国际工业金刚石行业发展形势与动态

进入2l世纪．国际工业金刚石行业发生了一些重大事件。DeBeers是一个具有百余年历史的国际著名大企业，于2002年10月1日更名为Element Six(元素6)。该公司以巨大的能量、速度和积极的思想取得了全球金刚石行业的主导地位，并将其未来业务的发展定位在富于想像力的和与众不同的方向。GE公司超硬材料部是第一个合成人造金刚石的生产部门，也是世界上最主要的人造金刚石、立方氮化硼和聚晶金刚石制品的生产厂家，而今却被一家私人投资机构所收购。人造金刚石的问世已过去半个世纪，展望工业金刚石行业今后的发展，应该是扩大人造金刚石和其它超硬材料的规格品种，同时探索新型超硬材料并开拓其应用领域。     

工业金刚石技术发展水平与发展趋势

在工业金刚石中,人造金刚石的兴起不但提高了各国工业金刚石的耗用量,同时拓展了工业金刚石的应用领域,促使工业发达国家竞相研究人造金刚石的特异性能与特殊用途.     

美国工业金刚石行业状况

美国工业金刚石协会成立于1946年，嗣后GE公司于1954年合成人造金刚石。从此金刚石在美国各工业部门的应用越来越广泛，美国工业金刚石行业也就不断发展状大。文章从几个方面阐述美国工业金刚石行业的特点：金刚石作为战略物资储备；天然金刚石资源贫乏，人造金刚石行业的发展；工业金刚石的应用与耗用量；工业金刚石的回收利用，工业金刚石的生产与产量；工业金刚石的国际贸易与价格。     

美国的人造金刚石行业

通过对世界上第一拙次人造金刚石的诞生、美国人造金刚石的产量、人造金刚石在工业上的用途以及美国的聚晶金刚石与宝石级人造金刚石的介绍，阐述美国人造金刚石行业的发展状况。     

CVD金刚石薄膜技术发展现状及展望(上)

简要描述了CVD金刚石薄膜技术的发展历程.介绍了纳米特别是超纳米金刚石膜、CVD金刚石大单晶的技术特点及其应用.超纳米金刚石膜在MEMS(微机电系统)、电化学和生物医学上的应用和CVD金刚石大单晶是当前的研究热点.简言之,金刚石的发展向着更大或者更小的方向深入进行,即“非大即小”.     

CVD金刚石薄膜技术发展现状及展望(下)

简要描述了CVD金刚石薄膜技术的发展历程。介绍了纳米特别是超纳米金刚石膜、CVD金刚石大单晶的技术特点及其应用。超纳米金刚石膜在MEMS(微机电系统)、电化学和生物医学上的应用和CVD金刚石大单晶是当前的研究热点。简言之,金刚石的发展向着更大或者更小的方向深入进行,即"非大即小"。     

从国际工业金刚石会议看有关工业金刚石的最新应用研究

为应对全球经济危机,我国超硬行业有必要透过国际工业金刚石会议分析研究国际超硬材料应用的发展趋势,从中获得启迪,发展自主创新的高新技术.文章只涉及某些超硬材料的最新应用研究即纳米微晶金刚石在尖端技术中的应用研究以及PCD在石油天然气钻井和汽车制造行业的最新应用研究.     

CVD金刚石薄膜与硬质合金的结合力的改善途径

化学气相沉积金刚石涂层硬质合金工具综合了金刚石和硬质合金的优异性能,可广泛应用于难加工材料的切削、电子工业等诸多领域.制造金刚石薄膜涂层工具的关键在于增强金刚石膜与硬质合金基体间的结合力.文章综述了增强化学气相沉积金刚石膜与硬质合金基体结合力的多种措施.     

CVD金刚石切削工具

阐述金刚石切削工具在机加工中的重要作用和CVD金刚石的优异性能以及CVD金刚石切削工具的形式.对CVD金刚石薄膜切削工具和CVD金刚石厚膜切削工具的特点和应用范围进行了分析对比,并指出存在问题和发展前景.     

金刚石工具在工业技术创新中的地位与作用

论述了PCD钻头,弹性磨具,串珠绳锯,激光焊接锯片,薄壁工程钻头及CVD刀具等金刚石制品的应用及发展前景,并结合来自INTERTECH2000年国际会议的信息,指出我国金刚石行业应吸收国外金刚石工具技术不断创新的经验,开发出我国金刚石工具的新产品、新材料、新工艺及新设备,以适应国内外市场的需求.     

孕镶金刚石工具研究工作中值得探讨的问题

孕镶金刚石工具如取芯钻头、圆锯片和串珠绳锯等的研制中有大量工作要做.文章仅从孕镶金刚石工具的磨损因素分析,提出孕镶金刚石工具研究工作中几个值得探讨的问题,包括金刚石的出刃值、有效工作的金刚石数量、金刚石串珠的磨损、等效石英含量、孕镶金刚石工具的冲蚀性磨损.     

Recent advances in electrochemistry of diamond

Conductive boron-doped chemically vapour-deposited diamond thin film and honeycomb electrodes were examined for various possible applications in electroanalysis and electric double layer capacitor applications, respectively. The possibility of voltammetric study of electrochemical reactions occurring at high oxidation and high reduction potentials was demonstrated at diamond electrodes, taking histamine and carbon tetrachloride as respective examples. High sensitivity and high stability of this electrode were demonstrated for the determination of histamine and sulfadiazine by flow injection analysis method. Nanostructured honeycomb diamond electrodes, prepared by oxygen plasma etching, exhibited a wide potential window similar to that of as-grown film but a capacitance 200 times higher than that of the as-grown film. These results indicate the usefulness of diamond electrode for electroanalysis and double layer capacitor applications.     

Recent studies on diamond surfaces

The surface properties of diamond have been studied by ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), Kelvin probing and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The atomic level structure of diamond surfaces was determined by LEED intensity vs. energy [I(E)] measurements in combination with Tensor LEED calculations. The LEED analysis of the C(100)-(2×1)-H surface revealed the formation of symmetrical dimers on the top carbon layer. For the C(100)-(1×1)-O surface, quantitative LEED analysis indicated a structural model where oxygen occupied the bridge site on the surface. Systematic investigations were carried out using UPS and a Kelvin probe measurement to reveal the effect of alkali metal fluoride overlayers on the work function of the diamond surfaces. LiF and RbF have been found to act as effective dipole layers to lower the surface work function and induce a negative electron affinity.     

Flame-resistant fibres and fabrics a review of the work at lambeg industrial research association

This paper discusses the relative merits of a number of flame-resistant fabrics. The information quoted draws heavily from a five year programme of research carried out on the subject by Lambeg Industrial Research Association. The fabrics concerned were made either from flame-resistant fibres or by flame-resistant treatment of fabrics. The textile problems which can arise in the production of these fabrics are considered and means of avoiding them suggested. Test methods for flammability are discussed briefly and the subject of toxic gases generated from flame-resistant materials in fire situations is introduced as an area which needs further study. The paper is essentially a situation report describing the present state of knowledge indicating gaps therein, the limitations of the fibres, fabrics and finishes available and hence areas for future work.     

剖析美国工业金刚石的发展轨迹（下）

根据美国金刚石资源、工业金刚石消耗与产量、天然工业金刚石与人造工业金刚石的生产沿革以及工业金刚石应用领域与未来发展趋势剖析美国工业金刚石的发展轨迹。文章阐述了美国天然金刚石资源与工业金刚石来源、详细分析美国工业金刚石年消耗量与产量、回溯美国工业金刚石从天然金刚石到人造金刚石的沿革、全面介绍美国工业金刚石的应用领域、展望美国工业金刚石的未来发展趋势。     

剖析美国工业金刚石的发展轨迹(上)

根据美国金刚石资源、工业金刚石消耗与产量、天然工业金刚石与人造工业金刚石的生产沿革以及工业金刚石应用领域与未来发展趋势剖析美国工业金刚石的发展轨迹。文章阐述了美国天然金刚石资源与工业金刚石来源、详细分析美国工业金刚石年消耗量与产量、回溯美国工业金刚石从天然金刚石到人造金刚石的沿革、全面介绍美国工业金刚石的应用领域、展望美国工业金刚石的未来发展趋势。     

再谈在国际竞争中的中国石化工业

对中国石化工业的发展提出以下建议：①对现有化工企业进行改造，发展乙烯、丙烯的储运设施；②对以电石乙炔为原料的有机厂，进行以乙烯为原料的改造；③新的芳烃基地宜在兰化建设；④今后５年将工艺设备的国产化放在首位。     

Recent advances in high-growth rate single-crystal CVD diamond

There have been important advances in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) of large single-crystal CVD diamond at high growth rates and applications of this diamond. The types of gas chemistry and growth conditions, including microwave power, pressure, and substrate surface temperatures, have been varied to optimize diamond quality and growth rates. The diamond has been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic and diffraction techniques. We have grown single-crystal CVD diamond over ten carats and above 1 cm in thickness at growth rates of 50–100 μm/h. Colorless and near colorless single crystals up to two carats have been produced by further optimizing the process. The nominal Vickers fracture toughness of this high-growth rate diamond can be tuned to exceed 20 MPa m^1/2 in comparison to 5–10 MPa m^1/2 for conventional natural and CVD diamond. Post-growth high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) and low-pressure/high-temperature (LPHT) annealing have been carried out to alter the optical, mechanical, and electronic properties. Most recently, single-crystal CVD diamond has been successfully annealed by LPHT methods without graphitization up to 2200 °C and < 300 Torr for periods of time ranging from a fraction of minute to a few hours. Significant changes observed in UV, visible, infrared, and photoluminescence spectra are attributed to changes in various vacancy centers and extended defects.     

Opposed multi-burner gasification technology:Recent process of fundamental research and industrial application

Opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasification technology is the first large-scale gasification technology developed in China with completely independent intellectual property rights.It has been widely used around the world,involving synthetic ammonia,methanol,ethylene glycol,coal liquefaction,hydrogen production and other fields.This paper summarizes the research and development process of OMB gasi-fication technology from the perspective of the cold model experiment and process simulation,pilot-scale study and industrial demonstration.The latest progress of fundamental research in nozzle atomiza-tion and dispersion,mixing enhancement of impinging flow,multiscale reaction of different carbona-ceous feedstocks,spectral characteristic of impinging flame and particle characteristics inside gasifier,and comprehensive gasification model are reviewed.The latest industrial application progress of ultra-large-scale OMB gasifier and radiant syngas cooler (RSC) combined with quenching chamber OMB gasifier are introduced,and the prospects for the future technical development are proposed as well.