高速冲击拉伸条件下TWIP钢的力学性能

采用气动式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置对5种不同成分的TWIP钢在10^2～10^3 s^-1应变速率范围内的动态拉伸变形行为进行了研究,并和静态拉伸性能作了比较。结果表明：随应变速率的提高,材料动态条件下的抗拉强度、断裂延伸率和能量吸收值均显著增加,均匀延伸率略有提高。TWIP钢在形变过程中产生形变孪晶显著改善了材料的塑性,因此在高应变速率下的延伸率仍较好。     

高速冲击拉伸条件下TWIP钢的力学性能

采用气动式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置对5种不同成分的TWIP钢在102～103s-1应变速率范围内的动态拉伸变形行为进行了研究,并和静态拉伸性能作了比较.结果表明:随应变速率的提高,材料动态条件下的抗拉强度、断裂延伸率和能量吸收值均显著增加,均匀延伸率略有提高.TWIP钢在形变过程中产生形变孪晶显著改善了材料的塑性,因此在高应变速率下的延伸率仍较好.     

水淬工艺对TWIP钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了一种用于汽车车体的高强、高塑性中C-高Mn系孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢,有助于达到汽车减排、节能和安全的目的。通过单向拉伸实验和OM观察,分析研究了水淬工艺对TWIP钢的力学性能和微观组织的影响规律,采用SEM和TEM对不同变形程度TWIP钢的精细结构进行了分析。结果表明,随着水淬温度的提高,退火孪晶体积分数和晶粒尺寸增大,塑性、加工硬化性提高,而试件的强度和屈强比降低,可以获得抗拉强度960 MPa,延伸率60.5%,具有优异的综合力学性能(强塑积最高达6.096×10~4 MPa%)的试件;具有大量退火孪晶的奥氏体在变形过程中产生大量的形变孪晶,提高了TWIP钢的强度和塑性。     

退火温度对TWIP钢组织性能和氢致脆性的影响

采用电化学结合低应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)的方法和OM、SEM等手段研究了退火温度对Fe-18Mn-0.6C TWIP钢充氢条件下力学性能和变形行为的影响,并探讨了各类微观组织结构对氢致脆性的作用。结果表明,TWIP钢晶粒尺寸随退火温度的升高逐渐增大,700℃退火板晶界处容易观察到(Fe, Mn)3C渗碳体。900℃退火获得的中等尺寸均匀晶粒的TWIP钢具有最高的强塑积。在电化学充氢和SSRT同时进行下,TWIP钢的强度和塑性大幅下降,随退火温度的升高,强塑积损失率(R)呈增大趋势。高温退火得到的大尺寸晶粒在变形中更容易产生形变孪晶,孪晶/孪晶交叉位置和孪晶/晶界交叉位置是氢致裂纹的主要来源。尽管相对低温退火得到大尺寸晶粒和界面处层错能(SFE)变化使TWIP钢在变形中不容易产生形变孪晶,但其局部粗大的碳化物与形变孪晶间产生的应力集中处极易形成空位,演化成裂纹源,使相对低温退火的TWIP钢本身塑性不高。低于800℃退火对TWIP钢提高氢脆抵抗力没有明显作用。     

TWIP钢在不同温度变形的加工硬化行为

通过温控拉伸试验、光学显微镜、X射线衍射技术和透射电镜分析了在298、373、473、573 K温度下变形时,20Mn24Cr5Al2Ni2TWIP钢的力学性能和显微组织变化规律。结果表明,TWIP钢的强度随变形温度的升高而降低,伸长率在373 K变形时比298 K变形显著下降;在373～573 K变形时伸长率有上升趋势;温度升高,组织中形变孪晶的数量减少,孪晶交叉现象减弱。研究TWIP钢的加工硬化行为表明,TWIP钢在拉伸过程中的加工硬化指数n值随真应变的增加而增加,在低应变区温度升高n值增加。在298～373 K变形时,形变孪晶占主导作用,在473～573 K变形时,形变孪晶和动态应变时效共同作用。     

TWIP钢Fe-23Mn-2Al-0.2C的组织及拉伸变形机制

研究了TWIP钢Fe-23Mn-2Al-0.2C固溶处理后的组织演变和拉伸变形行为,并对其变形机制进行了探讨。结果表明:随固溶温度升高,实验钢的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,屈服强度和抗拉强度均降低,伸长率增大,强塑积先增大后减小,在900℃时达到最高;实验钢的拉伸变形呈现连续屈服,同时随固溶温度升高,加工硬化速率(dσ/dε)与真应变(ε)的变化关系由2阶段变为3阶段。通过OM和TEM观察显示,随着晶粒尺寸的增加,变形过程中形变孪晶数量增多,孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP)效应增大。     

Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢的组织和性能

研究了Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢的组织和性能,结果表明钢板经热轧-冷轧-热处理后,钢板可达到有57.3%的延伸率,480MPa的屈服强度和1140MPa的抗拉强度。其室温组织为单相奥氏体基体并伴有退火孪晶,拉伸变形后通过XRD检测和TEM观察发生了少量的γ→α和γ→ε→α相变同时内部有大量的滑移带和变形孪晶共存。即Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢变形时同时有TRIP效应、TWIP效应,使钢板具有优良的力学性能。     

Mn含量对Fe-Mn-C孪生诱发塑性钢拉伸变形行为的影响

利用室温单向拉伸实验,结合OM、TEM、SEM-EBSD等观察手段,对比研究了2种Mn含量(13Mn和22Mn,质量分数,%) Fe-Mn-C系高锰奥氏体孪生诱发塑性(TWIP)钢的拉伸性能、孪生演化规律及应变硬化行为。结果表明,随Mn含量的增加,钢的屈服强度与抗拉强度降低而断裂延伸率增加。在低应变时,Mn含量的增加延缓了钢中形变孪晶的形成;但在高应变时,Mn含量的增加加快了孪晶的形成速率,进而使高锰钢中的孪晶体积分数反而比低锰钢中的高。同时,形变孪晶的厚度随Mn含量的增加而增加。最后,对2种Mn含量的Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢的孪生及拉伸变形行为进行了讨论。     

应变速率对低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢组织演变和力学行为的影响

研究了Fe-18Mn低C高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢在应变速率范围为1.67×10^-4-10³s^-1的室温拉伸实验过程中力学性能和组织的变化.在准静态拉伸应变速率范围内(1.67×10^-4-1.67×10^-1s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的抗拉强度产生逆效应,随着应变速率的加快,抗拉强度和延伸率都降低;而在动态拉伸应变速率范围内(10¹-10³s^-1),应变速率对高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢的延伸率产生逆效应,抗拉强度和延伸率都随着应变速率的加快而增加;在应变速率为10³s^-1时,高Mn TRIP/TWIP钢抗拉强度可达到957 MPa,延伸率达到55.8%,具有较好的综合力学性能;随着应变速率的提高,马氏体转变量减少,孪生变形向多个方向发展.采用SEM,TEM和XRD等方法对变形前后的组织进行了分析,在所有应变速率范围内的拉伸变形过程中都产生了奥氏体向马氏体转变和形变孪晶,并且在应变速率为10³s^-1的高速拉伸过程中产生绝热温升效应,使得基体软化.     

Fe-Mn TWIP钢退火态的微观结构特征

通过金相显微镜和透射电镜分析研究了退火态TWIP钢的微观结构特征.结果表明,经过600 ℃退火10 min后钢中存在冷轧的纳米级变形孪晶及少量位错;分别在700、800、900和1000℃退火10 min后,发现退火温度决定了退火孪晶的尺寸:随退火温度升高,退火孪晶尺寸增大.退火孪晶仅有少量在再结晶过程中产生,而大量的退火孪晶在再结晶结束后的晶粒长大过程中生成并长大.退火孪晶尺寸的大小影响了TWIP钢的力学性能,孪晶尺寸为2～5 μm时,试验钢表现出高强度,此时抗拉强度可达840 MPa;孪晶尺寸为30～50 μm时,试验钢表现出高的伸长率,可达到84.0%,表现出充分的TWIP效应.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.