Physico-chemical and microbiological profiles of "salchichón" (Spanish dry-fermented sausage) enriched with orange fiber

Spanish dry-fermented sausages with three concentrations (0, 1 and 2%) of orange fiber (juice industry by-product) were prepared and studied. Fermentation and dry-curing processes were followed by physico-chemical (pH and water activity), chemical (moisture, lactic acid and residual nitrite level) and microbiological (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae and molds and yeasts counts) analysis. Sensory analyses were conducted on the finished products. Only residual nitrite level and counts of micrococcus were affected by fiber addition during fermentation. pH, water activity, residual nitrite level and counts of Micrococcaceae were affected by fiber addition during dry-curing. Orange fiber decreases residual nitrite levels and favours micrococcus growth. Both effects have a positive impact on sausage safety and quality. The reduction in residual nitrite level decreases the risk of nitrosamine formation. For all sensorial attributes evaluated sausages containing 1% fiber showed similar scores to controls.     

Effect of adding citrus waste water, thyme and oregano essential oil on the chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of a bologna sausage

The industrial transformation of citrus fruits generates large quantities of co-products rich in bioactive compounds that may well be suitable for other purposes. One such co-product is the water used in the process of obtaining fibre from orange. It was found that the addition of citrus waste water (5–10%) obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%) to the bologna samples reduced the residual nitrite levels and the degree of lipid oxidation. The flavonoids hesperidin and narirutin were detected in all the samples, while those prepared with 5% of citrus waste water and 0.02% of either essential oil were the most highly valued from a sensory point of view.

Industrial relevance

The object of the present work was to study the effect of adding different concentrations (5–10%) of orange juice waste water obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre, and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%), on the chemical, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of a bologna-type sausage, to extend its shelf life. Addition of orange juice waste water and spices essential oil had a significant effect on shelf-life extension because of a reduction of the lipid oxidation degree.     

Effect of added citrus fibre and spice essential oils on quality characteristics and shelf-life of mortadella

The objective of this work was to study the effect of adding orange dietary fibre (1%), rosemary essential oil (0.02%) or thyme essential oil (0.02%) and the storage conditions on the quality characteristics and the shelf-life of mortadella, a bologna-type sausage. The moisture, fat, ash content and colour coordinates lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) were affected by the fibre content. The treatments analysed lowered the levels of residual nitrite (57.56% and 57.61%) and the extent of lipid oxidation, while analysis of the samples revealed the presence of the flavonoids, hesperidin and narirutin. No enterobacteria or psychotropic bacteria were found in any of the treatments. The treated samples stored in vacuum packaging showed the lowest aerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts. Sensorially, the most appreciated sample was the one containing orange dietary fibre and rosemary essential oil, stored in vacuum packaging. Orange dietary fibre and spice essential oils could find a use in the food industry to improve the shelf-life of meat products.     

High dietary fibre powders from orange and lime peels: associated polyphenols and antioxidant capacity

High dietary fibre powders from Valencia orange and Persa lime peels were prepared and their dietary fibre composition and antioxidant capacity studied. Fibres from both peels had a high total dietary fibre content (61–69%) with an appreciable amount of soluble fibre (19–22%). The concentration of antioxidant [AA₅₀] required to achieve a 50% inhibition of oxidation of linoleic acid at 40°C was measured using the ferric-thiocyanate method. The higher the [AA₅₀], the lower the antioxidant capacity. Lime peel fibre [AA₅₀] was half the value of DL--tocopherol and 23 times lower than orange peel fibre; the [AA₅₀] of commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was half the value of lime fibre. HPLC analyses of the polyphenols extracted from orange and lime peels fibres showed the presence of caffeic and ferulic acids, as well as naringin, hesperidin and myricetin in both fruit fibres. The different antioxidant power of these fibres could be in part explained by the presence in lime peel fibre of ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol which are strong antioxidant polyphenols.     

Combination effect of sodium lactate and irradiation on color,lactic acid bacteria,lipid oxidation and residual nitrite in Chinese sausages during storage at 25 °C

Chinese sausages, with the addition of 0 or 2% sodium lactate, were vacuum‐packaged and stored overnight at 4°C. Refrigerated sausages were gamma‐irradiated at 0, 3 or 5 kGy absorbed dose. Meat samples were stored at 25°C for up to 30 days. Color, lactic acid bacteria, pH, lipid oxidation and residual nitrite were determined during storage. Irradiated samples were reduced in redness as a result of irradiation and storage time. Irradiation at 5 kGy alone or in combination with 2% sodium lactate and irradiation at 3 kGy could completely inhibit lactic acid bacterial growth. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values decreased as the pH values of samples increased. Sodium lactate decreased TBARS values of all samples and protected against a decrease of residual nitrite during storage. Irradiation reduced residual nitrite in Chinese sausage, and residual nitrite decreased with increased time. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid on lipid oxidation,residual nitrite and N‐nitrosamines formation in dry‐cured sausage

The effects of green tea,grape seed polyphenols and ascorbic acid on pH, water activity (a_w), microbiological counts, TBARS, residual nitrite and N‐nitrosamines were determined in dry‐cured sausages during the ripening period. Results showed that TBARS increased gradually during ripening (P < 0.05), but were significantly reduced with plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid (P < 0.05). Green tea polyphenol (GTP) was most effective (P < 0.05) in reducing TBARS. Plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid significantly decreased residual nitrite, ascorbic acid being most effective (P < 0.05). The amount of N‐nitrosamines increased during ripening, but was significantly reduced with plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid (P < 0.05). Plant polyphenols had no significant effects on moisture content, a_w, pH or microbiological counts in dry‐cured sausage during ripening (P > 0.05). It was concluded that plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid were effective in maintaining the quality and safety of dry‐cured sausages.     

Quality characteristics of a non‐fermented dry‐cured sausage formulated with lemon albedo

Dry‐cured sausages were treated with two types of dehydrated lemon albedo (raw and cooked) at five concentrations (0–100 g kg^?1 in 25 g kg^?1 increments). Several physical and chemical analyses were made during the drying stage, and compositional, textural and sensory analyses were conducted on the finished products. The addition of albedo improved the nutritional properties as a result of fibre addition and may have beneficial effects due to the presence of active biocompounds as evidenced by a decrease in residual nitrite levels and delayed oxidation (based on TBARS values). The sensory properties of samples that resembled the control sausages were those that contained up to 50 g kg^?1 dehydrated raw albedo and 75 g kg^?1 dehydrated cooked albedo. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of adding citrus fibre washing water and rosemary essential oil on the quality characteristics of a bologna sausage

There is a growing demand of natural products in human diet, both due to the possible negative effects of synthetic food additives on human health and to the increased consumer perception for this problem in recent years. The aim of this work was to study the effect of adding rosemary essential oil (REO) (200 mg/kg) and different concentrations of citrus fibre washing water (CFWW) (50-100 g/kg), obtained as a co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre from citrus co-products, on the chemical, physical-chemical and sensorial characteristics of a bologna sausage. The moisture content and water activity fell in all the samples compared with the control values. The ash content in formulas added with CFWW and/or REO increased with respect to the control. The addition of CFWW and/or REO had no effect on CIE LAB parameters analysed, pH and textural properties. The samples analysed lowered the levels of residual nitrite and the extent of lipid oxidation. Analysis of the samples revealed the presence of the flavonoids, hesperidin and narirutin. Hesperidin concentrations were higher than narirutin. Sensorially, the most appreciated sample was the one containing 50 g/kg citrus fibre washing water and 200 mg/kg rosemary essential oil.     

Polyphenols associated with dietary fibre in wine: A wine Polyphenols gap?

The presence of polyphenolic compounds associated with dietary fibre is a characteristic feature of polyphenol-rich plant foods. It was recently reported that soluble dietary fibre is a common constituent of wine. The objective of this work was to ascertain whether significant amounts of wine polyphenols are associated with dietary fibre. Total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and HPLC analysis were determined in wines and in corresponding dietary fibre solutions obtained after enzymatic treatments and dialysis. Results showed that 35–60% of total polyphenols in red wine and about 9% in white wine are associated with dietary fibre. These polyphenols are not detected by the usual HPLC analytical techniques and consequently may be ignored in most chemical and biological studies – what we call “the wine polyphenols gap”. Our findings suggest that a significant part of wine polyphenols are not bioaccesible in the human small intestine and reach the colon along with dietary fibre.     

Effect of Turkey Meat, Phosphate, Sodium Lactate, Carrageenan, and Konjac on Residual Nitrite in Cured Meats

ABSTRACT: Wieners were chosen as the model system. They were made with mechanically separated turkey meat (MST) and retained more residual nitrite than other such sausages (p < 0.01). Use of sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in a slightly higher residual nitrite in the finished product (p < 0.05). Wieners containing both MST and sodium tripolyphosphate, or either MST or sodium tripolyphosphate showed higher pH values than the control group. A relationship between product pH and residual nitrite level was observed. Wieners retained more residual nitrite at higher pH. Addition of sodium lactate, carrageenan, and konjac to the wiener formulation did not influence the residual nitrite level in the finished product.     

Utilization of cereal and fruit fibres in low fat dry fermented sausages

The effect of addition of cereal and fruit dietary fibres on the sensory properties of reduced-fat, dry fermented sausages was studied. Dry fermented sausages with 6 and 10% pork backfat were manufactured, with addition of cereal (wheat and oat) and fruit (peach, apple and orange) dietary fibres, at 1.5 and 3% concentrations. The energy value reduction of the final products was close to 35% and their final fibre contents, after ripening, were 2 and 4%, respectively. The ripening process was monitored by physico-chemical and microbiological analysis. Sensory properties were analyzed using triangular and hedonic tests and, a texture profile analysis was carried out. A correlation principal component analysis was performed. The results showed that the sensory and textural properties of batches with 3% dietary fibre were the worst, due to their hardness and cohesiveness. The best results were obtained with sausages containing 10% pork backfat and 1.5% fruit fibre especially those with orange fibre, which gave organoleptic characteristics similar to conventional high fat products. Thus, reduced fat sausages fortified with dietary fibre can be obtained with an acceptable sensory profile.     

Flavanone glycosides in Brazilian orange juice

Authentic samples of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice and pulp-wash, and retail samples of freshly squeezed orange juice and frozen concentrated orange juice have been collected in Brazil and analysed for the flavanone glycosides (FG) narirutin and hesperidin by reversed phase HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm. The juice from hand-squeezed fruit gave narirutin and hesperidin concentrations of 16–142 mg l⁻¹ and 104–537 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The ratio of hesperidin to narirutin showed varietal difference with Pera having the highest ratio (mean 8.4) and Baı́a the lowest (3.6). Frozen concentrated orange juice contained higher quantities of FG with narirutin ranging from 62 to 84 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 531 to 690 mg l⁻¹ (after dilution to 12 °Brix). In frozen concentrated orange juice pulp-wash, the narirutin level ranged from 155 to 239 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 1089 to 1200 mg l⁻¹. The analysis of 23 samples of freshly squeezed juice from the Brazilian market place showed that the FG content of most samples (9.1 to 94.8 and 105.8 to 586.6 mg l⁻¹, respectively, for narirutin and hesperidin) was similar to those found for authentic ones, indicating that these orange juices were not adulterated.     

亚硝酸钠对自然发酵哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化及挥发性化合物的影响

研究不同添加水平的亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）对自然发酵哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化和挥发性化合物的影响。结果表明,添加NaNO2对风干肠发酵过程中的pH值、水分活度、总菌落数和乳酸菌菌落数无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但添加0.10?g/kg以上的NaNO2可以显著降低风干肠中大肠杆菌菌落数（P＜0.05）。色差分析表明当NaNO2添加量达到0.10?g/kg时可以起到良好的发色作用,过氧化物值和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物显示NaNO2具有良好的抗氧化作用,NaNO2残留量随发酵时间的延长而逐渐降低,发酵结束后,各实验组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。与此同时,挥发性化合物的分析结果显示,NaNO2添加量不影响风干肠中由碳水化合物发酵和氨基酸降解所产生的挥发性化合物的相对含量（P＞0.05）,但显著影响由脂肪氧化所产生的醛类和酮类化合物的相对含量（P＜0.05）,NaNO2添加量越大,对脂肪氧化产物的抑制作用越显著。     

Evaluation of Milk Mineral Antioxidant Activity in Beef Meatballs and Nitrite-cured Sausage

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of 1.5% milk mineral (MM) added to uncured cooked beef meatballs and to evaluate possible synergistic effects of MM in combination with 20-ppm or 40-ppm sodium nitrite in beef sausages. All treatments were also formulated with 1.5% salt and 10% added water. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and Hunter color values were determined at 1 d, 8 d, and 15 d of storage at 2°C. Meatball cooked yield was also measured. Cooked yield was not different (P < 0.05) between control meatballs and those containing MM. As expected, treatments containing nitrite had higher redness ( CIE a* ) than samples without nitrite. Redness values increased with storage time in sausages containing 40-ppm nitrite. However, redness values decreased (P < 0.05) during storage for control meatballs, associated with increased lipid oxidation (higher TBA values). Lipid oxidation was lower ( P < 0.05) in samples containing 1.5% MM with TBA values <1.2 after 15 d of storage compared with 6.1 for control samples. There was no synergistic inhibition of lipid oxidation in samples containing 20-ppm or 40-ppm sodium nitrite plus 1.5% MM. Milk mineral alone at 1.5% of meat weight was sufficient for inhibition of lipid oxidation in cooked beef samples.     

Effect of leek and onion on processing and quality characteristics of Greek traditional sausages

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of leek and onion on processing and quality characteristics of sausages and select the most appropriate, to determine the optimum level of selected vegetable and to improve its effectiveness on quality characteristics of sausages, in comparison to the addition of nitrites (100 ppm), by using a starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus and ascorbate. The nitrate content of leek ranged from 213 to 255 ppm and that of onion was 79 ppm. Sausages produced with leek had higher (p<0.05) nitrite content (1.3-2.1 ppm) and a (?)(+) values and higher scores for sensory attributes than sausages with onion. Sausages made with the total leek plant had the highest score for overall acceptability. The higher the leek level the higher the nitrate and nitrite content of sausages and the lower the redness, a (?)(+). Sausages with 240 g of leek/kg had the highest (p<0.05) overall acceptability. Sausages with higher leek level had an intensive wrinkling on the surface and also an intensive and undesirable green colour. Sausages produced with 240 g of leek/kg had the same low level of nitrate and nitrite content, higher weight losses and lower pH values after the 3rd day of storage, compared to sausages produced with the addition of sodium nitrite. The addition of starter culture and ascorbic acid improved the redness (a (?)) of sausages and reduced the 2-thiobarbituric acid value. Sausages with leek, starter culture and ascorbic acid had the highest score for odour and taste and overall acceptability.     

几种添加物对香肠制品亚硝酸盐残留量的影响

以猪肉为原料,按传统方法和工艺制作香肠,采用五因素(1/2 实施)二次正交旋转组合设计研究L- 抗坏血酸钠(X1)、乳酸(X2)、六偏磷酸钠(X3)、食盐(X4)和茶多酚(X5)对香肠亚硝酸钠残留量的影响,得到二次回归模型。分析表明： X2 在0.01 水平上差异极显著;X5、X1X4、X2X4、X2X5、X3X4、X2 在0.05 水平上差异显著;X1、X1X5、X2X3、X5 在0.25 水平上差异显著。     

丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质的影响

为了探究丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响,在腌制好的鲶鱼肉馅中添加不同量的丁香精油（0.02%、0.03%、0.04%、0.05%,以肉馅质量计）,搅匀后经灌肠、风干制成鲶鱼肉风干肠,以不添加丁香精油组为对照。对风干肠的水分含量、水分活度（aw）、pH值、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、微生物数量、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量及感官品质进行测定,分析不同丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明：丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠水分含量、aw和TBARs值的影响较小,但能使aw低于对照组;当丁香精油添加量达到0.05%时,风干肠的亮度值最高,添加量的增加有利于产品红度值的提高;风干肠的pH值随着丁香精油添加量的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势,0.03%丁香精油组的pH值最低;风干肠中亚硝酸盐残留量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,抑制率最高达到38.7%（0.05%组）;丁香精油能促进风干肠中乳酸菌的增长,不同添加量组间差异不显著,0.03%组肠杆菌科数量显著低于CK组;风干肠中生物胺的总量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,对腐胺和组胺的抑制效果较好;0.02%组和0.03%组风干肠N-亚硝胺含量最低;感官评价结果显示,0.03%丁香精油组风干肠综合评分较高。综合分析,丁香精油添加量越大,越有利于提升风干肠的品质和安全性,但是香辛料精油存在添加量过高掩盖风味的情况,因此认为丁香精油添加量为0.03%比较适宜。     

添加葡萄球菌和微球菌对广式腊肠亚硝酸盐残留量和色泽研究

本文旨在研究葡萄球菌和微球菌对广式腊肠亚硝酸盐残留量和色泽的影响及其机制。首先将分离筛选自广式腊肠的两株优良特性菌株(葡萄球菌H33B和微球菌X142B)接种至腊肠测定相关指标,然后通过紫外扫描图谱来确定菌株是否具有转化高铁肌红蛋白能力。结果表明,接种单菌和混合菌株都能够降低腊肠中的高铁肌红蛋白含量和亚硝酸盐残留量,并且能够增加亚硝基肌红蛋白含量,其中以接种葡萄球菌和微球菌2:1时效果最好,与对照组差异明显(p0.05);紫外扫描图谱显示接种葡萄球菌的培养基中溶液出现了亚硝基肌红蛋白的特征吸收峰,并且溶液中的亚硝酸盐含量最低。这些结果表明葡萄球菌H33B具有转化高铁肌红蛋白的能力。因此添加葡萄球菌H33B的腊肠,由于其具有转化高铁肌红蛋白的能力,会形成更多的还原性肌红蛋白与亚硝酸盐反应,不仅进一步减少了亚硝酸盐含量还改善了色泽。     

Quantification of hesperidin in citrus-based foods using a fungal diglycosidase

A simple enzymatic–spectrophotometric method for hesperidin quantification was developed by means of a specific fungal enzyme. The method utilises the diglycosidase α-rhamnosyl-β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.168) to quantitatively hydrolyse hesperidin to hesperetin, and the last is measured by its intrinsic absorbance in the UV range at 323 nm. The application of this method to quantify hesperidin in orange (Citrus sinensis) juices was shown to be reliable in comparison with the standard method for flavonoid quantification (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC). The enzymatic method was found to have a limit of quantification of 1.8 μM (1.1 mg/L) hesperidin, similar to the limit usually achieved by HPLC. Moreover, it was feasible to be applied to raw juice, without sample extraction. This feature eliminated the sample pre-treatment, which is mandatory for HPLC, with the consequent reduction of the time required for the quantification.     

香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响

为了提高鲶鱼肉风干肠的品质与安全性,选取丁香、八角、肉桂、紫苏、牛至五种香辛料精油分别添加到腌制好的鱼肉馅中,经灌肠、风干后制成鲶鱼肉风干肠。对风干肠的感官品质、水分含量、水分活度(A_W)、pH、色差、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs)值、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量进行测定,分析不同香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明:添加丁香和牛至精油可使鲶鱼肉风干肠具有较适宜的水分含量(29.4%;29.1%)和A_W(0.79;0.79);丁香、紫苏、牛至组a^*值显著高于其他组(P<0.05);6组鲶鱼肉风干肠的pH(4.98～5.16)均低于5.4,都属于高酸发酵肉制品。八角精油组鲶鱼肉风干肠TBARs值比对照组降低了66.3%;紫苏精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠亚硝酸盐清除率达到62.2%。肉桂精油和八角精油可以降低风干肠中生物胺的积累,紫苏精油和牛至精油对风干肠中N-亚硝胺的抑制率达87.56%和81.48%,很大程度上提升了风干肠...