Analytical frequency response functions for contact of multilayered materials

Multilayer coatings are often seen in surface engineering for surface modifications. Optimal design of the multilayered materials requires the understanding of their mechanical behaviors based on deformation and stress analyses. The frequency response functions (FRFs) of the displacement and stress fields in multilayered materials under unit normal and shear loadings are the analytical cores for solving the contact of such materials. The authors have successfully derived these functions by utilizing the Papkovich–Neuber potentials and appropriate boundary conditions. Two matrix equations containing unknown coefficients in the FRFs are established by following the structure rules, and then the closed-form FRFs written in a recurrence format are established. A fast numerical semi-analytical model based on the derived FRFs is further developed for investigating the elastic contact of multilayered materials with any desired material design.     

The method of fundamental solutions for layered elastic materials

In this paper, we investigate the application of the method of fundamental solutions to two-dimensional elasticity problems in isotropic and anisotropic single materials and bimaterials. A domain decomposition technique is employed in the bimaterial case where the interface continuity conditions are approximated in the same manner as the boundary conditions. The method is tested on several test problems and its relative merits and disadvantages are discussed.     

Mechanics of extended continua: modeling and simulation of elastic microstretch materials

The investigation of microstretch and micromorphic continua (which are prominent examples of so-called extended continua) dates back to Eringens pioneering works in the mid 1960, cf. (Eringen in Mechanics of micromorphic materials. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 131–138, 1966; Eringen in Int J Eng Sci 8:819–828; Eringen in Microcontinuum field theories. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1999). Here, we re-derive the governing equations of microstretch continua in a variational setting, providing a natural framework within which numerical implementations of the model equations by means of the finite element method can be obtained straightforwardly. In the application of Dirichlets principle, the postulation of an appropriate form of the Helmholtz free energy turns out to be crucial to the derivation of the balance laws and constitutive relations for microstretch continua. At present, the material parameters involved in the free energy have been assigned fixed values throughout all numerical simulations—this simplification is addressed in detail as the influence of those parameters must not be underestimated. Since only few numerical results demonstrating elastic microstretch material behavior in engineering applications are available, the focus is here on the presentation of numerical results for simple twodimensional test specimens subjected to a plane strain condition and uniaxial tension. Confidence in the simulations for microstretch materials is gained by showing that they exhibit a “downward-compatibility” to Cosserat continuum formulation: by switching off all stretch-related effects, the governing set of equations reduces to the one used for polar materials. Further, certain material parameters can be chosen to act as penalty parameters, forcing stretch-related contributions to an almost negligible range in a full microstretch model so that numerical results obtained for a polar model can be obtained as a limiting case from the full microstretch model.     

Effective properties of linear random materials: application to Al/SiC and resin/glass composites

Here we present a statistical study on the effective linear properties of random materials, i.e., microstructures which are random lattices described by a stochastic process. The local numerical procedure associated with the homogenization methods used here was based on a wavelet-element method. The resulting numerical results are compared with those obtained using classical theories. A new approach was developed in order to determine the effective properties in cases where the characteristics of the microstructure are not known.     

Stress analysis for bonded materials with a graded interfacial layer under a rigid punch

It is well known that functionally graded materials can be used to eliminate the stress discontinuity that is often encountered in multilayer composites. In this article, the stress analysis for the coating-functionally graded interfacial layer-substrate structure under a rigid spherical punch is investigated. A linear multi-layer model is used to model the graded interfacial layer with arbitrary varying materials properties along the thickness direction. The spherical indentation problem is formulated in terms of a singular integrate equation with the method of transfer matrix and Hankel integral transform technique. The stress components in the coating-graded interfacial layer-substrate structure are calculated by solving the equation numerically. The results show that stiffens ratio and the gradient index of the graded interfacial layer has a significant effect on the distribution of stress components.     

The boundary contour method for two-dimensional Stokes flow and incompressible elastic materials

 A variant of the boundary element method, called the boundary contour method (BCM), offers a further reduction in dimensionality. Consequently, boundary contour analysis of two-dimensional (2-D) problems does not require any numerical integration at all. While the method has enjoyed many successful applications in linear elasticity, the above advantage has not been exploited for Stokes flow problems and incompressible media. In order to extend the BCM to these materials, this paper presents a development of the method based on the equations of Stokes flow and its 2-D kernel tensors. Potential functions are derived for quadratic boundary elements. Numerical solutions for some well-known examples are compared with the analytical ones to validate the development. Received 28 August 2001 / Accepted 15 January 2002     

Unique real‐variable expressions of displacement and traction fundamental solutions covering all transversely isotropic elastic materials for 3D BEM

A general, efficient and robust boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the numerical solution of three‐dimensional linear elastic problems in transversely isotropic solids is developed in the present work. The BEM formulation is based on the closed‐form real‐variable expressions of the fundamental solution in displacements U_ik and in tractions T_ik, originated by a unit point force, valid for any combination of material properties and for any orientation of the radius vector between the source and field points. A compact expression of this kind for U_ik was introduced by Ting and Lee (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1997; 50 :407–426) in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues on the oblique plane normal to the radius vector. Working from this expression of U_ik, and after a revision of their final formula, a new approach (based on the application of the rotational symmetry of the material) for deducing the derivative kernel U_{ik, j} and the corresponding stress kernel Σ_ijk and traction kernel T_ik has been developed in the present work. These expressions of U_ik, U_{ik, j}, Σ_ijk and T_ik do not suffer from the difficulties of some previous expressions, obtained by other authors in different ways, with complex‐valued functions appearing for some combinations of material parameters and/or with division by zero for the radius vector at the rotational‐symmetry axis. The expressions of U_ik, U_{ik, j}, Σ_ijk and T_ik have been presented in a form suitable for an efficient computational implementation. The correctness of these expressions and of their implementation in a three‐dimensional collocational BEM code has been tested numerically by solving problems with known analytical solutions for different classes of transversely isotropic materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

计算复合材料有效弹性模量的重心有限元方法

采用几何法构造出任意边数多边形单元的重心插值形函数, 应用Galerkin法提出了求解弹性力学问题的重心有限元方法。用重心有限元方法对SiC/Ti和B/Al 2种纤维复合材料横向截面的有效弹性模量进行了预报。计算模型取纤维呈六边形排列且为各向同性的代表性单胞, 对其杨氏模量、 剪切模量和体积模量在较大的体积分数范围内进行了数值模拟。通过与解析公式和传统有限元的计算结果对比, 重心有限元方法的计算结果符合解析公式解的趋势, 与传统有限元的计算结果吻合较好。与传统有限元方法相比, 重心有限元方法的单元划分不受三角形或四边形的形状限制, 能够再现材料的真实结构。由于单元较大且数目较少, 本文方法具有很高的计算效率。      

Boundary-only element solutions of 2D and 3D nonlinear and nonhomogeneous elastic problems

This paper presents a robust boundary element method (BEM) that can be used to solve elastic problems with nonlinearly varying material parameters, such as the functionally graded material (FGM) and damage mechanics problems. The main feature of this method is that no internal cells are required to evaluate domain integrals appearing in the conventional integral equations derived for these problems, and very few internal points are needed to improve the computational accuracy. In addition, one of the basic field quantities used in the boundary integral equations is normalized by the material parameter. As a result, no gradients of the field quantities are involved in the integral equations. Another advantage of using the normalized quantities is that no material parameters are included in the boundary integrals, so that a unified equation form can be established for multi-region problems which have different material parameters. This is very efficient for solving composite structural problems.     

软溶液工艺(SSP)在先进无机材料领域的应用及进展

软溶液工艺（soft solution processing简记为SSP）是近年国际上发展起来的先进材料制备的重要工艺技术，也是具有环境协调性的工艺技术，本文概枋了软溶液工艺技术的基本原理，特点及其在先进无机材料制备中的应用和发展，重点介绍软溶液工艺的几种技术（包括水热技术，电化学技术）及其在先进无机材料制备中的应用原理，范围和特点，指出水热电化学技术是很有发展前景的软溶液工艺，最后对软溶液工艺技术的发展前景和条件进行了展望和评述。     

Analytical solutions for two penny-shaped crack problems in thermo-piezoelectric materials and their finite element comparisons

Thermally loaded penny-shaped cracks in thermopiezoelectric materials are investigated in this paper. The analytical solutions for the penny-shaped cracks subjected to uniform temperature and steady heat flow are discussed. Comparisons are made between the stress-intensity factors derived by the analytical solutions and the numerical results using different finite element techniques.     

孔隙形状及孔隙率对多孔材料弹性性能的影响

利用通用单胞法(GMC)计算了不同孔隙形状及孔隙率对多孔材料等效弹性参数的影响,计算中分别采用二维方形、圆形孔隙模型和三维立方体、球形孔隙模型模拟多孔材料。不同孔隙率下等效弹性参数的计算结果表明: 不同孔隙形状下,多孔材料等效弹性参数随孔隙率增大的退化程度不同;通过对比二维简化模型与三维模型的差异,发现二维简化模型对多孔材料等效弹性参数的估算值偏低。进一步将GMC计算结果和已有文献实验结果进行比较,发现两者具有较高的吻合度。最后将GMC模型与有限元、经验模型进行对比,得出GMC模型的局限性。综合计算结果,GMC具有一定的计算精度,可应用于工程实际分析中。     

Benchmark solutions for functionally graded thick plates resting on Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundations

Exact solutions for functionally graded thick plates are presented based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The plate is assumed isotropic at any point, while material properties to vary exponentially through the thickness. The system of governing partial differential equations is reduced to an ordinary one about the thickness coordinate by expanding the state variables into infinite dual series of trigonometric functions. Interactions between the Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation and the plate are treated as boundary conditions. The problem is finally solved using the state space method. Effects of stiffness of the foundation, loading cases, and gradient index on mechanical responses of the plates are discussed. It is established that elastic foundations affects significantly the mechanical behavior of functionally graded thick plates. Numerical results presented in the paper can serve as benchmarks for future analyses of functionally graded thick plates on elastic foundations.     

Distributions of electric and elastic fields at domain boundaries

In this paper we describe the application of the finite element method (FEM) in modelling spatial distributions of electric and elastic fields in a ferroelectric crystals with two domains separated by a 90° domain wall. The domain boundary is idealized as a two-dimensional defect in an electro-elastic continuum. It represents the source of inhomogenity and internal distortion in both elastic and electric fields. The main results are distributions of electric field, strain and mechanical force along the domain boundary.     

汽车继电器用AgMeO触点材料不同配对方式时的性能

为了探究触点配对方式对汽车继电器电接触性能的影响,选取AgMeO型触头材料进行实验,采用粉末冶金法制备AgSnO₂, AgCuO和AgZnO 3种触头材料,并测量其物理性能,采用JF04C电接触触点材料测试系统,按5种不同触点配对方式进行电接触实验,并对实验前后的阴阳极触点进行称量,实验结果表明：触点配对方式对接触电阻,材料转移和损耗影响较大,对燃弧能量的影响较小,通过对触点进行不对称配对可以明显降低接触电阻和材料转移和损耗,明显改善汽车继电器的接触性能.     

Level-set method for design of multi-phase elastic and thermoelastic materials

The problem of designing composite materials with desired mechanical properties is to specify the materials microstructures in terms of the topology and distribution of their constituent material phases within a unit cell of periodic microstructures. In this paper we present an approach based on a multi-phase level-set model for the geometric and material representation and for numerical solution of a least squares optimization problem. The level-set model precisely specifies the material regions and their sharp boundaries in contrast to a raster discretization of the conventional homogenization-based approaches. Combined with the classical shape derivatives, the level-set method yields a computational system of partial differential equations. In using the Eulerian computation scheme with a fixed rectilinear grid and a fixed mesh in the unit cell, the gradient descent solution of the optimization captures the interfacial boundaries naturally and performs topological changes accurately. The proposed method is illustrated with several 2D examples for the synthesis of heterogeneous microstructures of elastic and/or thermoelastic composites composed of two and three material phases.     

复合材料夹芯圆柱壳水下振动和声辐射的三维弹性解

为获得复合材料夹芯圆柱壳的振动声辐射准确解,在厚度方向将壳体分成若干薄层,基于三维弹性理论和状态空间技术,对每一薄层建立状态空间方程,并结合位移和应力连续条件,建立横向位移和应力的传递矩阵。外表面的流体载荷和内表面的点激励通过傅里叶级数展开,并代入状态空间方程,获得了复合材料圆柱壳水下振动和声辐射的弹性准确解。应用具体算例,与有限元仿真和文献计算结果对比。结果表明,本文的三维弹性理论相较于近似的二维壳体理论更加准确。进一步研究了铺层角、表层和芯材厚度分布及材料损耗因子对振动声辐射的影响。计算结果表明,在环频率以下的频段,声功率峰值点数目随铺层角度增加呈“抛物线”型变化趋势;在环频率以上的中高频段,随着铺层角度增加,声功率峰值点数目呈先增加后趋于平缓然后继续增加的趋势。随着芯材损耗因子的增加,声功率峰值逐步降低,但下降幅度减小。      

Periodic and solitary wave solutions for ultrashort pulses in negative-index materials

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis for the existence of dark and bright solitary waves as also fractional-transform solutions in a nonlinear Schrödinger equation model for competing cubic–quintic and higher-order nonlinearities with dispersive permittivity and permeability. Parameter domains are delineated in which these ultrashort optical pulses exist in negative-index materials (NIMs). For example, dark solitons exist for the case of normal second-order dispersion, anomalous third-order dispersion, self-focusing Kerr nonlinearity, and non-Kerr nonlinearities, while the bright solitons exist for the case of anomalous second-order dispersion, normal third-order dispersion, self-focusing Kerr nonlinearity, and non-Kerr nonlinearities. This is contrary to the situation in ordinary materials.     

左右手材料构成的双层结构的转移矩阵

推导出了由左右手材料构成的双层结构的转移矩阵.利用这个转移矩阵,推导出了由左右手材料交替构成的一维光子晶体的色散关系.     

镁基材料储氢器的传质与传热研究

运用由壳层-缩核模型推导出的镁基储氢材料吸氢过程的动力学方程,分析了储氢材料在吸氢过程中的传质与传热规律,并对小型储氢器传质与传热过程进行了计算,其计算结果与试验数据可以较好地吻合,特别是对镁基储氢材料在吸氢过程所形成的‘引燃'过程进行了准确的描述,为储氢器设计提供了必要的理论基础.