玉米油脱臭条件对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯影响的研究

以玉米油为原料,研究水蒸气蒸馏脱臭过程以及脱臭条件对玉米油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成的影响。结果表明:脱臭过程造成3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的大幅升高,脱臭温度越高、脱臭时间越长,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的增加量越大,其中脱臭温度比脱臭时间对二者生成的影响更大;在脱臭温度不超过230℃时,60~120 min的脱臭时间,3-氯丙醇酯含量仅增加了0.047~2.581 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量仅增加了0.300~3.883 mg/kg,当脱臭温度达到250℃时,即使脱臭时间仅为60 min,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量均显著升高了5.039 mg/kg和8.354mg/kg,尤其在270℃、120 min的极限脱臭条件下,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量更是分别上升至13.004 mg/kg和34.864 mg/kg,达到待脱臭玉米油中其含量的4倍和15倍左右。为防范和控制玉米油脱臭过程3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的生成,降低脱臭温度是非常必要的。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are processing contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils. While both 3 MCPD and glycidol have toxicological properties that at present has concerns for food safety, the published occurrence data are limited. Occurrence information is presented for the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 116 retail and/or industrial edible oils and fats using LC-MS/MS analysis of intact esters. The concentrations for bound 3-MCPD ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 0.09 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 22 unrefined oils and from 0.005 to 7.2 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 94 refined oils. The concentrations for bound glycidol ranged from <LOQ to 0.03 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in unrefined oil samples and from <LOQ to 10.5 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in processed oil samples. The highest concentrations for both 3-MCPD and glycidol were seen in refined palm oil and palm olein samples. Palm olein samples also contained a higher percentage of 3-MCPD in mono-ester form than any other type of oil.     

油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的化学反应机制

3-氯丙二醇酯是油脂及油脂食品在热加工过程中生成的副产物,目前被认为是潜在的食品安全危害因子之一.本文介绍了油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的3种化学反应机制,普遍认为是氯离子的亲核进攻导致了3-氯丙二醇酯的形成.其中,第1种机制认为氯离子亲核反应的中间体环酰氧鎓离子是3-氯丙二醇酯的前体;第2种机制认为是亲核的氯离子直接攻击甘油骨架上的酯基或质子化羟基;第3种机制认为缩水甘油酯可能作为氯离子亲核反应的中间体而成为其前体.     

Application of gastrointestinal modelling to the study of the digestion and transformation of dietary glycidyl esters

Glycidyl esters (GEs) are known to be formed during vegetable oil processing. Because of their structure, it has been hypothesised that GEs, like fatty acid esters of chloropropanols (MCPD esters), may be accepted as substrates by gut lipases to release the epoxide glycidol. If confirmed such a hypothesis would be important for risk assessment since glycidol is considered as a genotoxic carcinogen. In the present study, biotransformation was investigated using static and dynamic gastrointestinal models. During the experiments, aliquots were analysed for non-digested GEs using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ToF-MS). In the static model, a fast hydrolysis of GEs was observed as a result of lipase action. Lipase was very efficient at pH 4.8, and totally inhibited at very low pH (1.7). In the absence of lipase, GEs were found to be relatively stable. The potential impact of food matrix was studied using milk in a dynamic model simulating human physiological conditions. The fast, pH-dependent hydrolysis of GEs was further confirmed. The possible transformation of the digestion products was then investigated using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), mainly the epoxide ring-opening to glycerol followed by additional reactions. In any conditions applied, neither 2- nor 3-mono-chloropropanediol (2- nor 3-MCPD) were formed, indicating that a ring-opening of the epoxide group of GEs or glycidol followed by a reaction with chloride was unlikely. A small transformation of glycidol into glycerol was observed after longer incubation time correlated with a low pH. This suggested that ring-opening and reaction with water is possible in strongly acidic conditions. Overall, it is concluded that GEs are rapidly digested by gut lipases to form glycidol. Consequently, GEs should be considered as sources of glycidol exposure. In addition, risk assessment of GEs can likely rely on hazard identification and characterisation data specific for glycidol.     

Fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol in refined edible oils

Recently, fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and that of glycidol have been reported in refined edible oils. Since then a wealth of research has been published on the factors influencing the formation of these contaminants in foods. It can be noted that the predominant precursors in a given matrix will not necessarily be the same as in other matrices. Further, proven relationships in the past between precursors responsible for free MCPD or free glycidol formation will not necessarily be valid for their fatty acid-esterified counterparts. This review attempts to summarise the current status of the literature as it pertains to the reasons surrounding the manifestation of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oils and fats. Recent efforts to mitigate the levels of these contaminants were highlighted and put into the context of their respective reaction matrices. As more accurate occurrence data for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in other foods are collected, more targeted mitigation experiments can be formulated with respect to the reaction matrices under investigation.     

探讨酱油发酵中3-MCPD的形成和解决办法

论述酱油发酵过程中3-MCPD的形成机制,并提出解决办法或建议降低C/N(碳/氮)比;加强制种曲、成曲和发酵池的工艺管理及卫生管理;自始至终保持酱醅的较低pH值;豆水解发酵过程中绝对不能添加苏打和小苏打,若添加苏打和小苏打,则甘油也可来源于油脂的皂化反应;添加一定量的氟化钠(NaF,萤石)可抑制甘油的形成;盐水浓度以18～20 °Bè为宜,不能太高;醋酸是3-MCPD和DCP形成过程中的催化剂,建议不要添加.     

食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）作为一种公认的食品污染物已有数十年之久。随着对3-MCPD的深入研究,在越来越多的食品中检测出较高含量的3-MCPD。最近的研究发现3-MCPD更多地以酯化形式存在于咖啡、婴幼儿配方奶粉及食用油等很多食品中。这些存在于食品中的3-MCPD脂肪酸酯（3-MCPD酯）在一定条件下能够释放3-MCPD,从而引起对机体的毒性作用。目前已有研究报道了3-MCPD棕榈酸单酯在动物体内的急性毒性作用和细胞毒性作用,因此,进一步深入研究3-MCPD酯的毒性显得尤为重要。本文对3-MCPD酯在食品中的存在及影响因素、检测方法、代谢转化以及毒性研究进行了综述。      

毛细管气相色谱法测定酸水解植物蛋白中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的方法

采用配有FID的毛细管气相色谱仪测定酸水解植物蛋白中的3－氯－1，2－丙二醇。样品以1，2－丙二醇作内标，经苯基硼酸衍生化处理后，用正己烷萃取，衍生物萃取液供GC／FID测定。本方法操作简便、快速、准确，最低检出限为0．2mg/kg，加料回收率为92．0％－108．0％，其重复测定的相对标准偏差为3．1％－5．1％。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

高油酸葵花籽油煎炸过程中MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯的变化

以高油酸葵花籽油为煎炸用油对鱼排、鸡块和薯条进行煎炸实验,探究3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD)酯、2-氯丙醇(2-MCPD)酯和缩水甘油酯在煎炸过程中的变化。结果表明:原油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯含量分别为0.26、0.05 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg;在煎炸过程中2-MCPD酯含量与3-MCPD酯含量呈现极显著相关(p0.01);煎炸油中的MCPD酯在煎炸后有明显的生成;受煎炸材料的影响,3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸鱼排和鸡块体系煎炸12 h时达到最大值,分别为2.22 mg/kg和2.05 mg/kg,而后逐渐下降;3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸薯条体系中变化不大;缩水甘油酯含量则在所有体系中均下降,受煎炸材料的影响,缩水甘油酯分别在煎炸24 h(鱼排)、60 h(鸡块)和96 h(薯条)中基本降解完全。     

Perchlorate: water and infant formulae contamination in France and risk assessment in infants

Perchlorate ions ClO₄^–, known to inhibit competitively the uptake of iodine by the thyroid, have been detected in drinking water in France as well as in infant formulae. A tolerable daily intake (TDI) has been established at 0.7 µg kg^–1 bw day^–1 based on the inhibition of iodine uptake. Due to this mechanism of action, the iodine status could strongly influence the biological effect of perchlorate. Perchlorate concentrations in water and infant formulae were measured and the exposure of children under 6 months of age calculated. It appeared that the TDI could be exceeded in some children. As the iodine status is not optimal within the entire French population, there appears to be a need to clarify the sources of perchlorate ultimately to decrease exposure.     

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available from retail outlets in the UK

A survey of the level of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauces and similar products available in the UK is reported. The survey was carried out by the Joint Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food/Department of Health Food Safety and Standards Group (JFSSG) to check for compliance with the Food Advisory Committee's (FAC) recommended limit for 3-MCPD of 0.01mg/kg following reports that soy sauces in several European countries had been found to contain high levels (up to 124mg/kg) of 3-MCPD. Forty samples of soy sauce and similar products purchased from retail outlets were analysed using a GC-MS procedure which had been formally validated by an earlier collaborative trial. 3-MCPD was undetectable in 21 (52%) of samples analysed in the survey, with a further five samples containing very low levels of between 0.01 and 0.02mg/kg. Five samples (13%) contained 3-MCPD at levels in the range 0.020-1mg/kg while nine samples (23%) were found to contain 3-MCPD at levels greater than 1mg/kg, with the highest level being 30.5mg/kg.     

温度以及氯离子对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成的影响

采用气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱(GC-NCI-MS)联用技术,建立了测定食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.01~0.10 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.997 4),检出限为5 μg/kg,定量限为20 μg/kg。加标回收率在80.47%~81.68%之间,相对标准偏差在5.60%~8.35%之间。对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯进行检测,结果表明：低温炒籽对于初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成没有影响。将油样加热至160 ℃~200 ℃范围内,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随温度的升高以而增加,但增加不明显。将油样加热至200 ℃时,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随加热时间的增加而增加,但增长不显著。但将油样加热至200 ℃时,随着氯离子含量的增加,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯呈显著上升趋势。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定食用油中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯

本研究在德国油脂科学协会(DGF)标准检测方法的基础上进行方法优化,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,建立了油脂中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)脂肪酸酯的分析方法。根据结果可知,该方法线性相关性良好,检出限为0.022 5 mg/kg,定量限为0.076 0 mg/kg,线性范围为0.05~5.0 mg/kg,回收率为95.36%~101.18%,相对标准偏差为1.36%~8.14%。试验中同时利用该方法对7种常见油脂中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯进行了检测。结果表明:该分析方法定性定量准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,能满足油脂中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯分析检测的要求。