无创血氧饱和度检测仪的设计

介绍了无创血氧饱和度测量原理,即红外光根据人体组织中不同的血红蛋白氧舍状态具有不同的光吸收谱特征,利用这些特征即可检测人体组织血氧饱和度。系统采用单片机C8051F020为核心,设计了无创血氧饱和度检测仪的各硬件部分和软件流程图,并通过可控数字电位器替代了传统的反馈电阻实现了增益自动调节,克服了个体差异造成的血氧信号只通过固定增益影响了测量精度的缺点。该系统结构稳定,功耗小,成本低,为临床测量提供连续有效的监测信息,适用于临床测量与研究,具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于近红外光谱在皮瓣移植术后的监测系统

皮下组织血氧参量是反映皮瓣移植术后皮瓣存活状况的重要依据。为了无创、连续、实时地监测皮肤组织氧饱和度，采用近红外光谱法进行了理论分析和实验验证，提出了一种电流-电压(I-V)转换思路并搭建了测量系统。利用该系统进行了稳定性验证实验、前臂静脉阻断模拟皮瓣血管栓塞实验。结果表明，不同人体、不同部位的组织氧饱和度存在微小差异，差异幅度均在0.05左右；静脉阻断下系统组织氧参量发生显著改变，最大降幅0.25。该系统具有较高灵敏度，能够连续测量组织氧饱和度参量、反映组织氧变化趋势，可以为临床检测术后皮瓣血氧运输状态提供重要参考。     

最新血氧仪低功耗设计方案

下面介绍一个以Microchip MCU与Intersil的模拟器件为主的血氧仪的低功耗设计方案.血氧仪用来测量血氧饱和度的电子设备,血氧饱和度是血液中被氧结合的氧合血经蛋白(HbO2)的容量占全部可结合的血红蛋白(Hb)容量的百分比,即血液中血氧的浓度,它是用于表征呼吸循环的重要生理参数,正常人体动脉血氧饱和度为98%.本方案采用光电传感器测量,利用人体的血红蛋白对660nm的红光和940nm的近红外光的吸收率不一样,测定通过手指(或耳垂等)光传导强度,再通过软件计算并得出血氧饱和度.     

利用动脉血液的时变差分光谱实现血氧饱和度的测量

血氧饱和度的无创检测已在临床医学中得到广泛应用.目前的测量方法主要基于人手指的双波长光度分析原理,存在测量重复性差、检测速率低和误差大等缺陷,而且由于它完全忽略光散射的影响,理论上有不合理性.为了改进现有技术,分析了光散 射对手指组织吸光度的影响,并根据动脉血液在红外及近红外区域(600nm～1000nm)吸光度的时变特性,引入了时变差分光谱的概念;提出了利用时变差分光谱实现血氧饱和度测量的方法,并首次推导出包含光散射因子的血氧饱和度计算公式.与现有技术的对比表明,该测量方法具有测量准确、检测速率高、抗干扰性强和方便实现的特点,在理论上更严谨、更科学.     

光电脉搏血氧心率仪电路设计

简要介绍了基于脉搏血氧测量原理,利用硅光电池检测血氧饱和度的技术,设计了一个检测血氧监测心率的光电脉搏血氧心率仪.系统采取以单片机STC89C58RD+为核心,辅以脉冲控制、信号采集、信号处理三部分电路,同时对血氧饱和度和心率进行检测,并将测试结果通过LCD显示.经实际人体测试检验,血氧饱和度为93～98、心率为70～75,达到了实际测试要求.系统具有成本低、结构合理、制作简单、安全可靠等优点.     

用近红外光谱对组织氧测量方法的研究

在多层生物组织模型下，提出了一种利用近红外光谱技术定量无损检测组织氧饱和度的方法，讨论了受试者具有不同的外层组织时，如何采用适当的校准方法使半定量测量组织血氧浓度变化值具有可靠性和可比性；自行设计的监测系统，结构较为简洁，其探头包括光源和2个检测器，光源采用双波长LED，检测器为集成光学器件，2个检测器分别放置在与光源不同距离的位置上；以240mmHg压力进行人体前臂组断，氧合血红蛋白HbO2、还原血红蛋白Hb的浓度变化和组织氧饱和度tSO2的测试结果与时间分辨光谱TRS方法所得结果一致；系统基线平稳，具有较好的稳定性和检测精度。     

EEMD在同时消除脉搏血氧检测中脉搏波信号高频噪声和基线漂移中的应用

人体血氧饱和度是基于脉搏波信号测量得到的,然而在脉搏波信号采集的过程中存在着由人体呼吸和仪器本身热噪声等带来的基线漂移和高频噪声,影响人体血氧饱和度的测量精度。因此,该文提出一种总体平均经验模态分解(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, EEMD)与基于排列熵(Permutation Entropy, PE)的信号随机性检测相结合的方法,同时消除基线漂移和高频噪声。对脉搏波信号进行EEMD分解,计算分解到得到的内在模式分量的排列熵,选取阈值,分别判断并剔除代表高频噪声和基线漂移的内在模式分量。最后信号重构就得到同时消除高频噪声和基线漂移的脉搏波信号。通过自行研制的测量装置所采集的脉搏波信号进行实验验证,利用信号的频谱和交直流比R评价效果。结果表明:该方法有效地同时消除了脉搏波信号中的高频噪声和基线漂移,这将有利于人体血氧饱和度测量精度的提高。     

基于CMOS影像传感器的血氧饱和度监测系统

介绍了脉搏血样饱和度检测的理论基础与重要的临床应用价值。提出了一种基于CMOS影像传感器的脉搏血氧饱和度监测系统,用CMOS传感器阵列取代了传统血氧仪中的光敏探测,实现了血氧饱和度及脉搏波的无接触测量。阐述了其在组织发育、伤口诊断、病变的提前预测等场合的潜在应用价值。实验结果表明,由于摄像头不能够有效屏蔽外界光源噪声的干扰,所设计样机较传统的血氧仪测得的饱和度值偏低,误差偏大,从而进一步提出减小误差提高精度的方案构想。     

基于CMOS影像传感器的血氧饱和度监测系统

介绍了脉搏血样饱和度检测的理论基础与重要的临床应用价值.提出了一种基于CMOS影像传感器的脉搏血氧饱和度监测系统,用CMOS传感器阵列取代了传统血氧仪中的光敏探测,实现了血氧饱和度及脉搏波的无接触测量.阐述了其在组织发育、伤口诊断、病变的提前预测等场合的潜在应用价值.实验结果表明,由于摄像头不能够有效屏蔽外界光源噪声的干扰,所设计样机较传统的血氧仪测得的饱和度值偏低,误差偏大,从而进一步提出减小误差提高精度的方案构想.     

基于CMOS影像传感器的血氧饱和度监测系统

介绍了脉搏血样饱和度检测的理论基础与重要的临床应用价值。提出了一种基于CMOS影像传感器的脉搏血氧饱和度监测系统，用CMOS传感器阵列取代了传统血氧仪中的光敏探测，实现了血氧饱和度及脉搏波的无接触测量。阐述了其在组织发育、伤口诊断、病变的提前预测等场合的潜在应用价值。实验结果表明，由于摄像头不能够有效屏蔽外界光源噪声的干扰，所设计样机较传统的血氧仪测得的饱和度值偏低，误差偏大，从而进一步提出减小误差提高精度的方案构想。     

Mathematical model for the hemodynamic response to venous occlusion measured with near-infrared spectroscopy in the human forearm

We propose a mathematical model to describe the hemodynamic changes induced by a venous occlusion in a human limb. These hemodynamic changes, which include an increase in blood volume, a reduction in blood flow, and modifications to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, can all be measured noninvasively with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). To test the model, we have performed NIRS measurements on the human forearm, specifically on the brachioradialis muscle, during venous occlusion induced by a pneumatic cuff inflated around the upper arm to pressures within the range 10-60 mmHg. We have found a good agreement between parameters measured by NIRS (total hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin saturation) and the corresponding model parameters (capacitor voltage and arterial/capillary branch current). In particular, model and experiment indicate that the time constant for blood accumulation during venous occlusion (approximately 73-79 s) is much slower than the time constant for blood drainage following cuff release (approximately 5 s). These results indicate that this mathematical model can be a valuable analytical tool to characterize, optimize, and further develop diagnostic measurement schemes that use venous occlusion approaches.     

Portable muscle oxygenation monitor based on near infrared spectroscopy

In order to measure the relative change of muscle oxygenation non-invasively, dynamically and directly, a portable monitor based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed.The monitor consists of several function modules, including 735 nm, 805 nm and 850nm integrated three-wavelength light emitting diode (LED) light source, LED driver, integrated detector,amplifier and filter, A/D sampling circuit, single-chip microcomputer and laptop.The distance between light source and detector is 3 cm and the photon migration depth in tissue is approximately 1.5 cm.The monitor is portable with low dark noise and good long-term stability.The relative change of muscle oxygenation measured by the monitor was in accordance with the real physiology status in the cuff ischemia experiment, verifying the performance of the monitor for living muscle.Two inflexions referring to an accelerated fall and a leveling-offphase in the muscle oxygenation index, respectively, were observed in in vivo incremental intensity exercises.Significant correlation was found between the first inflexion and the ventilatory threshold which was identified by the gas exchange measurement.These results demonstrated that the monitor can be used to detect the local lactate threshold of the measured muscle and reflect the changes of oxygen index in local muscle for in vivo exercises.The monitor may provide a meaningful approach to evaluate the subject's oxidative capacity effectively.     

基于新型广义预测算法的含氧量软测量研究

文章给出了一种基于新型广义预测算法的烟气含氧量软测量方法,并与传统GPC算法软仪表以及氧化锆仪表的烟气含氧量进行了对比测量,结果表明运用新型广义预测控制算法构建的软仪表能够客观反映锅炉燃烧过程中任何时段的真实情况,提高了烟气含氧量的测量精度,优化了锅炉燃烧控制系数的性能.基于广义预测的含氧量软测量技术为工业锅炉的氧量测量提供了新的手段,也为锅炉燃烧过程中其它关键参数如烟气温度的准确、实时、在线软测量开辟了新的途径,对实现燃烧系统的闭环控制和优化运行具有重要的意义.     

CMOS silicon avalanche photodiodes for NIR light detection: a survey

This paper surveys recent research on CMOS silicon avalanche photodiodes (SiAPD) and presents the design of a SiAPD based photoreceiver dedicated to near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) application. Near-infrared spectroscopy provides an inexpensive, non-invasive, and portable means to image brain function, and is one of the most efficient diagnostic techniques of different neurological diseases. In NIRS system, brain tissue is penetrated by near-infrared (NIR) radiation and the reflected signal is captured by a photodiode. Since the reflected NIR signal has very low amplitude, SiAPD is a better choice than regular photodiode for NIR signal detection due to SiAPD`s ability to amplify the photo generated signal by avalanche multiplication. Design requirements of using CMOS SiAPDs for NIR light detection are discussed, and the challenges of fabricating SiAPDs using standard CMOS process are addressed. Performances of state-of-the-art CMOS SiAPDs with different device structures are summarized and compared. The efficacy of the proposed SiAPD based photoreceiver is confirmed by post layout simulation. Finally, the SiAPD and its associated circuits has been implemented in one chip using 0.35 μm standard CMOS technology for an integrated NIRS system.     

微型近红外光谱仪在苹果糖度测量中的应用研究

为了评估微型近红外光谱仪应用于现场水果糖度检测的可行性, 采用粒子群算法结合反向传播(BP)神经网络建立了苹果糖度的无损高精度快速检测方法, 研究了微型近红外光谱仪NIRscan以单波长和阿达玛变换两种测量模式获得的光谱数据, 应用多种不同的数据预处理方法和多元线性回归、偏最小二乘法、粒子群算法(PSO)、BP神经网络等算法建立分析模型。结果表明, 以阿达玛变换工作模式测得的光谱数据更好, 以1阶导数结合Savizky-Golay平滑算法作数据预处理, 应用PSO结合BP神经网络建立的苹果糖度预测模型具有更高的预测精度, 预测相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.9911和0.1502。该微型近红外光谱仪NIRscan用于苹果糖度的现场快速和高精度无损检测具有可行性。     

用多层Monte—Carlo模型研究脑部光学无损的问题

利用近红外光对人脑进行无损检测有良好的应用前景。然后脑部客观存在的多层结构使人位对从较深部位提取有用信息产生疑问。本文利用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ方法对人头部建立了光传播的多层模型,对光在头部的传播模式和脑部结构对提取深部信息的影响得出了一些结果,本文结果表明,由于脑脊液透明层的存在,使近红光在头部能够探测较深部位珠生理参数变化但难于获得较好的空间分辨能力。     

Effect of 805 nm on reliability of 735/805/850-nm LED involved near-infrared spectroscopy biomedical device

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in biomedicine due to its capability of noninvasively detecting hemodynamic variations in relative deep tissue. Most NIRS devices utilized multiple-wavelengths integrated LED as the sources, of which the 735/805/850-nm LED was mostly employed. As we known, the 735/850-nm combination is enough for quantifying the changes of oxy-hemoglobin (∆ HbO₂) and deoxy-hemoglobin (∆ Hb). Then how is the effect of the wavelength 805 nm of 735/805/850-nm LED on the measurement reliability? Here we performed blood model experiments with 57 human blood samples and recorded optical density variations at above 3 wavelengths. Both of the least squares method and multi-variable linear regression analysis were used to quantify ∆ HbO₂ and ∆ Hb with three-wavelength combination (735/805/850-nm) and two-wavelength combination (735/850-nm) respectively. By comparing the quantified values with the real values, we found that the results obtained from 735/850-nm combination are more close to reality than the 735/805/850-nm combination. This study reported, for the first time, that 805 nm actually took a negative effect on measurement reliability of NIRS. It indicates to get rid of 805 nm from such LED design to reduce the LED cost and get higher reliability for NIRS instrumentation.     

组织血氧参数近红外无损检测技术及自主创新之路

用近红外光谱方法无损、实时、连续检测人体组织中的血氧参数,可直接得到大脑皮层、肌肉等组织中微细血管血液的氧饱和度、血红蛋白浓度的平均值.与有创血气分析和检测指端脉搏血氧饱和度等现有技术相比,具有不可替代的特色和优势.本课题组通过10余年的不懈努力,在原理算法、测试技术、临床应用等方面取得了大量创新性的成果.现已成功地将实验室样机转化为具有独立自主知识产权、达到国际先进水平的产品(TSAH-100).在新生儿医学、运动医学、组织移植、体外循环、药物疗效评定、基础研究等领域得到推广应用,已测试900余例受试者.在长期的工作中,建立了高校、医院、企业紧密合作的科研体制,为研发具有自主知识产权的先进医疗仪器提供了有益经验.     

用于脑血流量检测的近红外光谱术

介绍了用于大脑血流量检测的近红外光谱术的基本原理和实验体系,该系统可完成对近红外光学信号的实时采集、处理和显示等功能。在血模型实验结果基础上,报道了大脑血流量变化的近红外光学检测结果。     

基于压缩感知STORM超分辨成像与像素的关系

针对基于压缩感知STORM(stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy)超分辨成像效果差的不足,提出采用高分辨相机改善基于PSF测量矩阵性能的方法.该方法能够改善基于PSF测量矩阵的约束等距性(restricted isometry property,RIP),从而达到提高重构效果的目的.实验结果表明,采用高分辨相机后基于PSF(point spread function)测量矩阵的列不相关性更好,重构能力、定位准确度和识别率都得到极大改善.同时探讨了以传统指标体系评价基于压缩感知的超分辨重构质量的优劣和适用性.发现匈牙利法和质心法的组合方案较能反应真实的基于压缩感知的超分辨重构效果.