HIGH STRAIN RATE SUPERPLASTICITY OF A AIN PARTICULATE REINFORCED 6061Al COMPOSITE

1. IntroductionHigh strain rate superplasticity (HSRS) in ceramic whisker or particulate reinforcedaluminum alloy composites is expected to offer an efficielltly near-net shape forming technique to the automobile, aerospace and even semiconductor industries, since the HSRScomposites usually exhibit a total elongation of 250%--600% at a high strain rate of about0.1--10s--ltl--171. The findings are significant not only for MMCs themselves but also forsuperplasticity itself since one of the m…     

Effect of AlN Particulate Size on Superplasticity of AlNp/6061 Al Composites

Superplastic tensile tests of AlNp/606l Al Composites, fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques, were performed at strain rates ranging from 10-1-10-3S-1 and at temperatures from 833 to 893 K. Hot rolling after extrusion was employed to obtain a fine grained structure before \superplastic testing. The superplastic behavior of AlNp/6061 Al Composites was compared with that of AlN particulate size. Differential scanning calorimeter was used to ascertain the possibility of any partial melting in the vicinity of optimum superplastic temperatures.     

Effect of partial melting on superplasticity ofAlNp/6061Al composite

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Superplastic behavior of PM SiCp/6061 aluminum alloy composites at high strain rates

The superplastic behavior of a powder-metallurgy processed 6061 Al composite was investigated as a function of SiC content increasing from 0% to 30% at 10% increments over a wide temperature range from 430°C to 610°C. The materials were found to be high-strain-rate superplastic. In the temperature range where grain boundary sliding (GBS) controlled the plastic flow, the strength of the composite was lower than that of the unreinforced matrix alloy even after compensating for grain size and threshold stress. This “particle weakening” was in contrast with the particle strengthening observed in the low temperature range where dislocation climb creep was found to control the plastic flow. In the GBS regime, the strength differential between the materials was a function of SiC content and temperature, which increased with the increase in SiC content and temperature. Strong Mg segregation was detected at interfaces between SiC and Al phases in the composites. Evidence for interfacial reaction reported in the Si₃N₄ reinforced 6061 Al composites could not be detected in the current composites. Extensive formation of whisker-like fibers was observed at the fractured surface of the tensile samples above the critical temperature where particle weakening begins to be exhibited. This result suggests the possibility that partial melting in the solute-enriched region near SiC interfaces is responsible for the particle weakening in the SiC reinforced 6061 Al composite.     

Study on high strain rate superplasticity of A 6061Al alloy composite reinforced with 30 Vol.% AlN particulate

An investigation on the superplastic behavior of 30 vol.% AlNp/6061Al composite prepared by powder metallurgy (PM) techniques was carried out. Superplastic tensile tests of the composite were performed at strain rates ranging from 10° to 10⁻³ s⁻¹ and at temperatures from 823 to 893 K. A fine-grained structure prior to superplastic testing was obtained by hot rolling after extrusion. The highest total elongation to failure of 438% was achieved at a temperature of 863 K and at an initial strain rate of 1.67×10⁻¹ s⁻¹ and the highest value of the strain rate sensitivity index (m) was 0.42 for the composite. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to investigate the possibility of any partial melting in the vicinity of optimum superplastic temperatures. The formation of a liquid phase is attributed to the melting of the Al-Si eutectic phase at the surface of the AlN particulates at elevated temperatures, as determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The influence of the microstructure and the fracture behavior on the superplastic behavior of the composite was studied by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A large number of matrix filaments were present at the fracture surfaces of the specimens when superplastic deformation of the composite was performed under the optimum superplastic test conditions. The presence of dislocations and fine recrystallized grains in the test specimens suggested that they play an important role in the high-strain-rate superplasticity for this composite.     

Effect of SiC volume fraction on the age-hardening behavior in SiC particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composites

The age-hardening behavior in the SiC particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composites (SiCp/6061 Al alloy composites) was investigated using hardness measurement, calorimetric technique and transmission electron microscopy. The aging time for the peak hardness in 10%SiCp/6061 Al and 20%SiCp/6061 Al alloy composites was shorter than that of the unreinforced 6061 Al alloy, and the age-hardening was most accelerated in the 20%SiCp/6061 Al alloy composite. It is induced from the high density of dislocations in SiCp/6061 Al alloy composites which act as heterogeneous nucleation sites of precipitates and as a high diffusivity path of alloy elements. The precipitation sequence and the aspect of precipitates in the 6061 Al alloy cannot be affected considerably by the presence of SiC particulate and the volume fraction of SiC particulate. The activation energies for the formation of the intermediate β' phase in the unreinforced 6061 Al alloy, 10%SiCp/6061 Al and 20%SiCp/6061 Al alloy composite were 142.6 kJ/mol, 127.3 kJ/mol, 106.1 kJ/mol, respectively.     

双相NiAl金属间化合物超塑性

研究双相Ni-31Al金属间化合物的高温变形行为。结果表明,该合金在950~1075℃温度范围,1.25×10-4~8×10-3s-1应变速率范围内呈超塑性变形。在温度为1000℃、应变速率为5×10-4s-1时,最大延伸率可达281.3%。显微结构分析表明,超塑性变形过程中两相具有很好的协调变形能力,超塑性变形后原始组织拉长、细化。双相Ni-31Al金属间化合物超塑性变形机制可能为连续动态回复与再结晶。     

Wear Behavior of the Uniformly Dispersed Carbon Nanotube Reinforced 6061Al Composite Fabricated by Milling Combined with Powder Metallurgy

The uniformly dispersed carbon nanotubes(CNTs) reinforced 6061Al composites(CNT/6061Al) with diff erent CNT concentrations were fabricated by powder metallurgy technology. It was found that the friction coe ffi cient as well as wear rate decreased fi rst and then increased as the CNT concentration increasing under 15 N as well as 30 N, and the minimum wear rate was achieved at the CNT concentration of 2 wt%. Adhesive wear and abrasive wear were the dominated wear mechanisms for the 1–2 wt% CNT/6...     

Interface and thermal expansion of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites

Two kinds of unidirectional PAN M40 carbon fiber(55%,volume fraction) reinforced 6061Al and 5A06Al composites were fabricated by the squeeze-casting technology and their interface structure and thermal expansion properties were investigated.Results showed that the combination between aluminum alloy and fibers was well in two composites and interface reaction in M40/5A06Al composite was weaker than that in M40/6061Al composite.Coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE) of M40/Al composites varied approximately from(1.45-2.68)×10-6 K-1 to(0.35-1.44)×10-6 K-1 between 20 °C and 450 °C,and decreased slowly with the increase of temperature.In addition,the CTE of M40/6061Al composite was lower than that of M40/5A06Al composite.It was observed that fibers were protruded significantly from the matrix after thermal expansion,which demonstrated the existence of interface sliding between fiber and matrix during the thermal expansion.It was believed that weak interfacial reaction resulted in a higher CTE.It was found that the experimental CTEs were closer to the predicted values by Schapery model.     

超塑性气压胀形有限元模拟

利用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc/MENTAT,分别使用体单元和壳单元模拟了IN744、Al6061/20SiCw半球件和Al5083盒形件超塑性气压胀形过程,模拟结果表明,合适的网格和网格划分方法可以有效减少计算时间和存储量。与Cornfield传统解析法相比,有限元模型可以考虑厚度、载荷不均匀的影响,具有精度高、适应范围广等优点。模拟结果与壁厚分布实验结果吻合良好。     

SiCw／Al复合材料X射线衰减系数及缺陷检测灵敏度

研究２０％Ｖ／Ｖ ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ复合材料的Ｘ射线衰减系数及缺陷检测灵敏度（相对值）,对管电压较低时,复合材料的Ｘ射线衰减系数较大,且缺陷检测灵敏度较差：当管电压〉１００ｋＶ时,两种材料的Ｘ射线衰减系数及缺陷检测灵敏度差别很小。     

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced 6061Al Alloy Matrix Composites by an In Situ Synthesis Method Combined with Hot Extrusion Technique

Carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced 6061 Al alloy matrix composites were prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) combined with hot extrusion technique. During the preparation process, the 6061 Al flakes obtained by ball milling of the 6061 Al spherical powders were subjected to surface modification to introduce a hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) membrane on their surface(6061Al@PVA) to bond strongly with nickel acetate [Ni(II)]. Then the6061Al@PVA flakes bonded with Ni(II) were calcined and reduced to Ni nanoparticles, which were then heat-treated at580 °C to remove PVA for obtaining even Ni/6061 Al catalyst. After that, the as-obtained Ni/6061 Al catalyst was employed to synthesize CNTs on the surface of the 6061 Al flakes by CVD. After hot extrusion of the CNT/6061 Al composite powders, the as-obtained CNT/6061 Al bulk composites with 2.26 wt% CNTs exhibited 135% increase in yield strength and 84.5% increase in tensile strength compared to pristine 6061 Al matrix.     

Origin of Insignificant Strengthening Effect of CNTs in T6-Treated CNT/6061Al Composites

Carbon nanotube(CNT)-reinforced 6061 Al(CNT/6061 Al) composites were fabricated via powder metallurgy combined with friction stir processing(FSP). CNTs were dispersed after FSP and accelerated the precipitation process of the CNT/6061 Al composites. However, the strengthening effect of CNTs on the T6-treated materials was insignificant,while the composites under the FSP and solution treatment conditions exhibited increased strength compared to the matrix.Precipitate-free zones(PFZs) were detected around CNTs in the T6-treated CNT/6061 Al composites, and a model was proposed to describe the effect of PFZs on strength. The calculations indicated that the strength of PFZs was similar to that of the T6-treated 6061 Al. As a result, the strengthening effect of CNTs on the T6-treated CNT/6061 Al composites was insignificant.     

固溶处理对TiB2/6061复合材料硬度及耐磨性的影响

采用氟盐法制备了TiB₂质量分数为3%的原位合成TiB₂/6061复合材料,研究了固溶温度和固溶时间对复合材料硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:TiB₂颗粒弥散分布在6061铝合金基体中,明显细化6061铝合金基体晶粒。当固溶温度一定时,随固溶时间延长,复合材料的硬度和耐磨性可获得明显提高,但固溶时间在6~10 h时,复合材料的性能变化不显著。当固溶时间一定时,随固溶温度升高,复合材料硬度和耐磨性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3wt%TiB₂/6061复合材料经530 ℃×10 h固溶处理后,硬度和耐磨性能最佳,相较于铸态硬度值提高了79.5％,磨损量减少了59.1%。固溶处理后复合材料的磨损表面犁沟变细变浅,材料脱落现象减少。     

亚微米Al2O3颗粒表面稀土改性及其对6061Al复合材料时效行为的影响

采用液相包裹法对亚微米Al2O3颗粒进行稀土表面改性，用挤压铸造法制备表面经稀土改性的Al2O3p／6061Al复合材料．对颗粒表面经稀土改性前后增强6061Al复合材料在不同温度下的时效析出行为进行分析研究．结果表明：改性后的亚微米Al2O3粉体颗粒表面Y2O3包裹均匀，其增强的复合材料在不同时效阶段的硬度值均较改性前有明显提高．且随着时效温度的升高，Mg2Si析出过程加快，时效峰提前，呈现出硬度值变小的趋势，透射电镜观察表明，表面改性颗粒增强的复合材料基体中存在一定量的位错和析出相；而改性前复合材料却呈现出位错和析出相极其稀少的组织特征．分析了改性前后复合材料时效组织形成的原因。     

6061/AZ31B/6061对称复合板的组织与力学性能研究

本文在理论分析与模拟计算的基础上,通过热轧制备了6061 Al/AZ31B Mg/6061Al对称复合板,并对其组织结构和力学性能进行了研究。首先通过经典复合板理论计算得到了复合板中6061Al的最佳包覆率,再通过有限元方法模拟得到了复合板的最佳压下率。依据理论分析和仿真计算得到的铝的最佳包覆率和复合板的最佳压下率,对6061 Al/AZ31B Mg/6061Al复合板进行组坯,并在不同轧制温度、不同压下率和不同退火时间下进行了轧制实验,最后对实验得到的复合板进行了微观组织、拉伸性能和能谱分析。结果表明,在复合板的复合界面处的镁层中发现了再结晶晶粒,且界面上形成了由Mg17Al12和Mg2Al3组成的金属间化合物;随着轧制压下率的增大,6061 Al/AZ31B Mg/6061Al复合板的拉伸强度、延伸率和界面扩散厚度显著增大;随着轧制温度的升高,复合板的拉伸强度、延伸率和界面扩散厚度也增大;而随着退火时间的增加,复合板的拉伸强度降低,但界面扩散厚度增加。     

Ti－6Al－4V及Ti－10V－2Fe－3Al合金超塑性变形中各向异性研究

对Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ挤压管材和厚板以及Ｔｉ－１０Ｖ－２Ｆｅ－３Ａｌ合金板材进行了拉伸和压缩实验，以考察其超塑性变形中的各向异性。这些钛合金超塑变形中的各向异性主要体现在以下几个方面：（１）超塑拉伸或压缩中圆试样横截面变为椭圆形状；（２）由材料不同方向截取的试样在超塑拉伸或压缩中应力一应变速率关系不同；（３）横向试样超塑拉伸中试样表面凹凸不平并逐渐发展为多颈缩。这些各向异性表现，主要与材料原始显微组织及其在变形中的演变相关。本文并对已有的描述各向异性超塑变形的本构方程进行了修正。     

Ti－6Al－4V及Ti－10V－2Fe－3Al合金超塑性变形中各向异性研究

对Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ挤压管材和厚板以及Ｔｉ－１０Ｖ－２Ｆｅ－３Ａｌ合金板材进行了拉伸和压缩实验，以考察其超塑性变形中的各向异性。这些钛合金超塑变形中的各向异性主要体现在以下几个方面：（１）超塑拉伸或压缩中圆试样横截面变为椭圆形状；（２）由材料不同方向截取的试样在超塑拉伸或压缩中应力一应变速率关系不同；（３）横向试样超塑拉伸中试样表面凹凸不平并逐渐发展为多颈缩。这些各向异性表现，主要与材料原始显微组织及其在变形中的演变相关。本文并对已有的描述各向异性超塑变形的本构方程进行了修正。     

SUPERPLASTICITY IN SiCw／ZK60 COMPOSITE

The superplastic deformation behavior of SiCw/ZK60 composite was investigated at temperatures ranging from 573K to 723K and at initial strain rates ranging from 8.3x10-4s-1 to 8.3x10-2s-1. A maximum elongation of 200% with a m-value of 0.35 was obtained at 613K and a initial strain rate of 1.67x 10-2s-1. The apparent activation energy (98kJ/mol) approximates that for grain boundary diffusion (92kJ/mol) in magnesium. It is proposed that the dominant mechanism of superplastic deformation in the present composite is grain boundary sliding accommodated by diffusional transport, besides, interfacial sliding plays an important role in the superplastic deformation.     

Mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al alloys with different hardening mechanisms

The mechanical properties of precipitation hardened Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6 and strain hardened Al 5083-H32, friction stir welded with various welding parameters, were examined in the present study. 4 mm thick Al 6061-T651, Al 7075-T6, and Al 5083-H32 alloy plates were used for friction stir welding (FSW) with rotating speed varied from 1000 to 2500 rpm (rotation per minute) and welding speed ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mpm (m/min). Each alloy displayed slightly different trends with respect to the effect of different welding parameters on the tensile properties of the FSWed Al alloys. The tensile elongation of FSWed Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6 tended to increase greatly, while the tensile strength decreased marginally, with increasing welding speed and/or decreasing rotating speed. The tensile strength and the tensile elongation of Al 6061-T651 decreased from 135 to 154 MPa and 10.6 to 17.0%, respectively, with increasing welding speed from 0.1 to 0.4 mpm at a rotating speed of 1,600 rpm. Unlike the age-hardened Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6, the strain-hardened Al 5083-H32 showed no notable change in tensile property with varying welding parameters. The change in the strength level with different welding parameters for each alloy was not as significant as the variation in tensile elongation. It was believed that the tensile elongation of FSWed Al alloys with varying welding parameters was mainly determined by the coarse particle clustering. With respect to the change in tensile strength during friction stir welding, it is hypothesized that two competing mechanisms, recovery by friction and heat and strain hardening by plastic flow in the weld zone offset the effects of different welding parameters on the tensile strength level of FSWed Al alloys.