Simple determination of performance of explosives without using any experimental data

A simple procedure is introduced by which detonation pressure of CaHbNcOd explosives can be predicted from a, b, c, d and calculated gas phase heat of formation of explosives at any loading density without using any assumed detonation products and experimental data. It is shown here that the loading density, simply calculated heat of formation by additivity rule and atomic composition can be integrated into an empirical formula for predicting the detonation pressure of proposed explosives. Calculated detonation pressures by the introduced method for both pure and explosive formulations show good agreement with respect to measured detonation pressure over a wide range of loading density. The deviations are within about experimental errors.     

Prediction of impact sensitivity of nitroaliphatic, nitroaliphatic containing other functional groups and nitrate explosives

This paper describes a new method for prediction of impact sensitivity of nitroaliphatic, nitroaliphatic containing other functional groups and nitrate explosives. The new procedure is based on some structural parameters of C(a)H(b)N(c)O(d) explosives. Three essential parameters would be needed in this scheme which contain a+b/2-d and the number of nitrogens as well as the number of RC(NO(2))(2)CH(2) structural parameters attached to oxygen of carboxylate functional groups where R is alkyl groups. The results are compared with experimental data and some empirical correlations. Predicted impact sensitivities for 58 explosives have a root mean square (rms) of deviation from experiment of 27 cm, which show good agreement with respect to measured values as compared to previous empirical models.     

A simple method to assess detonation temperature without using any experimental data and computer code

Detonation temperature of C(a)H(b)N(c)O(d) explosives can be predicted from a, b, c, d and calculated gas phase heat of formation of explosives without using any assumed detonation products and experimental data. Two new correlations are introduced for calculation of detonation temperature of aromatic and non-aromatic explosive compounds so that it is shown here how simply calculated heat of formation by additivity rule and atomic composition are only necessary data for this simple prediction. Calculated detonation temperatures by the introduced correlations for both pure and explosive formulations show good agreement with respect to measured detonation temperatures and complicated computer codes. The average mean absolute error in detonation temperature is within about 7.0%.     

Reliable estimation of performance of explosives without considering their heat contents

In this paper, a new approach is introduced to calculate detonation pressure of large class of explosives based elemental composition and specific structural groups rather than using their heats of formation. It is shown here how the loading density, atomic composition and some structural parameters can be integrated into an empirical formula for predicting the detonation pressure of pure and explosive formulations over a wide range of loading densities. The results show good agreement with experimental values so that the deviations are within about experimental errors. The calculated values of new method are also compared with the computed results obtained by complex computer code using BKWR and BKWS equations of state. Predicted detonation pressures have root-mean-square (rms) deviation for new method, BKWR and BKWS equations of state are 6.5, 11.7 and 7.4kbar, respectively.     

重结晶对DNTF形貌和含铝炸药爆轰性能的影响

采用溶剂-非溶剂法重结晶预处理3,4－二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF),通过SEM及激光粒度仪分析了预处理工艺对DNTF形貌和粒度的影响,并研究了含铝炸药的撞击感度、成型性、爆热和爆速性能。结果表明,以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,水为非溶剂,DNTF经重结晶预处理后,其晶体粒度变小,粒度分布变窄,晶体外形稍好,形状规则,撞击感度降低;含重结晶DNTF的含铝炸药成型密度、爆热和爆速均高于含粗品DNTF的含铝炸药,在一定程度上提高了DNTF含铝炸药的爆轰性能。     

铝粉粒度对RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场特性的影响

为研究铝粉粒度对RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场特性的影响,采用转镜式高速扫描相机对含30％(质量分数)微米铝粉、20％(质量分数)微米铝粉与10％(质量分数)亚微米铝粉的2种RDX基含铝炸药水下近场爆炸过程进行了观察记录,获得了沿装药径向的爆炸冲击波传播轨迹扫描底片。通过对2种含铝炸药水中近场爆炸扫描底片进行判读分析,获取了沿装药径向的爆炸冲击波传播迹线与爆轰产物膨胀迹线,由此分析得出2种含铝炸药爆炸冲击波传播速度、波阵面压力和爆轰产物气泡的膨胀位移等参数的变化规律,并对2种含铝炸药相关参数进行了对比分析。结果表明,在10％(质量分数)微米铝粉替换为亚微米铝粉后,含铝炸药冲击波的初始传播速度及波阵面压力减小且能量衰减速率也降低,冲击波传播距离为40 mm左右时,2种炸药的阵面压力便较为相近,并且在爆轰产物气泡膨胀阶段,由于亚微米铝粉反应较快,其释放的能量导致气泡膨胀速率增长较快。     

含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量结构研究

为了研究黑索今（RDX）基含铝温压炸药的爆炸能量释放规律及爆炸能量输出结构，对5种含铝温压炸药的爆热和爆速进行了测试，利用绝热式爆热量热计测量了铝粉质量分数为30%的RDX基含铝温压炸药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气和1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量，结合测试数据对试样的爆轰热、爆热和燃烧热进行理论计算。结果表明，RDX基含铝温压炸药的爆速随铝粉含量的增加而线性减小；爆热随铝粉含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势，在铝粉质量分数为40%时，爆热达到最大值。试样在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、1.0 MPa氧气环境下的爆炸能量逐渐增加，环境压力的增大和气氛环境中氧含量的增加都会提高炸药的爆炸能量，富氧环境下的爆炸能量可以定量地表征炸药的燃烧热。样品的爆轰热占燃烧热的9.8%~26.4%，爆热占燃烧热的34.5%~50.0%，且这两个参数都随铝粉含量的增加而降低。     

Velocity of detonation at any initial density without using heat of formation of explosives

The simplest method is introduced for reliable estimating the detonation velocity of large class of CHNO explosives based elemental composition and specific structural groups. There is no need to use heat of formation and the other experimental data for calculation of detonation velocity in the new procedure. Only elemental composition and the number of special structural groups without using heat of formation of explosive is sufficient for reliable desk calculation of detonation velocity. The results show good agreement with experimental values with respect to computed results obtained by complex computer code using BKWS and BKWR equations of state. Predicted velocities of detonation have root-mean-square (rms) percent deviation of 2.2, 5.9 and 5.3 from experimental data for new method, BKWS and BKWR equations of state, respectively.     

Quick estimation of heats of detonation of aromatic energetic compounds from structural parameters

In this paper, a simple procedure is introduced for a quick and reliable estimation of detonation heats of aromatic energetic compounds without considering heats of formation of energetic compounds. This method does not use any experimental or computed data of energetic materials. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an energetic compound with composition of C(a)H(b)N(c)O(d) can be obtained from the number of nitrogens, ratios of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen to oxygen as well as the contribution of some specific functional groups. There is no need to use any assumed decomposition products to calculate heats of detonation for energetic compounds. Predicted heats of detonation of pure energetic compounds with the product H(2)O in the liquid state for 31 aromatic energetic compounds have a root mean square (rms) of deviation of 0.32 kJ/g from experiment. The new method gives good results with respect to two empirical methods which use measured heats of formation of explosives with two sets of decomposition gases.     

A simple approach for determining detonation velocity of high explosive at any loading density

A simple empirical relationship is introduced between detonation velocity at any loading density and chemical composition of high explosive as well as its gas phase heat of formation, which is calculated by group additivity rules. The present work may be applied to any explosive that contains the elements of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen with no difficulties. The new correlation can easily be applied for determining detonation velocity of explosives with loading densities less than 1g/cm3 as well as greater than 1g/cm3. Calculated detonation velocities by this procedure for both pure and explosive formulations show good agreement with respect to measured detonation velocity over a wide range of loading density.     

铝粉含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆热性能的影响

为了研究铝粉含量对含铝炸药爆热性能的影响,以RDX基含铝炸药为研究对象,分别通过理论计算和爆热测试,得到了RDX基含铝炸药的爆热结果,重点分析了混合炸药体系铝氧摩尔比对爆热的影响规律。结果表明:RDX基含铝炸药的爆热随着铝氧摩尔比的增大以三次多项式规律变化,呈先增大、后减小趋势;爆热最大时,炸药体系的铝氧摩尔比为0.8。     

高威力抗水混装乳化炸药的研制

结合三峡工程三期RCC围堰爆破拆除的实际情况,在总结过去混装炸药配方与生产工艺经验的基础上,进行了一系列的理论研究和多次室内外性能对比试验,成功研制了适合本工程装药特点的高爆速、高威力、高抗水性能的混装乳化炸药,对保证爆破效果起到了极其重要的作用,并为今后类似工程积累了经验.     

乳化炸药冲击起爆的实验研究

采用激励器和轻气炮装置对乳化炸药的冲击起爆进行了实验研究。结果表明,由气泡敏化的乳化作药临界起爆能量最低,其ｐ￣２τ值在（１３～３５）×１０￣（１２）ｐａ￣２·ｓ之间,由玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药稍高一些,而乳化基质则更难以起爆。在本研究的实验压力和时间范围内,乳化作药的冲击起爆临界能量值并不完全符合非均相炸药的冲击起爆判据Ｐ￣２τ＝ｃｏｎｓｔ。乳化炸药的实测爆轰压力为１６．６８６Ｐａ,爆轰波成长时间大约在２．３～２．５μｓ之间。     

高温老化对HMX基炸药爆速的影响

为掌握高温老化对HMX基炸药爆速影响的规律,选择粘合剂不同的两种HMX基炸药进行高温老化试验。通过测量药柱尺寸,计算炸药的密度,采用电雷管起爆测试方法获得了试样的爆速。结果表明:高温老化时间对炸药的密度影响不同,老化8天是两种炸药密度变化的分界点,超过8天,试样的密度发生较大变化;两种炸药的爆速随老化时间下降显著,但H-2炸药的爆速始终高于H-1炸药。     

乳化炸药冲击起爆的实验研究

采用激励器和轻气炮装置对乳化炸药的冲击起爆进行了实验研究。结果表明，由气泡敏化的乳化作药临界起爆能量最低，其ｐ￣２τ值在（１３～３５）×１０￣（１２）ｐａ￣２·ｓ之间，由玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药稍高一些，而乳化基质则更难以起爆。在本研究的实验压力和时间范围内，乳化作药的冲击起爆临界能量值并不完全符合非均相炸药的冲击起爆判据Ｐ￣２τ＝ｃｏｎｓｔ。乳化炸药的实测爆轰压力为１６．６８６Ｐａ，爆轰波成长时间大约在２．３～２．５μｓ之间。     

Prediction of shock sensitivity of explosives based on small-scale gap test

A new method is described to predict shock sensitivity of C(a)H(b)N(c)O(d) explosives without using any experimental data. It can determine shock sensitivity based on small-scale gap test as the pressure required to initiate material pressed to 90%, 95% and 98% of theoretical maximum density. Three essential parameters would be needed in the new scheme which contain a+b/2-d, the existence of alpha-C-H linkage in nitroaromatic compounds or NNO(2) functional group and difference of the number of amino and nitro groups attached to aromatic ring. Predicted shock sensitivities in some well-known explosives have a root mean square (rms) deviation of 3.97, 4.02 and 5.89kbar of experiment to initiate pressure of material pressed to 90%, 95% and 98% of theoretical maximum density, respectively.     

含铝工业炸药作功能力测试研究

工业炸药作功能力是衡量工业炸药性能的一个重要指标。本文利用弹道抛掷法对含铝工业炸药作功能力进行测试研究,实验结果表明,与不含铝粉的工业炸药相比,含铝工业炸药具有较高的作功能力,铝粉能显著提高工业炸药的作功能力。通过对试验结果的分析与讨论,从理论上解释了铝粉的加入对工业炸药作功能力的影响。含铝工业炸药作功能力测试对我国含铝工业炸药的研究与发展具有重要实际意义。     

湿法降尘对粉状工业炸药性能的影响

通过推导两种粉状工业炸药的爆热和氧平衡计算公式,计算加入不同量水或柴油条件下炸药的理论爆热和氧平衡值,得出如下结论:在装药过程中,给炸药中混入水,不会影响炸药的氧平衡值,但能降低炸药的爆热;给炸药中混入柴油,不但能够较大影响炸药的氧平衡值,而且能够较大地降低炸药的爆热.     

含铝工业炸药作功能力测试研究

工业炸药作功能力是衡量工业炸药性能的一个重要指标。本文利用弹道抛掷法对含铝工业炸药作功能力进行测试研究,实验结果表明,与不含铝粉的工业炸药相比,含铝工业炸药具有较高的作功能力,铝粉能显著提高工业炸药的作功能力。通过对试验结果的分析与讨论,从理论上解释了铝粉的加入对工业炸药作功能力的影响。含铝工业炸药作功能力测试对我国含铝工业炸药的研究与发展具有重要实际意义。     

Explosion and detonation characteristics of dimethyl ether

In this study, the explosion and detonation characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) were experimentally investigated. A spherical pressure vessel with an internal volume of 180L was used as the explosion vessel. Therefore, tubes 10m in length with internal diameters of 25mm and 50mm were used as detonation tubes. In addition, we compared the characteristics of DME with those of propane since DME is considered as a substitute fuel for liquid petroleum gas (LPG). At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the maximum explosive pressure increased tenfold. The explosion index (K(G) values), an indicator of the intensity of an explosion, was larger than that of propane, indicating that the explosion was intense. No experimental study has been conducted on the detonation behavior of DME so far, but this research confirmed a transition to detonation. The detonation characteristics were similar to the characteristics of the Chapman-Jouguet detonation, and the concentration range for detonation was from 5.5% to 9.0%.