稠油降粘方法的作用机理及研究进展

综述了常用稠油降粘方法的作用机理及优缺点。目前常用的稠油降粘方法主要有加热降粘,掺稀降粘,降凝降粘,加表面活性剂降粘,微生物降粘,改质降粘,油溶性降粘剂降粘,加碱降粘,催化降粘等。并对以上几种方法进行对比和应用前景的展望。     

渣油降粘技术

就目前在渣油燃料的运输、储存和加工中所面临的问题一如何降低粘度,综述了5种方法：升温降粘法、稀释降粘法、乳化降粘法、聚合物降粘法和降粘新方法。升温降粘法和稀释降粘法属于物理降粘,乳化降粘法、聚合物降粘法和降粘新方法属于化学降粘。介绍了相关文献,指出开发渣油降粘技术的另一课题：如何解决室温输送。提出渣油降粘开发的新思路：综合使用各种降粘技术,参考稠油降粘的一些工艺,并综合渣油自身的特点开发复合降粘技术。     

稠油降粘剂降粘技术研究

针对稠油中的胶质、沥青质含量高、粘度大、开采过程困难等问题,为了提高泵效和油井的动液面,选用合适的降粘剂降粘。目前国内外稠油降粘的方法主要是物理法降粘和化学法降粘。物理法降粘中包括超声波降粘、磁降粘、微波降粘、升温降粘等;化学法降粘中包括乳化降粘剂降粘、油溶性降粘剂降粘、水溶性降粘剂降粘等。本文主要研究的是化学法降粘中降粘剂降粘技术的使用。主要从稠油降粘剂的种类、性质、降粘机理、影响因素、性能评价等多方面进行研究。最终找出最佳的降粘剂降粘技术,提高原油采收率,具有较好的实际应用价值。     

稠油开采中降粘技术研究进展

综述了目前稠油降粘开采技术(包括加热降黏法、掺稀降粘法、化学降粘法、改质降粘法和微生物降粘法)的降粘机理、优缺点和研究进展。经过比较分析,油溶性降粘剂与表面活性剂以及其他助剂的复合降粘开采具有较好的优势,应优先考虑。改质降粘和微生物降粘开采具有一定的优势,是未来稠油降粘开采的研究发展方向。     

稠油集输降粘方法概述

综述了稠油集输中目前常用的降粘方法(包括稠油改质降粘、加热降粘、掺稀油降粘及化学降粘等)的降粘原理及其优缺点。分析认为,采用化学降粘方法进行稠油降粘具有一定的优势,建议优先考虑。     

稠油乳化降粘剂研究现状及其发展趋势

稠油因其密度大、粘度高、流动性差而不能用常规方法开采。稠油开采的关键是降粘、降摩阻、改善流变性目。目前常用的稠油（包括特稠油和超稠油）降粘方法有：掺稀降粘、加热降粘、改质降粘及乳化降粘。掺稀降粘受到稀油来源的限制;加热降粘能耗大;改质降粘存在催化剂筛选困难的问题：     

稠油化学降粘方法研究进展

综述稠油化学降粘方法(井下水热催化裂化降粘、表面活性剂降粘、油溶性降粘剂降粘、降凝剂降粘)的研究与应用,阐述了这些化学降粘技术作用机理和存在的问题,指出降粘剂的发展趋势。     

稠油化学降粘研究进展

分析了稠油的组成及稠油高粘度形成机理。综述了稠油化学降粘技术(乳化降粘、油溶性降粘剂降粘、井下水热催化裂化降粘、微生物法降粘等)的研究与应用,并对其降粘作用机理进行分析。探讨了油溶性降粘技术和乳化降粘技术存在的问题,指出油溶性降粘剂的研究思路:在降粘剂分子中引入稠环芳香基团、具有表面活性基团、含氟表面活性剂基团,以提高降粘效果。     

稠油化学降粘法概述

综述了稠油开采的常用方法（加热法、掺稀油法、稠油改质降粘法和添加化学药剂降粘法）,着重介绍了添加化学药剂降粘法（催化降粘、加碱降粘、加表面活性剂降粘、加降凝剂降粘、加油溶性降粘剂降粘）,并阐述了它们的作用机理及其存在的问题,指出了今后降粘剂的发展趋势。     

恒粘天然橡胶在橡胶轨枕垫中的应用研究

研究国产恒粘天然橡胶（NR）在橡胶轨枕垫（简称轨枕垫）中的应用,并与进口同类产品进行对比。结果表明：国产恒粘NR和进口恒粘NR的生胶门尼粘度均符合指标要求;国产恒粘NR的基本性能均略优于进口恒粘NR;国产恒粘NR轨枕垫胶料与进口恒粘NR轨枕垫胶料的性能均达到指标要求,其中国产恒粘NR轨枕垫胶料的性能均优于进口恒粘NR轨枕垫胶料,采用国产CV-7恒粘NR的轨枕垫胶料的性能最优。     

Synthesis of dysprosium/Mn–Cu ferrite binary nanocomposite: Analysis of structural,morphological, dielectric,and optomagnetic properties

Manganese–copper ferrite (MCFO) and dysprosium (Dy)-doped manganese–copper ferrite nanocomposites (Mn_0.5Cu_0.5Dy_xFe_2−xO₄) (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15) were synthesized by sonochemical method. Crystal structure and the structural parameters of the MCFO were analyzed based on the doping concentration of Dy ion. It was observed that the average crystalline size of the synthesized nanocomposite decreases when the concentration of Dy increases. The existing spherical surface morphology of the MCFO and Dy-doped MCFO nanocomposites were obtained through scanning electron microscopy. In the UV spectrum, the pristine MCFO sample showed an absorbance peak at 743 nm whereas the absorbance values of Dy-doped ferrite nanocomposite considerably shifted (blue) toward a lower wavelength (231–222 nm). The dielectric parameters of all ferrite nanocomposites were studied in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz. The dielectric spectrum revealed that dielectric constant and loss tangent decreased with increased doping concentration of Dy ion. The saturation magnetization also changed with Dy doping in MCFO. The impact of Dy on manganese–copper ferrite changed the optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of the prepared binary ferrite nanocomposite, which can be used for microwave-absorbing material applications.     

Mechanical Properties of Compression Molded Banana Pseudo-stem Filled Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) Composites

Mechanical strengths of a banana pseudo-stem (BPS) fiber and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) composite were evaluated to assess the possibility of using it as a new material in engineering applications. Samples were fabricated by the compression molding process with reference to the effect of filler loading. The samples were submitted to mechanical tests to measure tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the composites. The nature of adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcement and information relating the structure of mechanical properties can be obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assessment of the composite fracture surface. The mechanical properties show that the composites did not have good adhesion between filler and matrix; on the other hand, the filler insertion improved the flexural modulus and the material rigidity.     

核壳型纳米粒子合成方法及其性能的研究进展

核壳纳米粒子作为复合纳米粒子一个重要的分支,由于其光、磁和催化等方面的优异性能,近年来引起了人们广泛的关注.本文主要介绍了核壳纳米粒子的制备方法及诸多性能,并对核壳纳米粒子的发展进行了展望.     

单向玻璃纤维-铝合金层板的几种力学性能研究

本文用实验方法研究了单向玻璃纤维-铝合金层板的拉伸性能、疲劳性能和冲击性能。利用金属体积分数理论验证了这类层板的拉伸性能。通过对其疲劳性能的实验研究，发现裂纹扩展速率的大小及刚度的下降与加载的最大循环应力密切相关的规律。实验发现该层板具有比铝合金好得多的冲击性能。     

TMPTMA在硅橡胶中的应用研究

研究了助交联剂三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯(TMPTMA)对硅橡胶硫化性能、力学性能、低温性能和粘接性能的影响。结果表明,加入少量TMPTMA能改善硅橡胶的硫化特性和工艺性,提高硫化胶的硬度,降低硅橡胶的结晶温度,并有效提高硅橡胶与金属的粘接强度;但TMPTMA用量超过一定数值后,由于TMPTMA部分自聚合,在硅橡胶内形成一定的交联网络,造成两相界面粘接力变差,致使硅橡胶的拉伸强度降低。当TMPTMA用量为1份时,硅橡胶具有最佳的综合性能。     

聚氨酯种类对机械性能以及阻尼性能影响研究

分别以聚四氢呋喃醚二醇(PTMEG)、聚氧化丙烯二醇(PPG-1000)为软段,以二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI-50、MDI-100LL),以及扩链剂1,4-丁二醇(BDO)、三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)为硬段,采用预聚体法制备了聚氨酯弹性体。并系统研究了聚氨酯体系中各组分的种类对材料机械性能和阻尼性能的影响。     

A new precursor to lightweight porous Si–Al–O–B ceramics with enhanced microwave transmissivity

Nowadays, complicated preparation processes and harsh sintering conditions wave transparent ceramics limit its further development. To solve this problem, we explore a promising precursor by adopting a polymerization-pyrolysis method to prepare porous Si–Al–O–B ceramics at a mild sintering condition (1000 °C). The porous Si–Al–O–B ceramics exhibits enhanced wave transparency at 10–16 GHz with a low dielectric constant (<3), a low loss angle tangent value (<0.01), and simultaneously, a relative high flexible strength of 82 MPa. According to the results of the XRD and FTIR analysis, porous Al₄B₂O₉ crystallization dispersed in the amorphous SiO₂ matrix constructs the main phases of the products. The changes of Al and B elements are confirmed to have an effect on the phase compositions and micro structure of the composite ceramics, which obviously affect the mechanical and dielectric properties of the derived ceramics. The as-prepared porous Si–Al–O–B ceramics could be a potential candidate for next generation electronic window materials due to its low dielectric constant and loss angle tangent value, as well as high flexible strength.     

Effects of support and additive on oxidation state and activity of Pt catalyst in propane combustion

The effects of support and additive on the oxidation state and catalytic activity of Pt catalyst in the low temperature propane combustion were systematically investigated on Pt/MgO, Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂–Al₂O₃. The catalytic activity varied much with both support materials and additives. The catalyst on the more acidic support showed higher activity, and the catalytic activity on every support materials increased as the electronegativity of additives increased, while some additives decreased the activity. The oxidation state of platinum, estimated by white line intensity of Pt L_III-edge XANES spectrum, also varied with the support and additives, and additives with higher electronegativity greatly prevented the platinum from its oxidation under oxidising atmosphere. Among almost all the catalysts with various supports and various additives, a clear relationship was observed between the oxidation state of platinum and the catalytic activity; the more metallic platinum showed higher activity. Thus, it was concluded that the total electrophilic/electrophobic property derived from those of the support and additive controls the oxidation state of platinum, which intensively affects the catalytic activity; i.e. higher electrophilic property provides less oxidised platinum, resulting in high catalytic activity. The mechanism of this effect was also discussed on the basis of thermochemical data, and it was proposed that the electrophobic materials promote the noble metal oxidation since the noble metal oxo-anion such as PtO^δ− is more stabilised with electrophobic cation.     

阻隔性PET/PEN共聚酯的性能研究

对共聚型阻隔聚酯PETNx(x为共聚酯中NDA占羧酸总质量的百分比)的热性能、流变性能和阻隔性能进行了研究。结果表明,PETNx体系属于假塑性流体。PETNx的CO2气体阻隔性优于常规PET;随着PETNx中NDA含量的增加,共聚物的玻璃化温度呈线性增高。