基于逆变器两侧能量平衡的HAPF电流控制策略

针对注入式混合有源电力滤波器（HAPF）实际应用过程中出现的电网基波和谐波电压致使有源部分分压过高并向其传送能量，从而与逆变器产生的电网谐波补偿能量相抑制形成能量脉动，并导致直流侧电压的波动乃至抬升的现象，建立了有源部分逆变器两侧的能量平衡数学模型，在此基础上提出了基于比例增益在线自调整结合递推积分的改进型PI控制器，控制有源部分吸收或释放一定的有功功率，结合检测注入支路回灌谐波电流控制逆变器产生与之相反的抑制电流来抑制能量脉动，然后联合电网谐波电流跟踪控制以获得系统参考信号。实验结果证明该方法能够有效抑制有源部分逆变器两侧的能量脉动，控制直流侧电压的稳定，从而提高了系统的滤波性能。     

高压直流输电系统谐波计算软件包开发与应用

为提高直流输电系统谐波计算的准确性,采用交直流基波和谐波统一计算的原理,应用 VC++和Delphi语言开发了直流输电系统谐波计算软件,可同时计算含有多个直流输电系统换流站、直流线路及交流系统各母线和各支路的基波潮流、特征谐波和非特征谐波电压、电流,计算各母线谐波电压畸变率及系统谐波损耗;同时,根据直流输电线路、接地线等结构参数,计算直流输电线路的谐波参数;并提供了数据的各种输入、编辑和维护、查询功能,可方便地调整交、直流滤波器的类型和参数。利用该软计对南方电网含有5条直流线路的系统进行了计算,程序运行稳定,结果可靠;并将±800 kV云广直流输电系统的计算结果与EMTDC仿真结果进行了比较,表明该软件具有计算速度快、结果准确、使用方便、通用性好等特点。     

交、直流输电系统相互影响引起的谐波不稳定问题

对于多馈入交直流输电系统而言,谐波的交互作用不仅会通过换流器产生,也会通过整个交流网络形成,因此这种情况就更显复杂。为了研究发生这种不利交互作用的风险,所有电气距离较近的直流线路都应考虑在内。文中以贵州—广东2条高压直流输电线路为例,应用具有详细换流器模型的电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC建立了全电磁暂态仿真模型,对谐波的交互作用引起的送端谐波不稳定问题进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,在弱交流连接方式下发生直流线路双极闭锁故障时,2条直流系统与交流系统之间的相互影响会引发谐波不稳定,而在其他故障条件下     

两电平VSC-HVDC系统直流侧接地方式选择

基于开关函数法对两电平电压源换流器型高压直流（VSC-HVDC）系统进行了建模,分析了正弦脉宽调制（SPWM）时VSC的谐波特性,指出零序的载波频率次谐波电压、电流是VSC交流侧的主要谐波分量,推导了该零序谐波电流经开关函数中的基波分量作用后将在直流侧形成载波频率次不平衡谐波电流。发现了直流侧不平衡谐波电流流通路径与直流侧的接地方式密切相关,只有VSC-HVDC系统两端直流侧都接地,直流侧不平衡谐波电流才能通过本端直流侧接地点和交流侧高通滤波器接地点流通而被限制在本地,否则该高频谐波电流将在输电线路上流通,从而引发一系列危害。在PSCAD/EMTDC下搭建VSC-HVDC系统进行了仿真分析,验证了以上结果,提出了两电平VSC-HVDC系统需要采用两端直流侧都接地的拓扑结构。     

并联型直流有源电力滤波器的控制系统设计

并联型直流有源电力滤波器可以有效抑制高压直流输电线路谐波，但该滤波器对其控制系统的性能要求也较高。文中采用输电电流高增益反馈控制方法作为控制策略，并依此方法确定了各项设计参数。同时，针对该控制方法的要求基于数字信号处理器（DSP）和现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）设计了一套控制器装置。该装置通过锁相环实现了同步采样和控制。该方法既提高了谐波检测准确度，又能使数字滤波处理的通带频率自动跟踪系统频率变化。该装置实现了一种具有较小相移的脉宽调制模块，保证了谐波抑制性能和滤波系统的稳定。基于该控制系统的样机实验获得了良好的谐波抑制效果。     

高海拔地区换流站直流侧雷电过电压分析

在我国"西电东送"工程中大量采用了直流输电方式,而某些地域所具有的高海拔、多山区的特点将对输电系统的过电压和绝缘配合提出极高的要求。为研究高海拔地区直流输电系统的雷电过电压特性,采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对某工程中±500 k V换流站直流侧的雷电过电压进行计算和分析。基于分析结果,提出应根据海拔高度对闪络模型和设备绝缘水平进行修正的方法,分析了绕击过电压计算中不同绕击电流对过电压的影响,并着重对临界不闪络与EGM模型计算的最大电流绕击2种情况下的雷电过电压进行了比较分析,最终总结出高海拔地区换流站直流侧的雷电过电压特性。可为雷电防护及优化换流站工程设计提供有价值的参考依据。     

直流换流站金属回路转换断路器技术要求

在直流输电系统中，直流换流站直流侧中性母线接地端装设了金属回路转断路器（以下简称MRTB）。三峡直流换流站MRTB承担开断约3000A的直流大电流，这是因为在接地回路的磁场中储存着相当大的能量，当大地回路向金属回路转换时，电流较大，既要耗散这些能量，又要求不在直流中性母线上产生不可接受的过电压，故对MRTB的设计要求较高，结合葛洲坝等换流的实际运行经验对MRTB的特性进行了分析总结，并就三峡换流站金属回路转换断路器的选型和主要技术性能参数提出了建议和参考值。     

高压直流换流站分散鲁棒自适应控制器的设计

针对高压直流输电系统(HVDC)，提出了一种换流站的分散鲁棒自适应控制器的设计方法。设计中引入自适应非线性阻尼项来抑制系统非线性不确定参数和未知有界干扰的影响，同时采用反演设计方法来克服控制器设计的复杂性，最后获得高压直流输电系统换流站的分散鲁棒自适应控制策略的一般表达式，并提供了整个系统的稳定性证明。所得控制器仅利用本地测量量实现，控制策略具有分散性和适应性。通过NETOMAC数字仿真，仿真结果证明该控制器比常规的PI控制器具有更好的控制效果。     

基于空心线圈的HVDC谐波电流测量及性能分析

高压直流输电中，换流装置将产生直流谐波从而造成危害。直流谐波电流的测量能实现有效的监控，并对谐波的抑制提供有效的前提保证。空心线圈测量直流谐波电流,其感应信号只与被测电流中的谐波分量有关，而与直流分量无关, 解决了传统谐波电流互感器工作点与直流分量大小有关的难题。针对直流谐波电流测量幅值小、频带宽的特点及误差要求，分析了传感器及测量电路的灵敏度、误差和频率等性能。试验证明：合理地设计空心线圈与测量电路，可达到0.5%的测量准确度；结合光纤传输，现已实现120 kV高压直流谐波电流的测量, 并通过了型式试验及电磁兼容试验。     

电流型变流器在电网电压不平衡时的控制

提出一种电网电压不对称情况下抑制三相脉宽调制(PWM)电流型变流器（CSC）直流输出电流二次谐波、减少网侧电流低次谐波的控制方法。该方法对传统的预测控制进行改进并应用到电网不平衡的三相CSC系统中，获得了良好的控制性能。应用电流空间矢量调制技术，使器件的利用率得到提高。所提出的方法无需电流传感器检测网侧电流，降低了实现成本。实验结果证明所提出的方法是正确、可行的。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.