固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化合成氯乙酸乙酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+为催化剂,氯乙酸与乙醇为原料合成氯乙酸乙酯.研究了氯乙酸与乙醇的摩尔比、催化剂用量、环己烷的用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响.结果表明SO2-4/TiO2/La3+是合成氯乙酸乙酯的良好催化剂,适宜的反应条件如下氯乙酸与乙醇的摩尔比为1∶3.0,催化剂的用量0.8 g,环己烷用量15 mL,反应2.0 h,氯乙酸乙酯的收率可达92.7%.     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)合成氯乙酸异辛酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2/La3+为催化剂,氯乙酸与异辛醇为原料合成氯乙酸异辛酯,系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明:SO42-/TiO2/La3+是合成氯乙酸异辛酯的良好催化剂,在n(异辛醇)/n(氯乙酸)=1.3,催化剂的用量为酸质量的3.0%,环己烷的用量为反应物总摩尔数的10%,反应时间3.0,氯乙酸异辛酯的收率达到89.2%。     

催化合成氯乙酸乙酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+为催化剂,氯乙酸与乙醇为原料合成氯乙酸乙酯。研究了氯乙酸与乙醇的摩尔比、催化剂用量、环己烷的用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。结果表明:SO2-4/TiO2/La3+是合成氯乙酸乙酯的良好催化剂,适宜的反应条件如下:氯乙酸与乙醇的摩尔比为1∶3.0,催化剂的用量0.8g,环己烷用量15mL,反应2.0h,氯乙酸乙酯的收率可达92.7%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3＋合成氯乙酸正丁酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3 为催化剂，氯乙酸与正丁醇为原料合成氯乙酸丁酯，系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明，SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3 是合成氯乙酸正丁酯的良好催化剂，n(丁醇)／n(氯乙酸)=2．0，催化剂的用量为酸质量的2．5％，环己烷的用量为反应液总物质的量的15％。反应时闻2．0h，反应温度125-139℃，氯乙酸正丁酯的收率达到88％。     

超强酸La~(3+)-SO_4~(2-)TiO_2合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯

以稀土固体超强酸La3 + SO42 - TiO2 为催化剂,以对羟基苯甲酸与正丁醇为原料催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯,研究了原料量比、催化剂用量和反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。试验结果表明:La3 + SO42 - TiO2 是合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的良好催化剂,在n(丁醇) n(对羟基苯甲酸) =4 0 ,催化剂的用量为对羟基苯甲酸质量的3 5 % ,反应时间4 0h ,反应温度12 0℃～130℃,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的收率达到92 7%。     

固体超强酸La3+-SO42-/TiO2-Fe2O3催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯

以固体超强酸La3+-SO42-/TiO2-Fe2O3为催化剂合成了对羟基苯甲酸丁酯,考察了原料配比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响。试验结果表明:La3+-SO42-/TiO2-Fe2O3是合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的良好催化剂,当n(丁醇)/n(对羟基苯甲酸)=4.0,催化剂用量为对羟基苯甲酸质量的6%,反应温度120℃,反应时间4.0 h,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的收率达到89.27%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)合成氯乙酸正丁酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)为催化剂,氯乙酸与正丁醇为原料合成氯乙酸丁酯,系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明,SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)是合成氯乙酸正丁酯的良好催化剂,n(丁醇)/n(氯乙酸)=2.0,催化剂的用量为酸质量的2.5％,环己烷的用量为反应液总物质的量的15％,反应时间2.0h,反应温度125～139℃,氯乙酸正丁酯的收率达到88％。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2/La3+催化合成氯乙酸正戊酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2/La^3 为催化剂,氯乙酸与正戊醇为原料合成氯乙酸正戊酯,系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明：SO4^2-/TiO2/La^3 是合成氯乙酸正戊酯的良好催化剂,在n(戊醇)／n(氯乙酸)=1．5,催化剂的用量为酸质量的2．0％,环己烷的用量为反应物总摩尔数的10％,反应时间3.0h,反应温度140—155℃．氯乙酸正戊酯的收率达到85％。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+合成氯乙酸异丙酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3 为催化剂,氯乙酸与异丙醇为原料合成氯乙酸异丙酯,系统地研究了投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明：SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3 是合成氯乙酸异丙酯的良好催化剂,在n(异丙醇)：n(氯乙酸)=3．0,催化剂的用量为氯乙酸质量分数的4．5％,环己烷的用量为反应物总摩尔分数的25％,反应时间4．0h,反应温度90～100℃,氯乙酸异丙酯的收率达到90．7％。     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-MoO_3催化合成氯乙酸正辛酯

以固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2 MoO3为催化剂,氯乙酸与正辛醇合成了氯乙酸正辛酯。探讨了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间及带水剂用量等因素对酯收率的影响。结果表明:SO42-/TiO2 MoO3具有良好的催化活性。在醇酸摩尔比为1.5∶1.0,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的1.0%,反应时间为2.0h,带水剂为6ml,反应温度在160～180℃的条件下,氯乙酸正辛酯的收率可达79.0%。     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

The System Na2O-CaO-SiO2-H2O

A portion of the quaternary phase diagram for Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂-H₂O has been constructed. Plotting concentrations as their 10th roots allows compounds having solubilities which differ by several orders of magnitude to be represented on a single diagram. The compositional relationships among sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate, calcium-substituted sodium silicate hydrate, calcium bydroxide, a quaternary compound of approximate composition 0.25Na₂O · CaO · SiO₂· 3H₂O, sodium hydroxide monohydrate, and miscellaneous sodium silicate hydrates are presented. The quaternary diagram constructed shows the quaternary compound to exist in equilibrium with sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Conditions in concrete pore solutions which favor the formation of this quaternary compound may also favor the occurrence of the alkali-silica reaction.     

Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K₂O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K₂O-SiO₂ is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K₂O-Li₂O (or Na₂O)-SiO₂. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K₂O-Li₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-Na₂O-SiO₂, and K₂O-BaO-SiO₂ are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

合成了几种不同Zr、Al原子比的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3复合固体超强酸,将其用于催化乳酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,均有较好的催化活性,尤以ZrAl=12的催化效果最好,经济性优于ZrO2超强酸催化剂.其最佳反应条件为酸醇摩尔比为13,催化剂用量为乳酸质量的10%,反应时间2～2.5h,酯化率达96.9%.该催化剂具有制备容易、催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用的优点.     

Some Properties of the System Na2O-NaF-B2O2-H2O

It was first shown that the enamel slips which have the best suspnding characteristics contain equal amounts of Na₂O and B₂O₃ and at least a moderate amount of NaF. The solubilities of mixtures of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ were then investigated. The pH of these solutions and the primary crystalline phases separating on evaporation also were determined. The solubility data obtained at room temperature were summarized. When the solutions were evaporated, NaF was the first crystalline phase to separate from a large proportion of the mixtures investigated. It was concluded that the desirable handling characteristics of enamels whose mill liquors contain the proper proportion of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ are not due to the formation of complex salts but to the following combination of properties: (1) the presence of salts with a moderate solubility which changes very slightly with temperature, (2) a moderate pH of about 10 in a probably well-buffered solution, (3) a relatively stable crystalline material, NaF, as a primary phase, and (4) a secondary phase which crystallizes slowly with relatively little shrinkage.     

固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2催化合成尿囊素的研究

用固体超强酸SO42/TiO2为催化剂,以尿素和乙醛酸为原料合成了尿囊素。得到最佳条件为TiO2在1mo1·L-1H2SO4溶液中浸渍12h,再在600℃焙烧3h;尿素与乙醛酸摩尔比3.51,催化剂9％,时间3h,温度72℃～75℃,产率达57.4％。     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

Phase Diagrams for the Systems MgCl2-MgF2, CaCl2-MgF2, and NaCl-MgF2

Equilibrium phase diagrams for the systems MgCl₂-MgF₂, CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ were determined by differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis, and temperature-composition equilibrium techniques. Simple eutectics were observed at 78.0±0.5 mol% MgCl₂ and 628°±2°C in the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system, at 87.5±0.5 mol% CaCl₂ and 694°±2°C in the CaCl₂-MgF₂ system, and at 95.5±0.5 mol% NaCl and 786°±3°C in the NaCl-MgF₂ system. The phase diagrams determined for these systems were compared with phase diagrams that were computed using Temkin's model. The phase diagrams of the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems were also compared with diagrams that were computed using the expression suggested by Flood et al. for reciprocal systems. The experimentally determined and computed phase diagrams agreed for the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system but not for the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems.     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.