?, G?, G?, M? and aflatoxicol) in rainbow trout muscle and liver was developed. Aflatoxins (AFs) were extracted with acetonitrile-water (9 : 1), purified on an immunoaffinity column, and subjected to HPLC with fluorescence detection after post-column photochemical derivatization. The recoveries of AFs at 0.05 μg/kg spiking levels were 71.4-82.4% in muscle and 80.1-93.0% in liver, and the repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) were 0.87-4.6% in muscle and 2.0-6.2% in liver. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) and limits of detection(LODs)of AFs were estimated to be 0.004-0.029 μg/kg, and 0.002-0.012 μg/kg, respectively.     

Determination of HMF in Vinegar and Soy Sauce Using Two-Step Ultrasonic Assisted Liquid–Liquid Micro-Extraction Coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis-Ultraviolet Detection

A new, rapid, and inexpensive method using two-step ultrasonic assisted liquid–liquid micro-extraction (UALLME) coupled with capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet (CE-UV) was developed for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) analysis in high ion strength samples (like vinegar and soy sauce). The factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized such as the extraction volume, the ultrasonic time, and the power density of ultrasonic. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for HMF were 0.03 and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD %) for HMF were ranging from 0.53 to 3.17%, and the recoveries of HMF were ranging from 91.24 to 109.39%. The results turned out that two-step UALLME-CE-UV was applicable to analyze HMF in vinegar and soy sauce. Eleven brands of vinegar and soy sauce were tested by two-step UALLME-CE-UV, and the results showed that the method had a potential application in analysis of foodstuffs. The two step UALLME method was effective to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of CE-UV method for HMF analysis in vinegar and soy sauce.     

Determination of sulbactam in raw bovine milk by isotope dilution–ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

We developed a sensitive and selective isotope dilution ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of sulbactam residue in raw bovine milk. Sulbactam and internal standard, sulbactam-d₅, were extracted from raw bovine milk via liquid-liquid extraction and enriched with strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges and finally analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated according to European regulations. The calibration curve showed good linearity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Decision limit and detection capability of sulbactam were determined by matrix calibration curve and were 0.0445 and 0.0517 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of sulbactam in fortified raw bovine milk ranged from 72.1 to 91.5%, with the intra- and interday relative standard deviations ranging from 3.0 to 18.9%. Furthermore, the developed method was applied to analyzing real raw bovine milk samples collected from dairy farms in Beijing, China. Sulbactam was not determined in all samples. The proposed method could ultimately serve as a methodological foundation for the determination of sulbactam in different types of raw milk and dairy products.     

一种适用于乳制品基因组DNA快速提取方法的研究

目的对比NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种方法提取乳制品中核酸的提取效果,优化提取条件,确定一种更适用于现场检测、简便快速的的乳制品DNA快速提取技术。方法以牛奶、水牛奶、牦牛奶、羊奶、骆驼奶、以及驴奶6种常见的乳制品为材料,分别用NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种提取方法提取乳制品中的DNA,并根据裂解液用量和裂解时间进行优化,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,检测DNA提取的质量和灵敏度。结果 NaOH裂解法能够提取所有物种的乳制品DNA,而且可以在最佳裂解条件下提取模拟掺假混合乳的DNA进行检测,发现其检测限能达到1%的牛奶含量。结论该方法取样量小,成本低,在15 min内即可完成快速提取,为实验室乳制品DNA定性或定量鉴别,以及乳制品的现场掺假鉴别提供了一种快速灵敏低成本的样品前处理技术。     

基于分子印迹整体柱的在线固相萃取-液相色谱联用测定奶粉中四环素类兽药残留

目的建立高交联结构的分子印迹整体柱(molecularly imprinted polymer monolithic column,MIP-MC)制备方法,利用在线固相萃取与液相色谱联用技术检测奶粉样品中四环素类兽药残留。方法在不锈钢色谱柱中,以土霉素为模板,甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯和双季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,在丙酮-甲醇-十二醇混合溶剂中,制备了分子印迹整体柱。将整体柱与液相色谱联用,在线固相萃取奶粉中的四环素类兽药残留。结果在最佳在线固相萃取条件下,获得了较高的富集因子(19.3)和净化效果。四环素类在0.05、0.25和0.5 mg/kg 3个加标水平下,回收率为84.2%~103.4%,相对标准偏差为1.37%~4.87%,方法检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为8.48~11.74?g/kg和28.24~39.09?g/kg。结论该在线固相萃取方法简单快速、灵敏性高、选择性好,适用于奶粉中四环素类抗生素残留的测定。