Short communication: Investigation of aflatoxin M1 levels in infant follow-on milks and infant formulas sold in the markets of Ankara,Turkey

Aflatoxins are fungal toxins known to be carcinogenic and are classified as food contaminants. This study was performed to investigate aflatoxin (AF) M₁ levels in baby foods sold in Ankara (Turkey) and to evaluate the obtained results according to the Turkish Food Codex (TFC). For this purpose, a total of 84 baby food samples (50 follow-on milks and 34 infant formulas) were obtained from different markets in Ankara and the presence of AFM₁ in the samples was analyzed by ELISA. In 32 (38.1%) of 84 infant food samples, the presence of AFM₁ was detected in concentrations ranging between 0.0055 and 0.0201 µg/kg. The mean level (±standard error) of AFM₁ was found to be 0.0089 ± 0.0006 µg/kg in positive infant follow-on milks. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in only 1 infant formula sample (2.94%) at a concentration of 0.0061 µg/kg. The extrapolated levels of AFB₁ contamination in feedstuffs were calculated based on levels of AFM₁ in baby food samples. The data estimating AFB₁ contamination in dairy cattle feedstuff indicate that contamination may range from 0.3410 to 1.2580 µg/kg, with the mean level (±standard error) being 0.5499 ± 0.0385 µg/kg, which is lower than the level set by the TFC and European Union regulations (5 µg/kg). According to the obtained results, the levels of AFM₁ in analyzed samples were within the allowed limit (0.025 µg/kg) set in the TFC. Low levels of AFM₁ in infant follow-on milks and infant formula samples obtained during the study do not pose a health risk to infants.     

Negligible effects of tryptophan on the aflatoxin adsorption of sodium bentonite

The main objective of this study was to determine if the competitive adsorption of tryptophan (Trp) and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) could potentially affect the ability of a sodium bentonite (NaB) to prevent aflatoxicosis in monogastric animals. The adsorption of Trp and AFB₁ on this adsorbent is fast and could be operating on the same time-scale making competition feasible. In vitro competitive adsorption experiments under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were performed. A high affinity of the clay for Trp and NaB was observed. The effect of an excess of KCl to mimic the ionic strength of the physiological conditions were also investigated. A six-times decrease in the Trp surface excess at saturation was observed. A similar behaviour was previously found for AFB₁ adsorption. Taking into account the amount of Trp adsorbed by the clay and the usual adsorbent supplementation level in diets, a decrease in Trp bioavailability is not expected to occur. Tryptophan adsorption isotherms on NaB were ‘S’-shaped and were adjusted by the Frumkin–Fowler–Guggenheim model. The reversibility of the adsorption processes was investigated in order to check a potential decrease in the ability of NaB to protect birds against chronic aflatoxicoses. Adsorption processes were completely reversible for Trp, while almost irreversible for AFB₁. In spite of the high affinity of the NaB for Trp, probably due to the reversible character of Trp adsorption, no changes in the AFB₁ adsorption isotherm were observed when an excess of the amino acid was added to the adsorption medium. As a consequence of the preferential and irreversible AFB₁ adsorption and the reversible weak binding of Trp to the NaB, no changes in the aflatoxin sorption ability of the clay are expected to occur in the gastrointestinal tract of birds.     

Efficacy of Solis, NovasilPlus, and MTB-100 to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of early to mid lactation dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of 3 adsorbents, Solis (SO; Novus International Inc.), NovasilPlus (NOV; Engelhard Corp.), and MTB-100 (MTB; Alltech), in reducing aflatoxin (AF) M₁ concentrations in milk of dairy cows fed an AF-contaminated diet. Twelve early to mid lactation dairy cows averaging 163 d in milk were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 3 replications. Cows were blocked by parity, body weight, and milk production and were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Within each replicate, cows were randomly assigned to the 4 dietary treatments for 4 consecutive 7-d periods. Dietary treatments included AF [112 μg of AFB₁/kg of diet dry matter (DM)]; AF + 0.56% SO; AF + 0.56% NOV; and AF + 0.56% MTB. Milk samples were collected on d 6 and 7 of each of the experimental periods. Feed intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and linear somatic cell scores were not affected by dietary treatments and averaged 22.20 kg/d of DM, 33.87 kg/d, 3.78%, 2.95%, and 1.60, respectively, across all treatments. Transfer rates of AF from feed to milk averaged 2.65, 1.48, 1.42, and 2.52% for cows fed AF, AF + SO, AF + NOV, and AF + MTB, respectively. Daily AFM₁ excretion in milk averaged 66, 37, 35, and 63 μg/d for cows fed AF, AF + SO, AF + NOV, and AF + MTB, respectively. The addition of SO and NOV to the AF diet resulted in a significant reduction in milk AFM₁ concentrations (SO, 45%; NOV, 48%) and AFM₁ excretion (SO, 44%; NOV, 46%). In contrast, MTB was not effective in reducing milk AFM₁ concentrations (4%), AFM₁ excretion (5%), or AF transfer from feed to milk (2.52%). Results indicated that SO and NOV at 0.56% of the diet were effective in reducing milk AFM₁ concentrations in cows consuming a total mixed ration containing 112 μg of AFB₁/kg of diet DM.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1 不确定度的评定

目的对采用ELISA方法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的不确定度进行分析,找出影响不确定度的因素,为评价其测定方法和检测结果的可靠性提供依据。方法根据JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》的规定,对测定过程中标准曲线拟合、重复测量、样品的稀释、样品的称量、回收率等引入的不确定度分量进行评定。结果测定结果合成不确定度为0.45μg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.90μg/kg,花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量测定结果为(16.54±0.90)μg/kg(k=2)。结论测定结果不确定度主要由标准曲线拟合所引入,所建立的不确定度评定方法可用于ELISA方法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量结果的判断。     

Natural co-occurrence of ochratoxin A,ochratoxin B and aflatoxins in Sicilian red wines

The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁ and aflatoxin G₂ (OTA, OTB, AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂) in red wines was investigated by HPLC/FLD after immunoaffinity column clean-up in 57 market samples produced in Sicily (Italy). The results showed a very low incidence of these mycotoxins in analysed samples, confirming the high degree of quality and safety of Sicilian red wines. The results indicated 71.9% and 64.9% positive samples for OTA and OTB respectively, with an average level of 0.13 μg l^–1, well below the European maximum permitted levels (MLs). The aflatoxin most frequently detected in the samples was AFG₁, present in 57.9% of samples, while the other aflatoxins were rarely present. Recovery experiments were carried out on eight mycotoxin-free red wines spiked with OTA, OTB, AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂ at two different levels. The limits of detection (LODs) in wines were 0.02 µg l^–1 for OTA, 0.04 µg l^–1 for OTB, 0.03 µg l^–1 for AFG₁, AFG₂ and AFB₂, and 0.05 µg l^–1 for AFB₁. A good correlation was found, with good performances in term of precision for the method.     

冷冻-离心净化-高效液相色谱法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1

通过冷冻-离心净化,建立了高效液相色谱定量测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法,并将其用于测定市场上30批植物油产品中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量。以水/乙腈溶液为提取剂对植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1进行萃取,低温冷冻固化植物油,冷冻离心使植物油和提取液分离、净化提取液,经衍生后上液相色谱进行定量分析。优化的乙腈/水提取液配比为90:10,低温冰箱冷冻温度为-12 ℃,冷冻离心转速为12000 r/min、离心力约为1.4万 × g,以水浴加热的方式进行衍生。方法的定量检出限为0.02 μg/kg,校准曲线回归方程为y=2.321987x＋0.001377,相关系数（R2）为0.9997,在0.10～5.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好。当样品中黄曲霉毒素B1添加量为0.5、1.0、5.0 μg/kg时,平均回收率为80.2%～93.2%,相对标准偏差为2.9%～4.7%（n=6）,均优于免疫亲和柱净化处理的结果。市售植物油产品中黄曲霉毒素B1的浓度范围为< LOD至5.72 μg/kg,均低于GB 2761—2017中对该指标的限值,花生油和玉米油中黄曲霉毒素B1均有检出,油茶籽油和核桃油中黄曲霉毒素B1均低于检出限。该方法样品前处理简便、稳定性好、检出限低,适合植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的批量检测。     

Aflatoxin B1-degrading activity from Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from fermented cereal products

ABSTRACT

Aflatoxin B₁ is a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced as secondary metabolite by Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This is the most severe toxin due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Hence, methods for toxin degradation have been received increasing interest from both scientific communities and industries. In this study, 32 isolates of Bacillus spp. from various fermented cereal products were screened for their aflatoxin B₁ degradation ability. The results indicated the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from Iru (African locust bean) potentially possessed aflatoxin B₁-degrading ability. The maximum activity of the active fraction was at 50°C and pH 8.0. The activity was stable in a wide range of pH (5.0–8.0) and temperature (25–60°C). The aflatoxin B₁-degrading mechanisms of this strain may be possibly involved by enzyme(s). This extracellular fraction was not toxic at IC₅₀ 4 mg/ml and it can be combined with water as a soaking agent for maize, which results in 54% of aflatoxin B₁ reduction after contact time 120 min. Hence, the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 can be further applied as an effective soaking agent in a pretreatment process with a practical and easy-to-implement condition and also probably used to reduce the aflatoxin B₁ contamination in other foods and feeds commodities.     

Activated carbons as potentially useful non-nutritive additives to prevent the effect of fumonisin B1 on sodium bentonite activity against chronic aflatoxicosis

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) are mycotoxins that often co-occur in feedstuffs. The ingestion of AFB₁ causes aflatoxicosis in humans and animals. Sodium bentonite (NaB), a cheap non-nutritive unselective sequestering agent incorporated in animal diets, can effectively prevent aflatoxicosis. Fumonisins are responsible for equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary oedema, and often have subclinical toxic effects in poultries. Fumonisin B₁ and aflatoxin B₁ are both strongly adsorbed in vitro on sodium bentonite. Co-adsorption studies, carried out with a weight ratio of FB₁ to AFB₁ that mimics the natural occurrence (200:1), showed that FB₁ greatly decreases the in vitro ability of NaB to adsorb AFB₁. The ability of two activated carbons to adsorb FB₁ was also investigated. Both carbons showed high affinity for FB₁. A complex behaviour of the FB₁ adsorption isotherms with pH was observed. In vitro results suggest that under natural contamination levels of AFB₁ and FB₁, a mixture of activated carbon and sodium bentonite might be potentially useful for prevention of sub-acute aflatoxicosis.     

黄曲霉毒素B1污染玉米的比重筛分研究

研究比重法对AFB_1污染玉米的筛分效果。结果表明:风量、纵向倾角和振幅对比重筛分效果具有显著影响(P0.05),且在风量为6 000m~3/h、倾角7°、振幅15mm时,不同污染程度的玉米经比重筛分后,相比原料中的AFB_1含量,重质玉米中AFB_1含量分别降低21.2%和38.4%,轻质玉米和破碎率比例适中。比重筛分机是中国粮食生产中的重要设备,通过比重筛分去除AFB_1污染严重玉米具有良好的应用前景。     

Natural occurrence of aflatoxins (B1 and M1) in feed,plasma and raw milk of lactating dairy cows in Beja,Tunisia, using ELISA

Beja is an agricultural area in northwest Tunisia. It contributes to national needs by offering cereals and milk to the market for human and animal consumption. A small number of studies on mycotoxin occurrence in feedstuffs and raw milk from lactating dairy cows in this region are available. Therefore, 226 samples were collected from farms and local markets during November 2008 until April 2010. Samples consisted of 112 raw cow milk, 56 blood from lactating cows and 58 feed destined for dairy cows. Plasma and feed were analysed for aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). Milk samples were analysed for aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁). All samples were treated using a simultaneous methanolic-aqueous extraction, followed by immunoaffinity column clean-ups and were investigated by competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Recoveries were 80%–95% and 81%–92% for AFB₁ and AFM₁, respectively, while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01?µg/kg or µg/l for both mycotoxins. Results revealed the presence of AFB₁ in 84.4% of the feed samples (mean 18.7?±?1.4?µg/kg), and 39.2% of the plasma-examined samples (median 7.1?±?1.0?µg/l) were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the Tunisian and the European Union (EU) limit for dairy animals, which are 20 and 5?µg/kg in animal feed, respectively. AFM₁ was detected in 60.7% of the cow raw milk samples examined (median 13.6?±?1.4?µg/l). Contaminated levels were higher than the EU limit of 0.05?µg/l. It was concluded that more precaution should be taken on hygiene controls in order to prevent fungal contamination.     

60Co辐照降解花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1及对花生油品质的影响

以市售花生油为原料,选取酸值、过氧化值、碘值、维生素E和反式脂肪酸作为检测指标,研究不同辐照剂量下60Co辐照对花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)降解率及对花生油品质的影响。结果表明:在食品辐照所限定的剂量内,60Co辐照可以有效地减少AFB1残留,且花生油的各项理化指标变化均未超出国家标准。60Co辐照不仅对降解AFB1有效,而且对花生油品质和安全性无显著影响。     

Aflatoxins in dairy cow feed,raw milk and milk products from Turkey

This study aims to detect aflatoxins (AFs) in dairy cow feed, milk and milk products using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. All the validation parameters met the method performance criteria of the European Union. The samples comprised 76 dairy cow feeds and 205 milk and milk products (including yoghurt and yoghurt-based beverage, ayran). AFs were present in 26.3% of the feed samples. Two feed samples exceeded the maximum limit (ML) of 5 µg kg^?1 for AFB₁ as established by the EU. Nineteen milk samples (21.1%) contained aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) of which three exceeded the EU ML of 0.05 µg l^?1. In addition, only two yoghurt samples and one ayran sample contained AFM₁, but the levels were lower than the EU ML.     

花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1检测能力验证研究

目的 为了解和评价国内相关实验室在黄曲霉毒素检测领域的整体水平和能力,了解和掌握实验室间检测存在的差异,国家认证认可监督管理委员会(CNCA)组织了花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1检测能力验证.方法 依据ISO 13528:2005、CNAS-GL02:2006、CNAS-GL03:2006等规定的程序,对本次能力验证活动进行了实施和评价.待测样品均匀性测试采用F检验和Ss≤0.3σρ检验法,稳定性测试采用t检验法,采用Z比分数评价各实验室的测试结果.结果 共有91家实验室参加本次能力验证,初次结果不满意的实验室有一次补测机会,最终有88家实验室结果“满意”,2家实验室结果“可疑”,1家实验室结果“不满意”.结论 绝大多数国内相关实验室黄曲霉毒素检测能力整体水平良好,符合相关国际能力验证标准的要求.     

基于监测过氧化氢酶活性对储藏玉米AFB1污染的早期预警

早期预警是防控储藏玉米污染黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB_1)的重要手段。将不同含水量的玉米置于各种温度环境下进行储藏试验,研究过氧化氢酶活性变化与玉米污染黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB_1)的关系,结果表明,两者数据变化的趋势一致,AFB_1是过氧化氢酶活性的二次曲线函数(相关性系数大于0.95)。储藏温度和玉米含水量等条件可改变所含霉菌产生AFB_1和升高过氧化氢酶活性的速度,但不影响数值变化的趋势。在各种储藏条件下,过氧化氢酶活性变化可比玉米中AFB_1含量显著变化的起始点提前4~21d。因此,借助检测过氧化氢酶活性的方法可以早期预警储藏玉米污染AFB_1。     

微生物法针对毒性位点降解黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

文章主要探究了黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)的毒性位点及毒性机理,并对比了微生物法破坏AFB₁毒性位点从而降解AFB₁的优势。重点综述了微生物法中的脱毒酶法对AFB₁的降解机制。同时,对脱毒酶法联合其他方法的复合应用进行展望。     

2015年山东部分地区食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况调查

摘 要：目的 了解山东省部分地区食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染状况,为食品安全监督管理提供科学依据。方法 在山东省部分市/县采集食用植物油,256份8类植物油,散装油206份,定型包装油59份,其中包括花生油105份、大豆油78份、玉米胚芽油9份、香油46份、调和油10份以及其他食用油17份,酶联免疫吸附法检测AFB1和ZEN的含量,并根据食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量分析植物油中的AFB1和ZEN污染状况。结果 256份样品中,AFB1和ZEN检出率分别为44.5%、72.1%,超标率分别为7.2%、6.0%,中位数分别为0.0、4.9 μg/kg。定型包装和散装油中,AFB1超标率分别为0.0%、9.2%,差异有统计学意义（?2=4.55,P＜0.05）,中位数分别为0.6 μg/kg、0.0 μg/kg;ZEN超标率分别为10.2%、4.9%,中位数分别为5.1 μg/kg、4.8 μg/kg。各城市间AFB1总体来说差异有统计学意义（?2=32.31,P＜0.05）;ZEN在不同地区间差异无统计学意义（?2=16.06,P＞0.05）。花生油和大豆油中AFB1超标率分别为16.2%、2.6%,差异有统计学意义（?2=8.93,P＜0.05）,其他种类植物油中未发现超标;花生油、大豆油、玉米胚芽油、香油、调和油ZEN的超标率分别为1%、1.3%、100.0%、8.7%、20.0%,各类食用油中ZEN超标率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 山东部分地区食用植物油中AFB1和ZEN污染严重,其中以散装油污染最为严重。花生油中AFB1、玉米油中ZEN污染严重,建议相关部门加强市场散装油的监管。     

Aflatoxins in sunflower seeds and unrefined sunflower oils from Singida,Tanzania

A total of 61 samples comprising sunflower seeds (40) and unrefined sunflower oils (21) samples collected randomly from Singida, Tanzania were analysed by Reverse Phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). 15% (6/40) of the seed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B₁ ranging from limit of detection (LOD) to 218 ng g^?1 with three of them exceeding the European Commission/European Union (EC/EU) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)/Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) maximum limits of 2 ng g^?1 for AFB₁ in oilseeds. The levels of total aflatoxins (AFT) in seeds ranged from LOD to 243 ng g^?1. Other aflatoxins, except AFG₂, were also detected. For the unrefined sunflower oils, the levels of AFB₁ ranged from LOD to 2.56 ng mL^?1. About 80.9% (17/21) of the analysed oil samples contained AFB₁ of which 17.65% (3/17) exceeded the EC/EU and TBS/TFDA maximum limits of 2 ng mL^?1. Other aflatoxins were also detected in the oils. The measured levels indicate there is a need for food quality education among food processors.     

电子束加速去除黄曲霉毒素B1工艺对花生粕品质的影响

以花生粕为原料,选取粗脂肪、粗蛋白、氨基酸、总糖、还原糖、总黄酮、灰分为检测对象,研究0~300 kGy辐照剂量范围内,电子束加速去除花生粕中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对花生粕品质的影响。结果表明:在实验剂量范围内,随着辐照剂量的增加,花生粕中AFB1的去除率增加,在240 kGy的辐照剂量下,AFB1初始量120.24μg/kg去除率为57.49%;还原糖、总黄酮含量增加,粗脂肪、粗蛋白、氨基酸总量、总糖和灰分含量变化不大。