0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律

研究奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9在高温(550℃)下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。测试采用标准CT(compact tension)试样,最大载荷范围为6.5 kN～14 kN,应力比为0.1(室温)和0.05(550℃)。裂纹扩展过程通过QUESTAR长焦距显微镜直接观测,同时采用COD(crack opening displacement)规记录加载线位移。由于在高温条件下,测试终止时试样的裂纹前缘呈明显弧形,故此给出实测表面处裂纹长度有效值的修正方法。对高温疲劳裂纹扩展问题,采用应力强度因子范围ΔK作为裂纹扩展驱动力参数,同时考虑高ΔK和低ΔK值对裂纹扩展规律的影响,得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢在550℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律表征模型,给出裂纹扩展率的上限结果。     

基于机器视觉技术的疲劳裂纹自动检测实验系统

为解决现有传统的金属疲劳裂纹检测方法存在的精度不高、操作繁琐、抗干扰性差和不易实现自动记录等问题,将虚拟仪器和图像处理技术应用到金属疲劳裂纹检测系统中,进行了疲劳裂纹长度在线测量和疲劳扩展速率计算。通过系统的整体设计和原理介绍,提出了疲劳裂纹在线非接触式的机器视觉检测方案;并基于LabVIEW的实验平台,进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用NI的IMAQVision实现了图像处理功能。研究结果表明,由该方案建立的基于图像处理技术的裂纹检测系统在线测量得到的最大裂纹长度测量误差为0．148mm,且由拟合裂纹长度一时间曲线的导函数可得到裂纹扩展速率,是一种较理想的疲劳裂纹在线检测方法。     

A new methodology for predicting crack initiation life for rolling contact fatigue based on dislocation and crack propagation

A new methodology for predicting crack initiation life is presented and validated experimentally. The methodology considers that the total fatigue life is the summation of crack initiation life and crack propagation life, since fatigue failures are due to crack initiation and crack propagation. It has been established that the crack propagation life can be estimated based on a modified Paris’ law when the size of crack is larger than a certain value. However, there has been no verified method for estimating the crack initiation life with good accuracy. The proposed methodology for predicting the crack initiation life is based on a dislocation model, and the constants for the model are determined by the crack initiation lives obtained by a new approach. This new approach determines the crack initiation life by subtracting the predicted crack propagation life from the experimentally obtained total fatigue life. The developed crack initiation life model is combined with a crack propagation life model for the prediction of fatigue life. It is noted that the standard deviation in the ratios of experimental life to predicted life by the developed fatigue life model is only 14% of that by the International Standard.     

基于神经网络的金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展规律的预测

人工神经网络是新型的复杂系统预测方法。本文针对金属疲劳裂纹扩展速率建立了 BP 神经网络,并以部分应力比 LD2锻造铝合金疲劳裂纹试验数据作为训练样本,训练建立好的 BP 神经网络;以另一部分应力比条件下的试验数据作为预测样本,验证训练好的 BP 神经网络的预测能力。仿真结果表明,BP 神经网络能够方便地获得不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,对训练样本和测试样本都具有良好的泛化能力。该方法充分利用了已有数据,减少了疲劳试验次数,具有工程应用价值。     

基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

形状不规则裂纹的疲劳寿命预测技术

描述了一种能自动模拟任意面形裂纹疲劳扩展的计算技术。该技术基于三维有限单元法和Ｐａｒｉｓ疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程,并具有网格随裂纹扩展重新自动生成的能力。技术的实用性通过几个典型的工程裂纹模拟实例得到了说明。     

Effect of oil environments on the initiation of fatigue cracks and propagation of small cracks in plain carbon steel specimens

In fatigue tests of plain carbon steel specimens in air, fatigue life is taken up mainly by the life in which a crack propagates from its initial size up to about 1 mm. This means that the behaviour of a small crack in the oil environment must be known in order to evaluate the effect of oils on fatigue life. In this paper, using a series of base oils of different viscosity grades, the effects of oils on fatigue damage are investigated in rotating bending fatigue tests of annealed 0.34% carbon steel plain specimens. Successive detailed observations of the specimen surface are made in order to study the fatigue processes of micro-crack initiation and small crack propagation. The physical background of the effect of oil environments on fatigue behaviour is shown, and a method for predicting fatigue life in oil environments is discussed.     

恒幅载荷16MnR钢疲劳裂纹扩展统计特性分析

通过21个紧凑拉伸试件的疲劳试验，进行16MnR钢疲劳裂纹扩展统计特性研究。研究给定裂纹尺寸条件下疲劳寿命的分布规律，给定寿命条件下裂纹尺寸的分布规律，给定裂纹尺寸下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的分布规律；为16MnR钢疲劳可靠性评估提供基础数据。     

Effects of Mn content and texture on fatigue properties of as-cast and extruded AZ61 magnesium alloys

Fatigue behavior of as-cast and extruded AZ61 magnesium alloys in ambient air (20 °C–55%RH) was investigated. It was found that size and distribution of cast defect influenced tensile and fatigue performance of the as-cast alloy. Fatigue limit of the as-cast alloy was significantly low compared to the extruded alloy. The casting defects served as stress concentration sites for fatigue crack nucleation. Fatigue tests were also carried out on a high Mn content alloy. All of the specimens failed from an inclusion near the specimen surface. Fatigue limit of Mg alloy with high Mn content was lower compared to that of the low Mn content alloy. Further, investigation on the effect of texture on fatigue and fatigue crack growth behavior of the extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy plate was carried out. The results showed that fatigue strength in the longitudinal direction to the extruded direction was higher compared to those in the transverse and 45° directions. Significant effect of specimen orientation on fatigue crack growth behavior for both short and long cracks was found near the threshold region. However, regardless of specimen orientation, the da/dN–ΔK_eff curves for all three kinds of specimens were in a narrow band. It is suggested that the difference in the fatigue life among the specimen orientations will be mainly due to the difference in the crack closure behavior. A transition of fracture mechanism was found for a long crack. Slip fracture mechanism was dominant above the transition point, whereas below the transition point, slip fracture mechanism was associated with cleavage fracture.     

核电汽轮机转子焊缝金属原奥氏体尺寸对疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点的影响规律研究

研究了25Cr2Ni2MoV核电汽轮机低压焊接转子模拟件埋弧焊焊缝金属疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅关系曲线,发现了不同试样疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点对应的应力强度因子幅不同的现象。使用逆推法在金相中确定了临界点位置,并进一步研究了临界点处的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,发现其与裂纹尖端单向塑性区最大尺寸有较好的对应关系。而模拟件多层多道焊焊缝金属组织不均匀性带来的临界点位置的差异是造成门槛值测试结果分散的重要原因之一。     

A probabilistic analysis on variability of fatigue crack growth using the markov chain

Understanding the stochastic properties of variability in fatigue crack growth is important to maintaining the reliability and safety of structures. In this study, a stochastic model is proposed to describe crack growth behavior considering the variability of fatigue crack growth rates due to the heterogeneity of material. Fatigue life distribution is then predicted based on this model To construct this model, fatigue tests are conducted on a high strength aluminum alloy 7075 T6 under constant stress intensity factor range control. The variability of fatigue crack growth rates is expressed by random variablesZ and Γ based on the variability of material constantsC andm of the Paris-Erdogan equation. The distribution of fatigue life under constant stress intensity factor ranges is evaluated by the stochastic Markov chain model based on the Paris-Erdogan equation. The merit of the proposed model is that only a small number of tests are required to determine this function, and fatigue life required to reach certain crack length at a given stress intensity factor range can be easily predicted. Department of Mechanical Design and Production Eng.     

Vibration strength of structures based on the theory of cracking and fatigue curves

The algorithm for calculating a fatigue crack formed in force parts of structures under the harmonic vibration load has been presented. The source data for calculating an unknown quantity are fatigue curves in the material and the assumed linearity of the first section of the kinetic diagram of the fatigue fracture. All of the necessary parameters for describing the law of crack propagation in the form proposed by Paris are determined by the characteristics of the fatigue curve. This approach shows that the fracture of the thin-walled force parts of structures with a thickness of less than 2 mm (the size of a fatigue crack for which the fracture of samples is tested to develop the fatigue curve) occurs at a smaller number of cycles than that shown in the fatigue curve for the same stress amplitude.     

Fatigue growth simulation for cracks in notched and unnotched round bars

Fatigue crack growth for various cracks in both unnotched and notched round bars is directly modelled by using an automated numerical technique, which calculates the stress intensity factors at a set of points on the crack front through the three-dimensional finite element method and then applies an appropriate fatigue crack growth law to this set of points to obtain a new crack front. This technique also has the capability of automatic remeshing so that the crack propagation can conveniently be followed. The crack geometries modelled in the present paper include a small internal crack near the free boundary and several initially part-elliptical or irregular surface cracks in a smooth round bar under tension, a surface crack in different semi-circularly notched bars under both tension and bending, a surface crack initiated from the root of a V-notched bar and an initially twin crack configuration within a smooth tension bar. Some fatigue growth characteristics relevant to each type of cracks are also revealed. It is demonstrated that the fatigue growth analyses of various cracks commonly occurring in bars can reliably be made by using the automated finite element technique proposed.     

Effect of specimen thickness on the statistical properties of fatigue crack growth resistance in BS4360 steel

In this paper the effect of specimen thickness on fatigue crack growth with the spatial distribution of material properties is presented. Basically, the material resistance to fatigue crack growth is treated as a spatial stochastic process, which varies randomly on the crack surface. The theoretical autocorrelation functions of fatigue crack growth resistance with specimen thickness are discussed for several correlation lengths. Constant ΔK fatigue crack growth tests were also performed on CT type specimens with three different thicknesses of BS 4360 steel. Applying the proposed stochastic model and statistical analysis procedure, the experimental data were analyzed for different specimen thicknesses for determining the autocorrelation functions and probability distributions of the fatigue crack growth resistance.     

PD3和U71Mn钢轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

利用MTS试验机, 在常温下对两种钢轨PD3和U71Mn进行疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究,根据Paris公式确定两种钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,利用极大似然估计法计算带有一个随机变量描述的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的概率方程.结果表明,裂纹扩展速率曲线符合一般疲劳裂纹扩展规律;PD3的强度性能优于U71Mn,但U71Mn表现出更好的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能,扩展速率低于PD3钢轨;疲劳裂纹扩展速率的不确定性方程与试验结果相符.     

Influence of Nano/Micro CBN Particle-Coated Tools on Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance of Hard-Machined AISI 1053 Steel

In this article, we study the influence of the cubic boron nitride (CBN) particle size in nano/micro CBN particle-coated tools on the fatigue performance of hard-machined AISI 1053 steel. The effect of the CBN particle size on the crack initiation life and the crack propagation life is reduced significantly with increased loading, whereas the crack propagation life is more influenced by the CBN particle size compared with the crack initiation life. The CBN particle size can influence the crack initiation life by 96 % and the crack propagation life by 130 %. As a result, it can influence the fatigue life by 370 % at the maximum Hertzian stress of 2,724 MPa. The results demonstrate that the CBN particle size influences the fatigue life and that the effect of the CBN particle size on the fatigue life can be lessened significantly if the loading is increased to a certain level that depends on the function of machined surfaces.     

微动疲劳寿命预测方法的探讨

进行激动疲劳和普通疲劳的对比分析，找出它们的差异和共性。根据已有的研究成果，本文提出根据微动作用确定疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展点的位置，在该位置用普通的疲劳理论和计算方法计算微动疲劳寿命的方法。该方法具有一定的准确性，可用来进行微动疲劳寿命的初步估算。     

基于损伤容限设计的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命估算

从损伤容限设计概念出发,以断裂力学理论为基础,在承认零构件内具有初始缺陷的基础上,应用著名的Par-is裂纹扩展速率公式,以对1020冷轧薄钢板在承受单轴恒幅循环载荷下的寿命次数的估算为例,介绍了一种简单实用的疲劳寿命估算方法,从而为技术人员在进行含裂纹件的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命计算中提供一定的理论依据。     

Fretting fatigue analysis using a fracture mechanics based small crack growth prediction method

A complete life model for the nucleation and growth of a fretting fatigue crack has been developed. The nucleation of a fretting crack is predicted by superimposing the crack growth rate experienced under fretting conditions onto S–N fatigue data for the alloy. The growth model utilizes small crack growth rate data and a fretting fatigue stress intensity factor to account for the small crack sizes and higher stresses experienced under fretting fatigue conditions. The development of the propagation model within the established fatigue crack growth code AFGROW allows this approach to be readily used by members of the aerospace industry.     

高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验研究

通过高压气瓶母材、焊缝和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展实验 ,研究了高压气瓶的断裂薄弱环节以及薄弱环节的疲劳裂纹扩展速率 ,并用蒙特卡罗法模拟疲劳裂纹扩展速率的分散性 ,给出了疲劳裂纹扩展速率及其分布区间。