超重力法脱除气体中硫化氢

采用超重力设备--旋转填料床替代传统湿法脱硫工艺中的脱硫塔,以PDS为脱硫催化剂,对工业过程中产生的含硫化氢气体进行了脱硫实验研究,考察了气液比、转速、碱废、温度、PDS含量等对脱硫率的影响规律.在适宜的条件下,获得了99.0%以上的脱硫率.与塔式脱硫技术相比,该技术具有脱硫效率高、液气比小、脱硫设备体积小等优点.     

一种单螺杆热化学、强力剪切复合脱硫设备及其脱硫方法

本发明涉及废旧橡胶制备的胶粉或胶粒(块)的脱硫(再生胶)设备及其脱硫方法。一种螺旋啮合喂料单螺杆热化学/强力剪切复合脱硫设备,该设备喂料段机筒和脱硫段机筒内安装一带有强力剪作用的螺杆,采用二阶或多阶单螺杆热化学/强力剪切复合脱硫装置代替了动态脱硫与多螺旋脱硫只起热化学脱硫设备和方法或双螺杆不易控制剪切作用脱硫设备与方法。本发明可以极大地提高脱硫效率、     

天然气脱硫装置中硫化氢对设备的腐蚀问题浅析

通过分析天然气脱硫装置中湿硫化氢对设备的腐蚀机理及影响因素,结合目前脱硫装置中设备的实际腐蚀状况,有针对性的讨论了应用于天然气脱硫装置中设备防腐具体措施,以保证整个装置的长周期安全运行。     

"混烧法"-一种实现脱硫石膏产业化的新技术

通过对目前国内外脱硫石膏资源、应用现状和脱硫石膏原料特性的分析,论述了开发适合于国内市场和脱硫石膏特性的专用技术和设备的重要性,同时详细地介绍了一种能够实现脱硫石膏产业化的新技术----混烧法工艺技术及设备,通过对混烧法工艺技术及设备的工作原理及工艺特点介绍,论述了混烧法是能够适应目前国内市场需求、有效实现脱硫石膏资源化和产业化、具有较高的环保节能意义的新技术.     

组合式除雾脱硫塔在烟气脱硫中的应用

介绍了组合式除雾脱硫塔在烟气脱硫项目中的应用情况.重点介绍了组合式除雾脱硫塔的设备结构和运行优势.该脱硫塔将一段电除雾器通过法兰连接在脱硫塔的上部,通过电除雾器对烟气中的烟尘、酸雾、及砷、铅等有害杂质进行深度净化,以达到满足环保排放指标的目的.该脱硫塔可节约设备占地面积,节省投资成本.     

一体化脱硫脱硝除尘运行试验及优化改造

针对当前一体化脱硫脱硝除尘设备脱硫、脱硝、除尘效果不佳的问题,在对当前一体化脱硫脱硝除尘运行试验研究的基础上发现脱硫、脱硝、除尘效果不佳的根本原因并提出改造建议,并对脱硫、脱硫以及除尘环节进行改造,最后对设备的优化改造效果进行检测。     

脱硫灰用作湿法脱硫剂的可行性分析

以脱硫灰为研究对象,结合现阶段电石渣湿法脱硫工艺运行情况,提出了脱硫灰作为脱硫剂用于湿法脱硫工艺的建议,并展开了分析论证。得出了脱硫灰用于湿法脱硫的理论加入量、脱硫效果、现有设备运行能力以及生产石膏的质量情况,并对存在的问题提出了建议。     

燃煤脱硫技术研究现状及发展趋势

为开发具有自主知识产权的燃煤脱硫技术,论述了国内外燃煤脱硫技术现状,重点介绍了干法、湿法和半干法烟气脱硫技术主要工艺及流程,并对燃煤脱硫技术发展趋势进行展望。湿法烟气脱硫技术最为成熟,已得到大规模工业化应用,但由于投资成本高还需对工艺和设备进行优化;干法烟气脱硫技术不存在腐蚀和结露等问题,但脱硫率远低于湿法脱硫技术,须进一步开发基于新脱硫原理的干法脱硫工艺;半干法烟气脱硫技术脱硫率高,但不适合大容量燃烧设备。最后提出未来应重点创新脱硫原理;研发多联产工艺或多级脱硫工艺,重点开发生产硫酸铵化肥和硫酸镁化肥等副产品的脱硫工艺;开发低廉、高效、多功能的复合型和可再生循环利用的脱硫剂、催化剂或吸附剂及其脱硫工艺;研发新型辅助脱硫技术,扩大工艺适用范围。     

焦炉煤气催化加氢转化精脱硫工艺及生产实践

介绍了某公司焦炉煤气催化加氢转化法精脱硫工艺流程,分析了脱硫过程,对精脱硫过程中不同设备出口处焦炉煤气中硫化物进行了分析;讨论了焦炉煤气中O_2、H_2S、焦油、粉尘等组分含量对精脱硫系统平稳运行的影响因素,结果表明,O_2、H_2S、焦油、粉尘等含量超标,可能会引起催化剂高温失活、寿命缩短及设备堵塞等危害,在精脱硫过程中,必须对其进行控制和脱除。     

氧化锌法和钙法动力波脱硫设备防护技术应用

通过分析动力波氧化锌法和钙法烟气脱硫的优缺点,介绍了其脱硫设备的防护技术。对动力波洗涤成套装置,采用多种材料和工艺进行分区域防护,有效地避免了腐蚀、磨损、结垢和高温对设备造成的损坏,提高了设备的使用性能,扩大了设备的应用领域。     

Enhancing the Efficiency of SOFC‐Based Auxiliary Power Units by Intermediate Methanation

Fuel‐cell‐based auxiliary power units benefit from the high power density and fuel flexibility of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), facilitating straightforward onboard fuel processing of diesel or jet fuel. The preferred method of producing the fuel gas is autothermal reforming, which to date has shown the best practical applicability. However, the resulting reformate is poor in methane, so that cell cooling is not supported by internal methane steam reforming. Accordingly, large flow rates of excess air are required to cool the stack. Hence, the power demand of the cathode air blower significantly limits the net electrical power output of the system and large cathode flow channels are required. The present work examines attempts to further increase the system efficiency in middle‐distillate‐fueled SOFC systems by decreasing the cathode air flow rates. The proposed concept is generally based on inducing endothermic methane steam reforming (MSR) inside the cells by augmenting the methane content in an upstream methanation step. Methanation, however, can only yield significant methane production rates if the reaction temperature is limited. Therefore, four process layouts are presented that include different cooling measures. Based on these setups, the general feasibility and the benefit of intermediate methanation are demonstrated.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Systems Operating with Various Biofuels

Solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC‐GT) systems provide a thermodynamically high efficiency alternative for power generation from biofuels. In this study biofuels namely methane, ethanol, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia are evaluated exergetically with respect to their performance at system level and in system components like heat exchangers, fuel cell, gas turbine, combustor, compressor, and the stack. Further, the fuel cell losses are investigated in detail with respect to their dependence on operating parameters such as fuel utilization, Nernst voltage, etc. as well as fuel specific parameters like heat effects. It is found that the heat effects play a major role in setting up the flows in the system and hence, power levels attained in individual components. The per pass fuel utilization dictates the efficiency of the fuel cell itself, but the system efficiency is not entirely dependent on fuel cell efficiency alone, but depends on the split between the fuel cell and gas turbine powers which in turn depends highly on the nature of the fuel and its chemistry. Counter intuitively it is found that with recycle, the fuel cell efficiency of methane is less than that of hydrogen but the system efficiency of methane is higher.     

番禺200KW磷酸燃料电池发电系统之污水处理

燃料电池由于其燃料利用率高、对环境友好等优点,成为清洁、高效的能量转化形式。目前广东省番禺天力畜牧有限公司利用猪的排泄物发酵制得沼气,经过脱硫、重整而得富氢气体供磷酸燃料电池使用。本文主要详细介绍该项目对于发酵后废水进行处理的原理和应用情况。     

Influence of fuel and air/fuel equivalence ratio on the emission of hydrocarbons from a SI engine. 1. Experimental findings

A spark ignition engine was used to study the impact of fuel composition and of the air/fuel equivalence ratio on exhaust emissions of specific hydrocarbons. The fuel blends used contained eight main hydrocarbons and four oxygenated compounds. The fuel components that produce each exhaust pollutant are identified. The emissions of all HC generally decrease with the addition of oxygenated compounds, except sometimes in the case of methane, ethane and cyclohexane. Under rich conditions, the relative increase of exhaust methane and benzene is more important than the other saturated HC. Some HC are correlated with the physical properties of the fuel and other exhaust pollutants.     

Direct Operation of IP‐Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Hydrogen and Methane Fuel Mixtures under Current Load Cycle Operating Condition

The effects of methane concentration and current load cycle on the performance and durability of integrated planar solid oxide fuel cell (IP‐SOFC) obtained from Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Ltd (RRFCS) has been investigated. The IP‐SOFC was operated with hydrogen–methane fuel mixture with up to 20% methane concentration at 900 °C for short term operation of the cells with high methane concentration increased the voltage of the IP‐SOFC due to increase in Gibbs free energy. However, it degraded the performance of the IP‐SOFC in long term operation due to carbon deposition on the anode surface. The current load cycle tests were carried out with 95% H₂–5% CH₄ and 80% H₂–20% CH₄ fuel mixtures at 900 °C with a constant current of 1 A. At low methane concentration, the decrease in the IP‐SOFC voltage was observed after operating nine current load cycles (384 h). At higher methane concentration, the voltage of IP‐SOFC decreased by almost 30% just after one current load cycle (48 h) due to faster carbon deposition. So future work is therefore required to identify viable alternative materials and optimum operating conditions.     

常温下以甲烷为燃料的质子交换膜燃料电池发电可行性研究

尝试了常温下以甲烷为燃料的质子交换膜燃料电池发电的可能性，研究了温度和阳极催化剂对其燃料电池开路电压和放电性能的影响。结果表明，甲烷在常温下能够进行电化学氧化，随着电池工作温度的升高，燃料电池的开路电压和功率密度逐渐增加。阳极催化剂的铂含量和催化剂的组成对甲烷的电化学氧化具有非常大的影响。90℃下使用Pt（40wt．％）-Ru（20wt．％）／C为阳极催化剂（催化剂担载量：（2mg Pt＋1 mg Ru）·cm^-2），在以甲烷为燃料时，质子交换膜燃料电池功率密度达到了5．4mW·cm^-2。     

Model‐based optimization of hydrogen generation by methane steam reforming in autothermal packed‐bed membrane reformer

An autothermal membrane reformer comprising two separated compartments, a methane oxidation catalytic bed and a methane steam reforming bed, which hosts hydrogen separation membranes, is optimized for hydrogen production by steam reforming of methane to power a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack. Capitalizing on recent experimental demonstrations of hydrogen production in such a reactor, we develop here an appropriate model, validate it with experimental data and then use it for the hydrogen generation optimization in terms of the reformer efficiency and power output. The optimized reformer, with adequate hydrogen separation area, optimized exothermic‐to‐endothermic feed ratio and reduced heat losses, is shown to be capable to fuel kW‐range PEMFC stacks, with a methane‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of up to 0.8. This is expected to provide an overall methane‐to‐electric power efficiency of a combined reformer‐fuel cell unit of ～0.5. Recycling of steam reforming effluent to the oxidation bed for combustion of unreacted and unseparated compounds is expected to provide an additional efficiency gain. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

煤层气非催化燃烧除氧实验研究

煤层气由于热值及浓度较低,达不到工业利用要求,工业应用中需进行浓缩。由于煤层气中含有氧,给浓缩过程带来了不安全因素,因此在浓缩前必须将氧除去。简要介绍了煤层气除氧的几种方法,并在除氧反应器装置上对煤层气非催化燃烧除氧进行了实验研究。结果发现,通过非催化燃烧法除氧,O2浓度能够降至1%以下;选用的除氧燃料须具有反应活性好、热值低的特点;除氧温度接近600℃时,CH4损失率小于5%,CH4的裂解是造成CH4损失的主要原因。     

Effect of methane slippage on an indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell

Creation of an autothermal system by coupling an endothermic to an exothermic reaction demands matching the thermal requirements of the two reactions. The application studied here is the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with both direct (DIR) and indirect (IIR) internal reforming of methane. Such internal reforming within a high-temperature fuel cell module can lead to an overall autothermal operation which simplifies the system design and increases efficiency. However, such coupling is not easy to achieve because of the mismatch between the thermal load associated with the rate of steam reforming at typical SOFC temperatures and the local amount of heat available from the fuel cell reactions. Previous results have shown that the use of typical metal-based (e.g. Ni) IIR catalysts leads to full methane consumption but undesirable local cooling at the reformer entrance and the use of less active IIR catalysts (e.g. non-metals or diffusion limited nickel) leads to methane being carried-over into the SOFC anode (methane slippage). In order to evaluate performance in the latter case, a combined DIR and IIR SOFC steady-state model has been developed. Simulation results have shown that, lowering the IIR catalyst activity to prevent local cooling effects at the reformer entrance is not adequate, as the fast kinetics of the direct reforming reaction then lead to full methane conversion and steep temperature gradients in the first 10% of the fuel channel length. It is shown that the simultaneous reduction of the anode DIR reaction rate improves performance considerably. The system behaviour towards changes in current density, operating pressure, and flow configuration (counter-flow vs. co-flow) has been studied. Reduction of both DIR and IIR catalyst activity combined with a counter-flow operation leads to the best performance. System performance with an IIR oxide-based catalyst is also evaluated.     

Solubility of Natural Gas in Diesel Fuel

The solubility of commercially available natural gas in commercially available diesel fuel at room temperature and defined pressure is investigated experimentally. The gas phase is considered to be pure methane. The use of Henry's law to model the solubility is discussed. Solubility is given in terms of the mole fraction and the volumetric mass concentration of dissolved gas and the corresponding Henry's coefficients. The solubility is compared to that of pure methane in pure hexadecane, which is similar to diesel fuel with respect to the mean carbon number.